Molecules
and
Membranes
Part 1: Biological
Macromolecules
Biological Macromolecules
Built of repeating
units: monomers
Based on CARBON - rings and chains
Made of primarily C, H, O, and N
Monomers combine to make
Polymers
Macromolecules with many repeating
units
Biological Macromolecules
Made by
dehydration
synthesis
Uses energy
Makes water
Broken apart by
hydrolysis
Releases energy
Uses water
Carbohydrates
sugars
starches
Lipids
fats and oils
Proteins
Enzymes
Structural
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
Carbohydrates
Used for energy and
structure
Monomer
Monosaccharides
one carbon ring
Disaccharides
two carbon rings
All are sugars used
for energy
NOTE: most sugars
end in -ose
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates
Three or more carbon rings
Often in branches or chains
Starch
Glucose storage in
plants
Glycogen
Glucose storage in
animals
Cellulose
Structure and support
in plant cell walls,
stems, branches
Lipids
Used for
Energy storage,
structure and
hormones
Monomers:
3 Fatty acids +
Glycerol
Other (varies)
Insoluble in water
 nonpolar
Lipids
Fats
saturated
Only single
bonds in fatty
acid
Oils
unsaturated
fats
Double bonds
in fatty acids
Both are long
term energy
storage
Lipids: Phospholipids
Primary component of cell membranes
2 fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate
group
Phosphate ‘head’ is polar, fatty acid
‘tails’ are nonpolar
Phospholipids
in Water
Forms a
phospholipid
bilayer
Polar heads
towards water
(hydrophilic)
and nonpolar
tails away
from water
(hydrophobic)
Used for
Proteins
Structure
Primary building
blocks of organisms
Enzymes
regulate chemical
reactions
Monomer
Amino acid
carboxyl group ,
amino group , R
group – variable
Determines type of
amino acid - 20
Hemoglobin:
transports
oxygen in blood
Insulin: regulates
glucose in blood
Myocin
and actin:
muscle
fibers
INSULIN
Common Proteins
Keratin: hair and
nails
Collagen: support
organs, plumps skin
Keratin
Enzymes:
Proteins: Enzymes
Catalyst for chemical reactions
How it works:
Denaturation
Temperature and pH can alter the
shape of an enzyme causing it not
to work
Nucleic Acids
Used for:
Genetic material
DNA – deoxyribonucleic
acid
Information carriers
and to control protein
synthesis
 RNA – ribonucleic acid
Monomer
Nucleotides - phosphate
group, nitrogen
containing base and a
pentose sugar
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
NUCLEOTIDE
RNA
DNA
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
DNA
RNA
FULL NAME
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid
BASIC
STRUCTURE
2 long twisting strands of
nucleotides in the form of a
"double helix"
1 single strand of
nucleotides
NUCLEOTIDE
SUGAR
Deoxyribose
Ribose
NITROGENOUS
BASES
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
adenine (A)
thymine (T)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
adenine (A)
uracil (U)
LOCATION IN A
CELL
nucleus
(the chromosomes)
nucleus, in the cytoplasm,
& at the ribosomes
FUNCTION
the hereditary material
of a cell, directs & controls cell
activities
involved in protein
synthesis
Macromolecules
Monomer
Function and Examples
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide Glucose: Energy
or simple sugar Sucrose: Energy
Starch: Plant Energy storage
Glycogen: Animal Energy storage
Cellulose: Plant Cell walls
Lipid
Gylcerol and 3
fatty acids
Fat: Long term Energy storage
Oils: Long term Energy storage
Phospholipids: membranes
Protein
Amino acids
Proteins: Structure
Collagen: skin, internal support
Hemoglobin: carries O2 in blood
Keratin: hair and nails
Actin and myosin: muscle
Protein: Enzyme
Insulin: regulates glucose in blood
Nucleic acid
Nucleotides
DNA: genetic material
RNA: protein synthesis
Molecules gone wild – video molecules gone wild ppt
crash course