Microsoft Software
Lecturer: Jing Liu
Email: neouma@mail.xidian.edu.cn
Homepage: http://see.xidian.edu.cn/faculty/liujing
Microsoft Software
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Personal computers are becoming increasingly
powerful, versatile and popular among organizations
and individuals alike not because of reduction in their
cost and increase in memory size but primarily due to
the tremendous power and variety of software
available.
In fact, it is the software that makes a computer
useful as well as user-friendly. Although there are a
number of software vendors in the market, the main
driving force behind the software revolution is the
Microsoft Corporation.
Microsoft Software
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The first major software project of Microsoft
Corporation was the development of an operating
system known as Disk Operation Systems (DOS) for
the original IBM personal computer in the year 1980.
Although originally seen as a supplier of operating
systems, Microsoft went on to develop a variety of
successful application packages, thus becoming a
leading software company in the world. Microsoft
today has a suite of software packages that would
meet many of the standard applications requirements
of most organizations. This software suite, popularly
known as Microsoft Office, includes the following
application packages:
Microsoft Software
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Microsoft Word: Developed in 1983, it provides
powerful tools for creating and manipulating word
processing documents.
Microsoft Excel: Developed in 1985, it enables to
create detailed spreadsheets for viewing and
collaboration.
Microsoft PowerPoint: Developed in 1988, it
provides a complete set of tools for creating
presentations.
Microsoft Publisher: Developed in 1991, it helps in
publishing materials, such as news letters, brochures
and catalogs
Microsoft Access: Developed in 1912, it gives
powerful tools for creating and managing databases.
MS Word System
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MS Word is an application software that can be used
to create, edit, save and print personal as well as
professional documents in a very simple and efficient
manner. It is mainly designed for word processing,
so it is also referred as the word processing program.
MS Word is not the only word processing program
available in the market. There are many other word
processing applications available, such as Open Office
Writer and Google Docs.
For working in MS Word, we need to install MS Office
in a computer system. After installing MS Office, we
can start MS Word using Start menu.
MS Word System
Major components on the GUI of MS Word:
 Title bar: It is a horizontal bar at the top of the window that
displays the name of the currently opened MS Word document.
By default, MS Word assigns names to new documents as
Document1, Document2, Document3 and so on. However, we
can also save our document with some other name of our
choice.
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Menu bar: It is located right below the title bar. The Menu bar
is used to house a set of commands that can be used to
perform various operations such as opening a file, closing a file
and creating a table.
Toolbar: It is located right below the menu bar. A number of
toolbars are provided in MS Word for a quick and easy access to
the various commands housed in the Menu bar.
MS Word System
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Document window: It is the actual area in the MS Word
window where we can enter text and draw graphics. The
document windows of MS Word can also be considered as a text
editor because you can edit and apply different types of
formatting to the text in this window.
Status bar: It is located at the bottom of the MS Word window.
The status bar provides some helpful information related to the
document that we are currently working with. The information
provided by the status bar includes:
Total number of pages in the document
Page number of the active page
Line number of the line of text where the cursor is currently positioned
Column number of the character in the line of text where the cursor is
currently positioned
Status of various modes such as track mode, extend selection mode
and overtype mode
MS Word System
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Scroll bar: The term scroll bar usually refers to the horizontal
and the vertical bars placed at the right and the bottom of the
MS Word windows. These bars allow the user to view those
portions of the document that cannot fit on the screen at one
time.
Ruler: It is located below the toolbars. The ruler bar in MS
Word is used to set the alignment for the content in the
document. If the ruler bar is not displayed in the MS Word
window, then we can make it visible by selecting View->Ruler.
MS Word System - Menu
Bar
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File menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to perform
various file handling operations. The file handling operations in MS
Word are usually known as document handling operations. The various
operations that can be performed using the options available in the File
menu are opening a new document, opening an existing document,
saving the current document, printing the current document, etc.
Edit menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to
perform various operations related to content editing and manipulation.
The various operations that we can perform using the options available
in the Edit menu are copying the currently selected text to clipboard,
moving the currently selected text to some other location in the
currently opened document, pasting the text from clipborad to the
currently opened document, deleting the selectee text, tec.
View menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to
display the document in different views. The different views available in
MS Word are Normal, Web Layout, Print Layout, Document Map, Full
Screen and Zoom. Apart from changing the view of a document , we
can also perform various other tasks using the View menu like
displaying or hiding the toolbar, setting the header and footer for a
document and displaying or hiding the rulers.
