Context
Integrating Population and Housing
Censuses with Agricultural Censuses
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Outline
• International recommendations on
linked censuses.
• Why have an integrated census
programme.
• Modalities of linking censuses and the
Integrated Statistical System
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Current Recommendations
• UNSD Principles and Recommendations for Population and
Housing Censuses, Rev 2 2007
• UNECE Conference of European Statistician
Recommendations for the 2010 Censuses of Population and
Housing 2006
• FAO Recommendations World Census of Agriculture 2010
• UNECA 2010 Africa Round of Population and Housing
Censuses 2008
• Important to understand the change in emphasis between
the current round of censuses and previous rounds.
• Previous rounds did not encourage joint activities for 2
main reasons – different enumeration units (household and
holding) and overloading questionnaire
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
FAO recommendations
• Use of common concepts, definitions and
classifications
• Collecting a greater level of agricultural data in
the population and housing census
• Sharing field materials
• Using the data for a frame for agricultural
censuses and surveys
• Linking data from separately conducted
population and housing censuses and
agricultural censuses
• Conducting the two censuses as a joint field
operation
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
UNSD Recommendations
• Collecting additional agricultural information in the
population census (non-core items)
• For preparation of frame of agricultural holdings (family
farm) for the agricultural census
• Data collected during pre census listing or additional items
in population census questionnaire
– Self-employed agricultural production
• Censuses carried out close together
• Use of demographic data from population census reduces
size of agriculture census questionnaire
• Joint field operation with separate questionnaires also
possible
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
UNECE Recommendations
• Most relevant for countries with the bulk of
agricultural activities in the household sector
• Use of common definitions
• Shared materials: common EAs, preparation of
sample frame and sample design
• Collecting agricultural information as part of the
population census questionnaire (non-core items)
• Combined field operations with separate
questionnaires
• One time collection of demographic and activity
status information
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
UNECA Recommendations
• Shared equipment and personnel
• Shared equipment – maps and field
personnel
• Including agriculture questions in the
population census
• Using data from population census in
the frame for the agricultural census
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Why have an integrated census programme?
Current agricultural data in population census
•
•
•
•
•
•
Some agriculture data routinely collected but not sufficient
Items collected as part of population census
– Main occupation, industry of main occupation and
employment status in main occupation
Not broad enough in scope
– no auxiliary information for sample design
Many countries don’t follow ILO standard classification
– Difficult to identify agriculture households
– Example of regional classification
Underestimates number of farm households
– usually based on short reference period which does not
capture seasonality
– Criteria for main job may exclude households with several
activities, e.g. fishing
Existing data insufficient: need for specific consideration of
agriculture data and inclusion of limited number of items
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Why have an integrated census programme?
Advantages for the National Statistics System
 Reducing the total cost of the two censuses
 Enriching data analysis
 Ensuring regular agricultural census
operations
 Building a reliable sample frame and
optimizing the sample design for the
agricultural census
 Better defining the agricultural census
coverage – identifying non-agricultural
households and minor agricultural
households.
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Why have an integrated census progarmme?
• Broader scope for agriculture statistics
• Cost effectiveness
• More efficient sample design and
better quality sample frame
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Broader Scope for Agriculture: Integrated
Statistical System
• Traditionally focused on the structure of
agriculture and agricultural production.
• Support to national accounts
– Provide data on SNA economic production
units: enterprises and establishments
– ISIC classification of agriculture
• Under Global Strategy recognition of new data
demands: structure, production, farm
management, food security, household income
and expenditure, labour force and prices
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Broader Scope for Agriculture: Emerging needs for
integrated data
Food Security
• Can we feed our citizens?
• Impact on farmers and agricultural households of the
food price spikes?
Poverty Reduction
• How to improve household income from sales of crops
and livestock?
• What is the relationship between increased
productivity of smallholder farmers and economic
growth?
• How does small holder farming, animal husbandry,
employment in new high value agriculture and rural
non farm economy lead to poverty reduction?
Gender
• Which agricultural activities involve women?
• What is their economic contribution?
