Outline
• Mission Statement and Assumptions
• Business Plan
• Concepts of Operations
• Requirements
• Technologies and Advance Concepts
• Initial Sizing
Mission Statement
• Design an aircraft with supersonic capabilities that is
able to link major business city pairs.
• Compete with other existing aircraft on the market.
Assumptions
• For this design we will assume first flight in 2020 and entry
in service in 2023.
– This will allow us to consider the integration of technologies under
development and have a more competitive product.
• We assume that no supersonic flight over land is
permitted.
– This allows us the reduce the risks taken by launching an aircraft
designed to fly overland if the regulations of prohibited supersonic
operations don't change.
Business Plan:
Customer Needs and Benefits
• Decrease travel time
by at least half
• Fly farther non-stop
• Luxurious cabin space
Business Plan: Primary Customer
• Business oriented travelers
• Traveler with the desire
and means to reach their
destination faster
Business Plan: Market Size
• According to Richard Branson, founder
and President of Virgin Atlantic,
“There clearly is a demand for a niche
for an all-business-class offering”
• Eos, MAXjet, Silverjet, and l’Avion
reported in 2007 that each filled 70%
or more of their seats flying only
transatlantic flights.
Business Plan: Market Competition
• By the year 2020, many companies will be developing or already
have developed supersonic transports
Company
Name
# of PAX
Range (nmi)
Cruise Speed (Mach #)
Over Land
Aerion Corporation
SBJ
8 to 12
>4000
1.6
Yes
Lockheed
QSST
up to 12
>4000
1.6 to 1.8
Yes
8 to 16
3000-4900
1.8
Yes
6 to 10
2400
1.4
N/A
49
5000
1.8
No
Dassault Aviation
HISAC
Sukhoi
S-21
OceanAire
Sky
Table 1. 2020 Market Analysis
Business Plan: Market Competition
• Our aircraft’s strengths are passenger capacity (49), range
capability (5000 nmi), and supersonic cruise speed (1.8). Our
weakness is that our plane will not be designed for
transcontinental flights.
• Per FAR36, supersonic overland flight in the USA as well as
over 50 other countries has been prohibited. Our
competition rely on this regulation to be redefined or using
new technological advances to mitigate the sonic boom
level.
Business Plan: Cost Predictions
We
(lbs)
Max
# of
Speed Test
(mph) Planes
Production
Quantity
Sell Price
(millions)
CALCULATOR (Millions)
2004
2009
PROFIT
(Million)
QSST
80071
1190
2
350
80
66
70.6
3290
Aerion
45139
1058
2
300
80
41.5
44.4
10680
OceanAire 96359
1322
2
325
120
86
91.2
9360
Table 2. Cost Predictions
• Analysis based on Aircraft Airframe Cost Model, using planes
that are in production as skeleton models.
Business Plan: Operations
A total of 15 city pairs and 13 global locations
Airport Code Airport Code
LA to Tokyo
LAX
NRT
4737
SF to Tokyo
SFO
NRT
4462
SF to Seoul
SFO
ICN
4927
Seattle to Tokyo
SEA
NRT
4144
Seattle to Seoul
SEA
ICN
4533
Tokyo to Singapore
NRT
SIN
>4211
Tokyo to Sydney
NRT
SYD
2889
Table 3. Transpacific City Pairs
Airport Code Airport Code
Distance (nmi)
Distance (nmi)
NYC to London
JFK
LHR
2999
NYC to Paris
JFK
CDG
3158
NYC to Amsterdam
JFK
AMS
3166
Boston to London
BOS
LHR
2837
Boston to Paris
BOS
CDG
2997
Boston to Amsterdam
BOS
AMS
3004
Miami to London
MIA
LHR
3845
Miami to Paris
MIA
CDG
3987
Table 4. Transatlantic City Pairs
Business Plan: Operations
•
Out of all the city pairs, the most passengers are in the 2500 - 3000 nmi range with about
68,800 passengers/week for 2008.
Figure 1. Passengers Per Week for Chosen City Pairs
•
In this range the busiest city pair is London (LHR) to New York (JFK) with about 23,400
passengers a week.
Customers needs
• Luxurious cabin space
• 1st Class Seat Pitch = 60”
• Business Class Seat Pitch = 50”
(these configurations are subject
to change)
• Luxurious entertainment and
communication capabilities for
improved productivity during
flight
• Shorter travel time
= 60”
Aircraft Payload / Passenger Capacity:
• Spacing Efficiency
– Optimizing passenger capacities within designated aircraft spacing to
enable maximum profit.
– To allow effective use of space without inhibiting the comfort of
passengers.
– To maximize profit by avoiding needless use of space.
• Enhance Flight Efficiency
– Through optimization of the aircraft payload by avoiding unnecessary
payloads (limiting passenger checking baggage to 1x50 lbs since majority
of passengers are business oriented and statistically, they do not carry a
lot of luggage)
Aircraft Payload / Passenger Capacity:
• 4 Crew Members
Baggage
• 49 Passengers
Baggage
On Board Baggage





180
30
180
50
15
X4
X 49
Wpayload = 12005 lbs
Wcrew = 840 lbs
lbs/crew
lbs/crew
lbs/passenger
lbs/passenger
lbs/passenger
Cabin Layout
First Class
Business Class
Seat pitch 60”
Seat width 30”
Aisle width 30”
Seat pitch 50”
Seat width 24”
Aisle width 20”
Figure 2. Cabin Layout
Aircraft Design Mission Profile
• Based on the longest flight of the aircraft in worst case
scenario.