MS Word System - Menu
Bar
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Insert menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to
insert various objects such as clip art, auto shapes, organization chart,
word art and text box in a document to make it more attractive. Apart
from these objects we can also insert date and time, page numbers,
symbols, page break and column break in the document.
Format menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to
alter the look and layout of the content present in the document. The
various tasks that can be performed using the options available in the
Format menu are changing the font type, font color, font size and font
style of the selected text, indenting a paragraph, inserting bullets and
numbering in the document, etc.
Tools menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to
perform advanced operations in the MS Word document. The various
tasks that can be performed using the options available in the Tools
menu are checking and correcting spelling and grammatical mistakes,
counting the number of words and characters, protecting a document
and using mail merge, etc.
MS Word System - Menu
Bar
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Table menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to
perform various operations related to the creation , modification and
deletion of tables in a document.
Windows menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to
perform various tasks related to the active windows in which we are
working. Using his menu, we can open a new window containing the
same content as the active window, split the active window into
different panes and arrange all the opened document into separate
windows in such a manner hat all the windows can be viewed at the
same time by the user.
Help menu: It assists the user by providing information related to MS
Word from various sources such as Office Assistant tool and Microsoft
Office Web site etc.
MS Word System - Toolbar
The three most commonly used toolbars in MS Word are as follows:
 Standard toolbar: It provides quick access to the various operations
related to the file handling and content editing and manipulation. If the
Standard toolbar is not visible in the MS Word window, then we need
to select View-> Toolbars -> Standard to make it visible.
 Formatting toolbar: It is used to perform various operations related
to the look and the layout of the document content. Using the icons
available on this toolbar, we can change the font size, style and color of
the selected text, align the selected text to the left, center or right of
the screen, create numbered and bulleted list, etc. If the Formatting
toolbar is not visible in the MS Word window, then we need to select
View -> Toolbars -> Formatting to make it visible.
 Drawing toolbar: It is located at the bottom of the screen just above
the status bar. Using the different icons available on the drawing
toolbar, we can draw and manipulate different types of graphics in a
document. The various shapes that we can draw using the drawing
toolbar are line, rectangle, oval, etc. We can also insert clip art, word
art and pictures in the document using this toolbar. If the Drawing
toolbar is not visible in the MS Word window, then we need to select
View -> Toolbars -> Drawing to make it visible.
MS Word System
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The following are the key operations that we can
perform in MS Word:
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Creating a document
Saving a document
Editing a document
Formatting a document
Printing a document
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MS Excel System
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MS Excel is an application program that allows us to create
spreadsheets, which are represented in the form of a table
containing rows and columns.
The horizontal sequence in which the data is stored is referred
to as a row. The vertical sequence in which the data is stored is
referred to as a column.
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Each value in a spreadsheet is stored in a cell, which is the
intersection of rows and columns.
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A cell can contain either numeric value or a character string.
MS Excel System
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Worksheet is the actual working area consisting of
rows and columns. The worksheets are also known
as the spreadsheets. A work book in MS Excel is a
combination of several worksheets. Each workbook of
MS Excel contains three worksheets by default. The
key operations that are performed in MS Excel
include:
Creating a worksheet
Saving a worksheet
Modifying a worksheet
Renaming a worksheet
Deleting a worksheet
Moving a worksheet
Editing a worksheet
MS PowerPoint System
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MS PowerPoint is a software application included in the MS
Office package that allows us to create presentations.
PowerPoint provides a GUI with the help of which we can create
attractive presentations quickly and easily.
The presentation may include slides, handouts, notes, outlines,
graphics and animations. A slide in PowerPoint is a combination
of images, text, graphics, charts, etc. that is used to convey
some meaning information.
The presentations in MS PowerPoint are usually saved with the
extension .ppt. The interface of MS PowerPoint is similar to the
other interfaces of MS Office applications.
PowerPoint presentations are commonly used in business,
schools, colleges, training programs, etc.
MS PowerPoint System
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The following are the key operations that can be
performed in MS PowerPoint:
Creating a new presentation
Designing the presentation
Saving a new presentation
Adding slides to the presentation
Printing the presentation
Data Communications and
Networks
Introduction
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Computers were originally developed as standalone, single-user
systems. Stand-alone computers can receive user’s data,
manipulate them and provide useful information for making
decisions. Here, the user uses his own data for his own decision
making purposes. When the use of computers spread across
government offices and business organizations, a number of
issues were raised.