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Broader Scope for Agriculture: Global Strategy
• Global Strategy extends to economic, social and
environmental dimensions
• Economic: Agricultural production, markets, farm
and nonfarm income and survey data
• Social: Reducing risk and vulnerability, food security,
gender
• Environmental sustainability, climate change
adaptation, biofuels, land cover and land use
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Broader Scope for Agriculture: WCA 2010
•
Modular Approach: Core and Supplementary
modules
•
WCA 2010 flexible – core data and inclusion of
themes relevant to countries
• Integration with population and housing census is
part of this new approach
• Enables integration with the national
statistical system
• Flexibility to include broader range of data
• Enables inclusion of minimal producers
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
The agricultural census in the framework of an integrated
system of censuses and surveys
Household food security
Land
Irrigation
Aquaculture
POPULATION
CENSUS
CENSUS
CORE
MODULE
CENSUS SUPPLEMENTARY
MODULES
Farm
labour
Crops
IN-DEPTH AGRICULTURAL
SURVEYS
Agricultural practices
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Livestock
Broader Scope for Agriculture: WCA 2010
(2)
• Core data should cover:
• Key items for agricultural policy making and
planning
• Data for items needed at small administrative units:
districts or villages
• Rare events: unusual crops or livestock
• Data needed to create sampling frames
• Data needed to make international comparisons
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Efficiency and Quality: Sample Design and
Sample Frame
• Up to date listing for the sample frame – more
reliable data
• Additional information to optimize the sample
design
– e.g. Types of crops, farm size for
stratification
• Better defined agricultural census coverage
– Complete listing of agricultural households:
no cut-offs
– Preliminary information identifies need for
specialized surveys e.g. bee keeping
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Tools and methodology for integration
Developing the Master Sample Frame for Agriculture
Census of
Population
And Housing
Area
Frame/ classified
By land use via
Remote sensing
Geo
Reference
And
Measures of
size
Primary Sampling
Units
Villages/clusters
Rural HH
Farm HH
Ag
Census
Non
Household
Enterprises
Census
Enumeration
areas
Master Sample Frame for Agriculture
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Sample
Grids
points
Linkage – reducing the total cost of the two censuses
•
•
50 % reduction in some countries
Coordinated approach rather than two separate
collections reduces costs
• Shared infrastructure, logistics, personnel and
equipment can be used for both censuses
– Particularly census cartography
• Smaller agricultural census possible by including
basic agricultural questions in population and
housing census
• Common master sample frame
– Reduces costs of separate listing to produce
frame
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Cost Effectiveness
Integration of agriculture into
national statistics system (NSS)
Methodology
to Integrate
Agriculture
Integrated
Data Base
Master
Sampling
Frame
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Context of an
integrated
statistical system
•Common sample
frame
•Integrated surveys
Integrated Survey
Framework
Modalities for Linking
Additional
Items
Full
Agricultural
Module
Joint
Agriculture
and
Population
Censuses
• Choice of modality is part of the programme of
data collection in country
• Must be seen in the context of an integrated
statistical system
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Context of the Integrated Statistical System
• Integrated censuses are part of an integrated
statistical system
– Based on a master sample frame with
common samples
• Advantages of integration
– Avoids duplication of effort
– Prevents release of conflicting statistics
– More efficient use of resources
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Integrated Statistical System
What does it look like?
• Coordinated data collection
– Timely, accurate, coherent and comparable
data
• Requires coordination among sectoral producers
and NSO
• Elements include:
– Common concepts, definitions and
classification
– Coherent results among producers removes
duplication of effort
– Integrated database – data integrated across
various surveys allows cross – tabulations and
in depth analysis
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Tools for Development of the Integrated
Statistical System – NSDS Issues
• Paris21 Review - 10% of International Development
Association (IDA) countries had included agriculture
more-or-less appropriately in the NSDS process
(1999)
• NSDS coverage of agriculture is generally poor including vital areas such as food security
• In many countries the first generation NSDS was
NSO-centric
• Agriculture activities often part of informal
economy
– Not well covered by statistics reporting systems
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Tools for Development of the Integrated Statistical
System NSDS Advantages of Mainstreaming
Mainstreaming agriculture into NSDS address issues
of:
• Statistical legislation not always covering the whole
statistical system
• Lack of coordination between NSOs and MoAs or
deficient intra-sector coordination
• Low profile of statisticians in agriculture ministries
• Disorganized statistical functions
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012
Tools for Development of the Integrated
Statistical System NSDS
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Paris21 – capacity development for National Strategy for
Development of Statistics
NSDS develops a framework for a common programme and
integration of agriculture into the NSS
– Overall vision for development of NSS
– Based on identified statistical needs of policy users. E.g.
development of indicators needed to monitor progress of
policy implementation
– Institutional development – appropriate legal framework
– Organisational development including coordinating unit
– Human Resource Development – skilled staff
– Infrastructure Development
Includes statistical work programme and planned data collections
Mobilization of resources within country and externally
Advocacy for use of statistics in policy making
Pacific Regional Workshop - Linking Population and Housing with Agricultural Censuses
Noumea, New Caledonia 28 May - 1 June 2012