• Follows FAA part 25 regulations for transport aircraft with 2
engines or more.
• Includes emergency maneuvers such as take off or go
around with one inoperative engine.
• All supersonic legs of the flights are over sea.
Design Mission Profile
Design Mission Profile
Design Mission Profile
Design Mission Profile
H
G
F
E
I
J
N
K
M
D
O
P
L
A-B
C
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Taxi (9min)
Accelerate to VLO ≥ 1.1∙VS and liftoff with one engine
inoperative
Take off to 35ft at VTO ≥ 1.2 ∙ VS with one engine inoperative, gears
down at a rate ≥ 2.4%.
Climb to 1,500ft at VCL ≥ 1.25 ∙ VS with one engine inoperative, gears up
at a rate ≥ 1.2%
Climb to 10,000 ft at 250 KCAS with all engines operating, gears up at a
rate >3%
Accelerate to climb speed
Climb to best cruise altitude at best climb rate
Step cruise for best range (4,919 nmi with head winds) at M = 1.8
Q
R
Design Mission Profile
H
G
F
E
I
J
N
K
M
D
L
A-B
C
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
O
P
Q
Descend to 10,000 ft
Decelerate to 250 KCAS
Descend to 1,500 ft and loiter for 30 min
Approach at VA ≥ 1.3 ∙ Vs
Missed approach, climb at VCL ≤ 1.5 ∙ Vs at a rate ≥ 2.1% with one
engine inoperative, gears up
OR
Missed landing, climb at VCL ≤ 1.3 ∙ Vs at a rate ≥ 3.2% with all engines
operating, gears down)
Cruise for best range (200 nmi alternate airport) with one engine
inoperative
Loiter (30 min)
Descend to 1,500 ft
Approach at VA ≥ 1.3 ∙ Vs
Land over a 50ft obstacle at VTD ≥ 1.15 ∙ Vs
R
Economic Mission Profile
• Based on the most flown flight
• Follows FAA part 25 regulations for transport
aircraft climb rates
• Does NOT include emergency maneuvers
• All supersonic legs of the flights are over sea.
Economic Mission Profile
H
G
I
F
E
J
K
D
L
M
C
N
A-B
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Taxi (9min)
Accelerate to VLO ≥ 1.1 ∙ VS and liftoff with all
engines operating
Take off to 35ft at VTO ≥ 1.1 ∙ Vs with all engine
operating, gear down at a rate > 0%
Climb to 1,500ft at VCL ≥ 1.2 ∙ Vs with all engines
operating, gear up at a rate > 3%
Climb to 10,000 ft at 250 KCAS with all engines
operating, gear up at a rate > 3%
Accelerate to climb speed
Climb to best cruise altitude at best climb rate
Step cruise for best range
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
Step cruise for best range (3,000 nmi)
Descend to 10,000ft
Decelerate to 250 KCAS
Descend to 1,500ft
30 min loiter at 1,500ft
Approach at VA ≥ 1.3 ∙ Vs
Land over a 50ft obstacle at
VTD ≥ 1.15 ∙ Vs
Taxi to gate (9 min)
Economic Mission Profile
Purdue University is an Equal
Opportunity/Equal Access institution.
Economic Mission Profile
Purdue University is an Equal
Opportunity/Equal Access institution.