What if a user wants to share his computer generated
information with other colleagues?
What if a user want s to explore the possibility of using certain
information stored else where?
Theses issues were addressed by the subsequent developments
in software, hardware and communication technologies which
have enabled the computers to communicate between each
other and exchange information quickly and accurately and at
any time.
Introduction
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The process of electronic transfer of information between two locations
is known as data communication. The five basic elements of data
communication are:
Message: It is the information to be communicated. It may be in the
form of text, pictures, audio, video, or any combination of these.
Sender: It is the device that creates and transmits the information.
Receiver: It is the device that receives the information.
Medium: It is the communication channel through which the
information travels from sender to receiver. It could be a physical wire
or radio waves.
Protocol: It represents a set of rules that governs the communication
process between the sender and the receiver.
Data communication may occur in a simple point-to-point mode or in a
multipoint mode where more than two computers are connected
together in the form of a network. A network is a system of
interconnected computers that can communicate with one another to
share applications and data.
Computer Network
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Computer network is a system of interconnected computers that
enable the computers to communicate with each other and
share their resources, data and application.
The physical location of each computer is tailored to personal
and organizational needs. A network may include only personal
computers or a mix of PCs, minis and mainframes spanning a
particular geographical area.
Computer networks that are commonly used today may be
classified as follows:
Computer Network
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Based on geographical area:
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
International Network (Internet)
Intranet
Computer Network
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Based on how computer nodes are used:
Client Server Networks (CSNs)
Peer-to-Peer Networks (PPNs)
Valued-added Networks (VANs)
Local Area Network (LAN)
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LAN is a group of computers that are connected in a small area
such as building, home, etc.
Through this type of network, users can easily communicate
with each other by sending and receiving messages.
Though the number of computers connected in a LAN is limited,
the data is transferred at an extremely faster rate.
LAN
Wide Area Network (WAN)
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WAN is a group of computers that are connected in a large area
such as continent, country, etc. WAN is generally used for
connecting two or more LANs through some medium such as
leased telephone lines, microwaves, etc. In WAN, data is
transferred at slow rate.
LAN
LAN
WAN
LAN
LAN
Metropolitan Area
Network (MAN)
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MAN is a network of computers that covers a large area like a city. The
size of the MAN generally lies between that of LAN and WAN, typically
covering a distance of 5Km to 50 Km.
The geographical area covered by MAN is comparatively larger than
LAN but smaller than WAN. MAN is generally owned by private
organizations.
MAN is generally connected with the help of optical fibres, copper wires
etc. One of the most common example of MAN is cable television
network within a city. A network device known as router is used to
connect the LANs together. The router directs the information packets
to the desired destination.
LAN
Router
LAN
Router
LAN
Router
LAN
LAN
Cable television
network
LAN
The Internet
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The Internet is a global area network that allows computers
connected over the network to share resources and information
using different protocols. It is basically a network of networks
across the globe.
Users at different locations can very easily communicate with
each other via the Internet. The Internet basically uses a set of
protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) for transferring the data over the network.
The following are the different types of services provided by the
Internet to the users:
E-mail
Online chat
Online shopping
…
The Internet
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There are various advantages of using the Internet:
Information: The Internet allows users to access large amount
of information efficiently.
Availability: The Internet is available continuously to the users
all the time without any delay. Users can access the information
from the Internet at any time.
Cost: The Internet provides different facilities to the users at a
low cost. Users can access any website over the Internet
absolutely free. The cost of sending messages through e-mail is
also cheaper as compared to postal messages.
The Internet
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The following are some of the disadvantages of using the
Internet:
Hacking: The process of illegally accessing the personal
information stored over the Internet is called hacking.
Virus: The software program that itself gets activated in our
computer system and destroys the stored information is called
virus. Virus usually corrupts the resources that are connected
over the Internet.
Bulk e-mail: It is the most common problem of the Internet
where the unwanted bulk messages such as subscription mails,
advertisement mails, job alert mails etc. are received on the
users account. These messages are sometimes frustrating and
irritating for the users because the user simply does not require
these mails.
The Intranet
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Intranet is a private network, which is confined at a single
organization only. This type of computer network allows only
the internal users of the organization to share the resources.
However, the users outside the organization can also access the
Intranet but they can do so only if they are authorized.
The concept of Intranet was used for sharing the company’s
information amongst the employees. Certain protocols such as
TCP/IP, HTTP, etc. are used by Intranet for enabling the
communication between the computer systems.
