CHEMICAL BONDING, CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND NOMENCLATURE
SPS1. Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom.
ab. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds in terms of electron movement.
SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its classifications, and its system for naming types of matter.
b. Predict formulas for stable binary ionic compounds based on balance of charges.
c. Use IUPAC nomenclature for transition between chemical names and chemical formulas of binary ionic compounds (containing
representative elements). binary covalent compounds (i.e. carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride).
SPS4. Students will investigate the arrangement of the Periodic Table.
a. Determine the trends of the following: Number of valence electrons, Types of ions formed by representative elements, Location
of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
b. Use the Periodic Table to predict the above properties for representative elements.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT IS AN IONIC COMPOUND AND HOW DOES IT FORM.
Look at the apparatus set up on the demonstration desk. What do you think will happen when the prongs
are placed into the beaker containing the substances?
Substance
What I think will happen
What actually happens
My hypothesis
A
B
Atoms want to be ___________________
To be stable an atom needs to have _____electrons in its outer energy level or it can have a
completely filled outer energy level such as the element _______.
The electrons in the outer energy level are called ________electron.
Elements in the same representative group have the same number of _____________.
GROUP 1 ___ GROUP 2_____ GROUP 13_____GROUP 17____ ETC.
Opposite _______________attract each other. The force that holds atoms or ions together as a unit
is called a ___________________.
An ______________bond is the type of bond that holds cations and anions together. This type of
bond forms when electrons are transferred from the outer energy level of one atom to the outer
energy level of another atom so that each atom becomes __________.
A compound formed between anions and cations is called an_____________compound.
PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS: LIST THE 5 PROPERTIES BELOW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
IONIC COMPOUNDS CAN BE REPRESENTED BY _____________________________________.
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL FORMULAS
BINARY COMPOUNDS: COMPOUNDS MADE UP OF ONLY __ KINDS OF ATOMS.
SODIUM AND CHLORINEALUMINUM AND CHLORINE –
IMPORTANT INFORMATION A CHEMICAL FORMULA GIVES
1.
2.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What is a covalent bond and how does it form?
Bonding and Naming Chemical Compounds
Covalent Bonding
Covalent compound
METAL AND NON-METALS BOND TO FORM ______________COMPOUNDS
NON-METALS AND NON-METALS BOND TO FORM _______________COMPOUNDS
Ionic or Covalent?
Bonding between atoms of different elements is rarely purely ionic or purely covalent. It usually falls
somewhere between these two extremes depending on how strongly the atoms the atoms of each
element attract electrons. The degree to which bonding between atoms of two elements is ionic or
covalent can be estimated by calculating the difference in the elements’ electronegativities
Ex:
Non-Polar Covalent Bond –
Polar –
Polar Covalent Bond –
***** Attractions between polar molecules
Ex: What is the bond type between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule?
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Water is a polar molecule aka dipole molecule: one end is slightly positive and one end is slightly
negative.
Draw a diagram of a water molecule.
Practice Problems:
Bonding between
magnesium and
oxygen
sulfur
Chlorine
Bonding between
nitrogen and
Oxygen
fluorine
sulfur
Combination of
ions
Bond Type
Chemical formula
Combinations of
ions
Bond Type
Example of a
chemical formula
Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds
Many chemical compounds, including most of the chemicals that are in living things and are
produced by living things are composed of ____________.
Certain atoms bond with each other to form __________that are more stable than the single atom.
Molecule –
Molecular Compound –
Molecular Formula –
Structural FormulaEx:
3
Diatomic Molecule – (Diatomic Elements)
DIATOMIC ELEMENT
FORMULA
MONATOMIC IONS
Ex:
POLYATOMIC IONS
EX:
Naming Monatomic Ions
Monatomic cations are identified simply by the elements name.
Ex:
Monatomic anions are named by first dropping the ending of the elements name and adding –ide
to the root name.
Ex:
Binary Ionic Compounds
Binary Compounds –
Steps for writing Binary Ionic Compounds:
1. Write the symbol for the ions side by side. Write the cation first.
2. Cross over the charges by using the absolute value of each ion’s charge as the subscripts for the
other ion.
3. Check the subscripts and divide them by their largest common factor to give the smallest
possible whole number-ratio of ions.
(2 x +3 = +6 and 3 x-2 = -6 which cancel each other out)
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Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
Nomenclature –
For Binary Ionic Compounds, the name of the cation is given first, followed by the name of the
anion
Ex:
Practice Problems
Write the formulas for the binary ionic compounds formed between the following elements:
1. zinc and iodine
2. zinc and sulfur
3. potassium and iodine
4. magnesium and chlorine
Name the binary ionic compounds indicated by the following formulas:
1. AgCl
2. ZnO
3. CaBr2
4. SrF2
5. BaO
6. CaCl2
The Stock System of Nomenclature
Some elements, such as iron, form two or more cations with different charges. To distinguish the
ions formed by such elements, the Stock system of nomenclature is used. This system uses a
Roman numeral to indicate an ions charge. The numeral is enclosed in parentheses and placed
immediately after the metal name.
Ex:
Names of metals that commonly form only one cation do not include a Roman numeral.
Ex:
Naming a Binary Ionic Compound with the Stock System Nomenclature
Practice Problems
Write the formula and give the name for the compound formed between the following ions:
1. Cu+2 and Br2. Fe+2 and O-2
3. Pb+2 and Cl4. Hg+2 and S-2
5. Sn+2 and F6. Fe+3 and O-2
Give the names for the following compounds: use Roman Numerals (stock system)
1. CuO
3. SnI4
5
2. CoF3
4. FeS
Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
Oxyanions –
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
1. The less electronegative element is given first. It is given a prefix only if it contributes more
than one atom to a molecule of the compound.
2. The second element is named by combining (a) a prefix indicating the number of atoms
contributed by the element, (b) the root of the name of the second element, and (c) the ending –
ide. With few exceptions, the ending –ide indicates that a compound contains only two elements.
3. The “o” or “a” at the end of a prefix is usually dropped when the word following the prefix
begins with another vowel. Ex: monoxide or pentoxide
Ex: P4O10
Numerical Prefixes
14710258369Practice Problems:
Name the following binary covalent compounds:
1. SO3
3. PBr5
2. ICl3
Write the formulas for the following compounds:
1. carbon tetraiodide
3. dinitrogen trioxide
2. phosphorous trichloride
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