Economic Mission Profile
Customer Needs/Wants
Airline
Passenger
•Airport
compatible
•Maintenance
cost
•Operational life
•Turnaround
time
•Oversea Range
•Comfort
•Cargo
space/payload
•Fast trip time
•Affordable ticket
price
Public
•FAA
requirements
•Quiet
•Low emissions
Table 5. Customer Attributes
NASA/Lockheed
•Supersonic
cruise efficiency
•Low sonic boom
•High lift for
takeoff and
landing
Quantifiable Engineering
Characteristics
• Takeoff field length
• Landing field length
• Door height above ground
• Airframe life
• Range
• Number of passengers
• Cruise Mach number
• Cabin volume per passenger
• Operating cost
• Cruise altitude
• Cruise efficiency
• Cumulative certification noise
• Stall speed
• Wing span
• NOx emissions
House of Quality
•Most Important Attributes:
1. FAA Requirements
2. Supersonic Cruise Efficiency
3. Airport Compatible
•Top Engineering Characteristics:
1. Cruise Mach Number
2. Cruise efficiency
Targets/Thresholds
Requirements Compliance Matrix
Target
Threshold
Design
Takeoff Field Length
[ft]
<
10,000
11,800
11000
Range
[nmi]
>
5000
4000
3500
Payload
[pax]
>
49
35
49
Cruise Mach #
[N/A]
>
1.8
1.6
1.8
Cruise Efficiency
[lb fuel/pax-nmi]
<
0.25
0.33
0.36
Certification Noise
[PldB]
<
50
70
69
Cabin Volume per Pax
[ft^3/pax]
>
11
9.7
8
Cruise Altitude
[ft]
50000
60000
0
Aircraft Life
[years]
>
30
20
28
Aspect Ratio
[N/A]
<
2
3.86
2.2
Thrust to Weight Ratio
[N/A]
>
0.37
0.3
0.3
Wing Loading
[N/A]
>
125
95
100
Crew
[crew]
<
3
5
4
Table 6. Requirements Compliance Matrix
Date
1/29/2009
Condition
1/27/2009
Unit
1/25/2009
Requirement
Benchmarking
• Major Competitors:
– Aerospatiale/BAC Concorde
– Lockheed Martin Quiet Supersonic Transport
– Aerion Supersonic Business Jet
• Benchmarking Outcome:
– Focuses
– Shortcomings
Figure 3. Benchmarking Analysis
Technologies & Advanced Concepts
Engines
•
Commercial:
•
•
Materials
•
Pratt and Whitney JT8D-219 Turbofan
• 21000 lb takeoff thrust
• Very strong and lightweight
• Tensile strength can reach 820,000 psi
• 2024-T3 Al – 70,000 psi
• 7075-T6 Al – 83,000 psi
• Unlimited lifetime if protected and
maintained correctly
• Boeing 787: over 50% carbon fiber
material
Military:
•
•
Carbon Fiber Reinforce Plastics
(CFRP):
Pratt and Whitney F-119 (LM F-22)
Twin Spool Augmented Turbofan
• 35000 lb thrust
Pratt and Whitney F-135 (LM F-35 JSF)
• 40000 lb thrust
•
Nanotechnology:
• Possibility of much lighter and stronger
materials by 2020
Technologies & Advanced Concepts
Wing Configurations
•
Reversed Delta Wing
•
•
•
Nonplanar Wing Configurations:
•
•
•
Increases stability and lift
Current Industry Configurations
•
•
•
Reduction in induced drag
Increase in L/D
Canards
•
•
Natural laminar flow
2D flow
Low AR
Aft-fuselage
Compression Lift
Fuel
•
Biofuels
•
•
Cut down on NOx emissions
Virgin Atlantic 747 flight
Estimates of L/D
• Nicolai/Corke L/D Estimates
– M < 1: (L/D)max ≈ 1.4 * AR +7.1
– M ≥ 1: (L/D)max ≈ 11*Mc-0.5
• For assumed AR of 2.2 from historical data
– M < 1: (L/D)max ≈ 10.2
• AR assumed from Aerion, Concorde, and Tupolev TU-144
– M ≥ 1: (L/D)max ≈ 8.2
• MC = 1.8 due to specifications
• Supersonic: (L/D)cruise ≈ 7.1
• Assuming (L/D)cruise ≈ 0.86 (L/D)max
We/W0 Predictor
•
•
Altered Prof. Crossley’s Database
We/W0 = bW0c1ARc2(T/W0)c3(W0/S)c4Mmaxc5
•
•
•
T/W0 = 0.3
W0/S = 100
Mmax = 2.0
•
We/W0 = 2.808524W0-0.08453959AR0.1377132 (T/W0) 0.1351319 (W0/S) 0.1789255Mmax0.01676361
•
We/W0 = 0.413
Table 7. Sizing Database
We/W0 Predictor (cont’d)
• MATLAB code for We/W0
We/W0 Predictor (cont’d)
Table 8. Empty Weight Fraction
We/W0 Predictor (cont’d)
• Technology Used
– Composites Used on more than 50% of plane
• We/W0,comp = 0.95*We/W0
– 2 Engine configuration
• Reduces Weight, SS cruise without afterburner by 2020
– Compared to Concorde’s 4 engine configuration
Future Sizing
• FLOPS
– NASA Langley Code
– Very specific inputs and outputs
– Not worth using yet
• Too many inputs would be taken from old aircraft
• Certain info needed that is difficult to look up from old
A/C, i.e. hard to make accurate guesses
Summary
• Luxurious, comfortable, and affordable.
• First and business class customers for optimal
profit.
• 15 transatlantic and transpacific city pairs.
• Reasonable empty weight fraction from initial
sizing.
• Design focuses: cruise Mach number and
cruise efficiency.
Next Steps
• Second phase of sizing and design.
– Utilization of FLOPS
• Assess different airplane configurations.
• Trade studies, concept generation, concept
selection.
• Selection of propulsion system.
• Further investigation of advanced
technologies.
References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Seating Charts (Pitch and Width for Business and First on all airlines)
http://www.seatguru.com/charts/business_class.php
Airport database (runway lengths, codes, locations...)
http://www.world-airport-codes.com/
Market Size
http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/business/24premium.html
Seat Pitch
http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/planes/seating/seat-pitch.jpg
NASA Dryden fact sheet for Tu-144
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-062-DFRC.html
Aerion Corp-Aerion data
http://www.aerioncorp.com/technology
USAF XB-70 Factsheet
F-14D data
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-14-specs.htm
M.A.T.S
http://www.anft.net/f-14/f14-specification.htm