The website of the Intranet is provided with the firewall, which
is a layer that helps in ensuring the security of the information
and resources.
The only disadvantage of Intranet is that it is relatively insecure
as compared to the other networks.
The Intranet
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The various advantages of using Intranet are as follows:
It allows the employees of an organization to access the
organizations’ information easily and quickly
Intranet users can easily communicate with each other within
the organization
It is relatively easier to maintain and implement Intranet than
the Internet
Client Server Network
(CSN)
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CSN basically consists of two computers, client
computer and server computer. The client
computers are dummy computers, which simply
send requests to the server computer, whereas the
server computers receive and execute the requests
sent by the client computer.
CSN is also known as the client server architecture.
This architecture is a two-tier architecture, which is
divided into two layers. The first layer comprises of
the user interface that is located on the client’s
desktop. On the other hand, the second layer is
the database management layer, which is located
on the server machine so as to provide services to
the clients.
In CSN, a client computer sends a request related
to processing of data to the server. The server
receives the request from the client computer and
processes the data. It then sends the output
obtained after the processing of data to the client
computer as a response to its request.
Client
Client
Server
Client
Peer-to-peer Network
(PPN)
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In PPN, there is no separate
division as clients and servers.
Every computer in the PPN is
treated equally and can send as
well as receive the messages
directly.
PPN architecture cannot work
under heavy load. This type of
architecture is commonly used for
file sharing and chatting in real
time.
Computers connected in this
network can easily share their
resources with the other
computers. PPN is used in a variety
of fields such as business,
education, telecommunications,
military etc.
Peer5
Peer1
Peer4
Peer2
Peer3
Network Topologies
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Network topology refers to the arrangement of computers
connected in a network through some physical medium such as
cable, optical fibre etc. Topology generally determines the shape
of the network and the communication path between the
various computers (nodes) of the network. The various types of
network topologies are as follows:
Hierarchical topology
Bus topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Mesh topology
Hybrid topology
Hierarchical Topology
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The hierarchical topology is also
known as tree topology, which is
divided into different levels.
This type of topology is
arranged in the form of a tree
structure in which top level
contains parent node (root
node), which is connected with
the child nodes in the second
level of hierarchy with the pointto-point link.
The second level nodes are
connected to the third level
nodes, which in turn are
connected to the fourth level
nodes and so on.
Except the top-level node, each
level node has a parent node.
Top level
Second level
Third level
Linear Bus Topology
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In the linear bus topology, all
the nodes are connected to the
single backbone or bus with
some medium.
When a node wants to
communicate with the other
nodes in the network, it simply
sends a message to the
common bus. All the nodes in
the network then receive the
message but the nodes for
which it was actually sent only
processes it. The other nodes
discard the message.
Cable end
Cable end
Star Topology
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In the star topology, all the
nodes are connected to a
common device known as hub.
When a node wants to send a
message to the other nodes, it
first sends the message to the
hub, which in turn forwards the
message to the intended node.
Each node in the network is
connected with a point-to-point
line to the centralized hub. The
task of hub is to detect the
faulty node present in the
network. On the other hand, it
also manages the overall data
transmission in the network.
Hub
Ring Topology
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In the ring topology, the nodes
are connected in the form of a
ring. Each node is connected
directly to the other two nodes
in the network.
The node, which want s to send
a message, first passes the
message to its consecutive node
in the network.
Data is transmitted in the clock
wise direction form one node to
another.
Each node incorporates a
repeater, which passes the
message to next node when the
message is intended for another
node.
Mesh Topology
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In mesh topology, each
computer is connected to every
other computer in point-to-point
mode.
For example, if we have four
computers, we must have six
links. If we have n computers,
we must have n(n-1)/2 links.
A message can take several
possible paths to reach a
destination.
Hybrid Topology
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The hybrid topology is the combination of multiple topologies, used
for constructing a single large topology.
The hybrid topology is created when two different network topologies
are interconnected. If two ring topologies are connected then the
resultant topology is not the hybrid topology.
On the other hand, if the ring topology is connected to the bus
topology then the resulting topology is called the hybrid topology.
This topology generally combines the features of the two topologies
and is therefore more effective and efficient than the individual
topologies.
Network Media
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Network media refers to the physical media used to connect the
computer nodes together. There are many types of transmission
media, the most popular ones are:
Cables: Some of the commonly used cables are telephone lines,
twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables. Cable is one of the easiest
methods of transferring messages from one place to another.
