AP World History Chapter 12 The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties Wendi Sui Dynasty • Nobleman • Victory over Chen united traditional Chinese Core. • Built grain bins for storing grain. • Lowered taxes and built massive canals. • Leads nomadic leaders to control northern China • 589, defeat of Chen kingdom Yangdi Emperor (killed his dad and gets killed by his minister) • Established milder legal code • Upgraded Confucian education and restored examination system. • Extravagant living and building led to social upheaval. (plus making worn out soldiers go get Korea) • Sets up new capital at Loyang Tang Dynasty • Dynastic system saved by Li Yuan (Duke of Tang) – Son, Tang Taizong, is given throne next • • • • Extended boarder to Afghanistan. Continued the re-building of the Great Wall. Moved capital to Changan Re-building of the bureaucracy. –Aristocracy weakened –Confucian ideology revised –Scholar-gentry elite reestablished –Bureaucracy –Bureau of Censors •Examination system bigger than ever before –Ministry of Rites –jinshi Confucianism and Buddhism Confucianism and Buddhism potential rivals Buddhism had been central Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism popular in era of turmoil Chan (Zen) Buddhism common among elite Early Tang support Buddhism Empress Wu (690-705) Endows monasteries Tried to make Buddhism the state religion 50,000 monasteries by c. 850 The Anti-Buddhist Backlash Confucians in administration • Support taxation of Buddhist monasteries Persecution under Emperor Wuzong (841-847) • Monasteries destroyed • Lands redistributed Confucian emerges the central ideology Tang Decline • 755 CE, Revolts • Ineffective leaders (Empress Wei) (Xuanzong “hearts” Yang Guifei) • Frontier boarders raided • Corrupt government officials • 907 CE, last Tang emperor resigns Song Dynasty • Song founded in 960 C.E (Zhao Kuangyin aka Honest Abe who “collected books rather than booty”) – Zhao is renamed Taizu • Song unable to defeat northern nomads. • Song paid tribute to Liao – Founded by Khitan people/Manchuria Song Politics Settling for Partial Restoration • Scholar-gentry patronized • Given power over military The Revival of Confucian Thought • Libraries established • Old texts recovered Neo-confucians • Stress on personal morality • Zhu Xi (apply philosophy to every day life) • Importance of philosophy in everyday life • Hostility to foreign ideas • Gender, class, age distinctions reinforced Roots of Decline: Attempts at Reform Khitan independence encourages others Tangut, Tibet • Xi Xia kingdom • Song pay tribute Wang Anshi (aka FDR • Confucian scholar, chief minister • Reforms – – – – – Legalist enthusiasm Cheap loans/gov’t assistance Taxed the scholars Expanded military and agriculture Tried to change education system • When his emperor dies, he is out Southern Song Dynasty Jurchens defeat Liao in the North • 1115, found Jin kingdom • Invade China Southern Song Dynasty • New capital at Hangzhou • Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age Canal system • Built to accommodate population shift • Yangdi's Grand Canal (links China across the Noodle LIne • Links North to South Silk routes reopened • Greater contact with Buddhist, Islamic regions Sea trade • Developed by late Tang, Song • Junks (with gun powder rockets!) Commerce expands • Credit • Deposit shops (banks) • Flying money Urban growth • Changan – Tang capital/2 million • Hangzhou – Song capital – Marco Polo’s favorite Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age Expanding Agrarian Production and Life in the Country • New areas cultivated • Canals help transport produce Aristocratic estates • Divided among peasants • Scholar-gentry replace aristocracy Family and Society in the Tang-Song Era • Great continuity • Marriage brokers • Elite women have broader opportunities – Empresses Wu, Wei • Divorce widely available The Neo-Confucian Assertion of Male Dominance Neo-Confucians reduce role of women • Confinement • Men allowed great freedom • Men favored in inheritance, divorce • Women not educated • Foot binding Glorious Age Conclusion Invention and Artistic Creativity • Influence over neighbors • Economy stimulated by advances in farming, finance • bridges • Explosives and projectiles (Used by Song for armaments) • Chairs used in household • Tea as a common drink • Compasses, abacus • Bi Sheng – Printing with moveable type • Scholarly Refinement and Artistic Accomplishment – Scholar-gentry key – Change from Buddhist artists – Secular scenes more common • Li Bo – Poet – Nature a common theme in poetry, art