Optical fibre: A thin strand of glass that transmits pulsating
beams of light rather than electric current. These light pulses
carry information. Fibre-optic cables can thus carry information
in digital form. They can carry enormous amount of messages at
extremely fast speed. These are used for long distance
communications. It is a highly secured transmission medium.
Network Media
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Microwave: communication through microwave can be used when
the transmitting and receiving ends are located at a large distance
from one another. Microwaves are used to transmit analogy signals.
WANs often use microwave links to connect LANs together. This mode
of transmission is greatly affected by the weather conditions.
Satellite: Satellites are used for receiving and transmitting analog
signals globally. We can send data from one country to another with
the help of satellites. WANs that cover long distances often use
satellites for linking LANs.
Network Protocol
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In order to share data between computers, it is essential to
have appropriate network protocols and software. With the help
of network protocol, computers can easily communicate with
each other and can share data, resources etc.
Network protocols are the set of rules and regulations that are
generally used for communication between two networks.
Any two networks communicate with each other by sending and
receiving messages in the form of packets. The techniques that
is used separating a message into packets is called packet
switching.
Each packet contains the address of the computer from which
the message was sent and also of the computer, which will
receive the message. In order to send the packet, routers and
switches are connected over the network path that forwards,
the packet to the intended receiver.
Network Protocol
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Using network protocol, the following tasks can be performed:
Identification of the type of the physical connection used
Error detection and correction of the improper message
Initiation and termination of the communication session
Message formatting
Some of the commonly used network protocols are Hyper Text
Transfer protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP),
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), Telecommunications
Network (Telnet), Domain Name System (DNS) etc.
Network Software
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Network software refers to the set of instructions that are given
to the computers connected in a network to perform different
tasks. These instructions are given in the form of a program,
which is usually written in some programming language such as
C++, Java, C etc.
The network software generally provides support to the
computers connected in a network so that they can
communicate with each other by exchanging information.
Network operating system software is the type of network
software that basically controls the network traffic, access to
the network resources such as printers, files, etc. This type of
software generally provides multiuser, multitasking facilities so
as to ensure effective communication between the computers
over the network. It also establishes the communication
between multiple computers that are performing a single task.
Applications of Network
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Network is the system of computers generally linked together to
enable the flow of data between the interconnected computers.
With the help of network, we can access the data remotely.
Some of the applications of a network are:
Data sharing: In order to share the data among multiple users,
it is generally stored on the servers. Different applications can
therefore access the data from these servers easily.
Remote data access: Remote data access is the process of
accessing the data from remote location in an efficient way.
Different software programs are used to provide an interface to
the end users for accessing the data remotely.
Applications of Network
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Resource sharing: It is the process of sharing the resources
such as storage devices, input/output devices, etc. over the
network. For example, printer can be shared among the
computers connected in a network by attaching it to the server
computer. When the users want their documents to be printed
they can simply give the print command from there computers
and get their document printed. The sharing of a printer on a
network is relatively cheaper than attaching separate printers to
the individual computer connected in the network.
Personal communication: The far-reaching applications of
networks are electronic mail and teleconferencing. These
applications allow individuals as well as organizations to use
networks for exchanging messages (written, voice and video)
extensively. Emails enables a person to send and receive instant
messages over a computer network with the help of Internet.
On the other hand, teleconferencing enables real-time
communication over a distance by allowing people at different
locations to communicate with each other by seeing the video
picture of people at other sites.
The Internet and World
Wide Web
The Internet and World
Wide Web
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Internet is a popular buzzword among many people today.
Almost everyone working in government offices and business
organizations is using the Internet for exchange of information
in one form or the other.
World Wide Web is another popular phrase among the
computer users. It is commonly referred to as the Web. Most
people consider the Internet and the World Wide Web to be
synonymous, but they are not. Although these two terms are
used interchangeably, they actually describe two different but
related things.
The Internet and World
Wide Web
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The Internet is a massive network of networks that links
together thousands of independent networks thus bringing
millions of computers on a single network to provide a global
communication system. It acts as a facilitator for exchange of
information between computers that are connected to the
Internet. It is like a network of roads in a country that facilitates
the movement of vehicles around the country.
We can create special documents known as hypertext
documents containing text, graphics, sounds and video on a
computer. The storage location of these documents is known as
website. The World Wide Web is the network of all such
websites all around the world. It is popularly known as WWW or
Web. The websites are spread across the Internet and therefore,
the information contained in the websites can be transmitted
through the Internet. It is like transporting the goods stored in
the warehouses using the road network. So the Web is just a
portion on the Internet and not same as the Internet.
Understanding the World
Wide Web
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WWW is a collection of web servers, which contain several web
pages pertaining to different websites. The web pages contain
hypertext, simple text, images, videos and graphics. The web
pages are designed with the help of HyperText Markup
Language (HTML).
To view the web pages provided by a web server, the software
known as web browser is required. To display the web pages, a
web browser runs the HTML code segment written for a
particular web page. Each web page on the Internet is provided
its own address known as Uniform Resource Identifier (URI or
URL).
This URL helps the web browser in locating a web page on the
Internet. A URL string begins with the name of a protocol such
as http or ftp that represents the protocol through which a web
page is accessed. The rest of the URL string contains the
domain server name of the web page being accessed and the
location of the web page on the local web server.
Web Browsers
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Web browser is the software, which is used to access the
Internet and the WWW. It is basically used to access and view
the web pages of the various websites available on the Internet.
A web browser provides many advanced features that help
achieve easy access to the Internet and WWW.
When we open a web browser, the first page, which appears in
the web browser window, is the home page set of that
particular web browser.
The most commonly used web browsers are Internet Explorer
(IE), Netscape Navigator and Mozilla Firefox.
Protocols Used for the
Internet
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Each computer on a network has a unique address, which is
known as the Internet Protocol (IP) address.
An IP address is a group of four numbers and the numbers are
separated from each other by a dot. When any data is sent from
one computer to another computer over the network, it is
divided into small modules known as packets or datagrams.
These packets are transmitted on the network by the Internet
Protocol.
Each packet transmitted on the network contains the addresses
of both source and destination computer. A gateway present on
the network reads the address of the destination computer and
sends the data to the specified address. Gateway is a computer,
which contains the software required for the transmission of
data over different networks.
Protocols Used for the
Internet
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Each packet on the network is an independent entity, so they
are transferred through different routes to reach the destination
computer.
The packets received at the destination are not in the same
sequence in which they were transmitted. As a result, these
packets are arranged in a right sequence by a protocol known
as TCP and then are merged at the destination to form the
complete data.
TCP and IP work in coordination with other protocols such as
Telnet and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) but are considered as
the most fundamental of all protocols. All these protocols are
collectively known as TCP/IP suite.
A model known as TCP/IP model determines how the protocols
of the TCP/IP suite will work together for the transfer of data
between computers in a network.
TCP/IP Model
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The TCP/IP model was initially
developed by US Defence
Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA). This model is
also known as the Internet
Reference model or DoD model.
It consists of four layers, namely
application layer, transport layer,
network layer, and physical layer.
The physical layer in the TCP/IP
model is responsible for
interacting with the medium of
transmission of data, whereas
the application layer helps in
interacting with the users. The
four layers of TCP/IP and the
functions performed by the these
layers are as follows:
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
TCP/IP Model
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Application layer: It is responsible for managing all the user
interface requirements. Many of the protocols, such as telnet,
FTP, SMTP, DNS, NFS, LPD, and DHCP work on this layers.
Transport layer: It is responsible for the delivery of packets or
datagrams. It also hides the packet routing details form the
upper layer, i.e. the application layer. In addition, the transport
layer allows detection and correction of errors and helps to
achieve end-to-end communication between devices. The
transport layer connects the application layer to the network
layer through two protocols , namely TCP and UDP.
TCP/IP Model
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Network layer: It contains three protocols that perform
different functions:
Internet Protocol (IP): IP is a connectionless protocol that is
responsible for the delivery of packets. The IP protocol contains
all the address and control information for each transmitted
packet.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): It is
responsible for reporting errors, sending error messages and
controlling the flow of packets. It is more reliable than the IP as
it is capable of determining errors during data transmission
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): It is responsible for
determining the Media Access Control (MAC) address
corresponding to an IP address. It sends an ARP request on the
network for a particular IP address and the device, which
identifies the IP address as its own, returns and APR reply along
with its MAC address.
TCP/IP Model
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Physical layer: It is responsible for collecting packets so that
the frames, which are transmitted on the network, can be
formed. It performs all the functions required to transmit the
data on the network and determining the ways for accessing the
medium through which data will be transmitted. This layer does
not contain any protocols but instead of protocols, it contains
some standards such as RS-232C, V.35 and IEEE 802.3.