The American Colonies
Emerge
“The American Colonies Emerge” Outline
• Spain in the Americas
• Spain’s New Empire
• Conquistadors Push North
• Natives Resist Spanish
• England in the Americas
•
•
•
•
English Colonization
Growth of Colonies
Natives Resist English
English Resist English
• Puritan New England
• Puritans and Pilgrims
• Puritan Dissent
• Natives Resist Expansion
• Settlement of the Middle Colonies
• The Dutch and New Netherlands
• Religious Colonial Experiments
• The Thirteen Colonies
Spain in the Americas:
Spain’s New Empire
• Conquistadors
• Spanish conquerors exploring for “Three G’s”
• God, Glory, & Gold
• Cortes and the Aztecs
• Hernando Cortes – Arrived in the New World in
1504 (19 years old)
• Quickly rose in rank for Spain
• 1518 – Ordered to march to interior of Mexico
and prepare for colonization
• Hearing of their gold, he wants to take down Aztec
• Throughout the march, Cortes creates alliances
with other native groups that oppose the Aztec
• Late 1519 – Cortes meets Aztecs, their leader
Moctezuma
• Demands force Aztec to rebel against Spanish
• 1521 – After three years of marching, creating
allies, and fighting, Cortes takes Aztec Empire
Spain’s New Empire Cont’d
• Cortes created New Spain, with the
capital at Mexico City
• Would set a pattern for Spanish
conquistadors
• Spanish Pattern of Conquest
• Colonies funded by the monarchy
• Lived among Native Americans,
imposing the Spanish culture
• Most colonizers were men, known as
peninsulares
• Peninsulares would marry native
women, having children known as
mestizos
• Used natives as a source of slave labor
through encomienda system
Conquistadors Push North
• Floridas (Early 1500s)
• Juan Ponce de Leon – Famous Spanish
conquistador in Florida
• Looking for gold, but found fighting, disease,
etc.
• Also a destination of French privateers, or
pirates
• American Southwest (mid-1500s)
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronada –
Unsuccessfully searching for gold in region
• New Mexico would become an epicenter of
Catholic teachings
• Efforts to convert native peoples living in the
area
Natives Resist Spanish
• Causes of Rebellion in the
Southwest
• Forced religious practices
• Removal of sacred Native American
objects
• Implementation of Spanish culture
• Popé’s Rebellion
• Popé – One of the Pueblo religious
leaders, organized and led a rebellion
of 17,000 natives against Spanish
• Spanish lose Southwest to natives
3-2-1 Exit Slip
• 3 things you learned
• 2 things you found interesting
• 1 thing you still have questions about
England in the Americas:
English Colonization
• English Pattern of Colonization
• Originally funded and maintained by
joint-stock companies, or groups of
wealthy investors hoping to cash in
on new resources
• Prohibited Native Americans from
wearing English clothing or using
English weapons
• Did not intermarry with natives
• Struggles of Colonization
• Disease and hunger killed most
colonizers
• Conflict with Native Americans
• Settlers were not prepared for
freezing temperatures
Growth of Colonies
• Turnaround at Jamestown
• Jamestown – First permanent English
settlement (1607, Virginia)
• At first, saw similar struggles as other
colonies
• John Smith took charge, with help of
Powhatan people, saved colony
• “Brown Gold”
• Tobacco became the cash crop of the
New World
• Headright system encouraged
immigration by offering 50 acres to those
buying passage for themselves or others
• Indentured servants provided labor,
signing on for 4-7 years of servitude for
paid passage to the land
Growth of Colonies Cont’d
• First African Laborers
• Twenty Africans arrived in Virginia in
1619
• They assumed the role of indentured
servants
• After a few years of service, most
received land and freedom
• Would take a few years for the system
of slavery to catch on
• Why Freedom?
• Tobacco is a relatively low-labor crop
• Slaves would cost 2-3 times more
than indentured servants
Natives Resist English
• Forms of Native Resistance
• Violence towards colonists
• Destroying of livestock, buildings, etc.
• Refusal to obey
• Fighting Powhatan
• Originally, the group John Smith urged to
help colonists
• Powhatan began to attack livestock &
buildings as colonist numbers grew
• Colonists returned assaults, hostilities
continued
• To stop violence, King James made
Virginia a royal colony under direct
control of the king
English Resist English
• Reasons for Hostility
• Poorer settlers and former indentured
servants could not afford land
• Only white, landholding men could vote
• Poor could not vote
• Bacon’s Rebellion
• Nathaniel Bacon – Wealthy farmer that
sympathized with poor
• Led a rebellion to protest unfair taxes and
little representation
• Protest turned violent and gained the
attention of the king
Exit Slip
• Why were joint-stock companies interested in the New World?
• What was the significance of the Jamestown colony?
• Briefly describe a form of Native American resistance against English
colonists
Puritan New England:
Puritans and Pilgrims
• Puritans – Church members that wanted
to “purify” or reform the Church of
England
• Migrated to the New World to create a
model society
• Still wanted to remain a part of the Church of
England
• Pilgrims – Wanted to separate from the
Church of England (also known as
separatists)
• Migrated to the New World to create a
model COUNTRY
• Created the Plymouth Colony – The second
permanent English colony in North America
Puritans and Pilgrims Cont’d
• Some Puritans wanted to remain
part of the Church, but move to the
New World
• John Winthrop formed the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Capital at Boston
• “City Upon a Hill”
• Church and state had a relationship
• Government figures were viewed as
God’s “elect” – chosen by God to do his
work
Puritan Dissent
• Dissenter – Person going against the
responsibilities outlined by the colony
• Roger Williams
• Said religion should not be forced by gov’t
• Thought English should buy land from
Native Americans
• Would be ordered to leave for England, but
escaped to create the colony of Providence
• Anne Hutchinson
• Said worshippers could interpret the Bible
themselves
• Banished, she left first for Rhode Island
then to New York
Natives Resist Expansion
• Disputes with Native Americans
primarily arose over land
• Natives thought no one owned land
• Europeans saw land as something to
buy
• The Pequot War
• Puritans vs Pequot tribe
• Puritans sided with Narragansett, a rival
tribe of the Pequot
• Ended May 1637 with the massacre of
about 500 Pequot men, women, and
children
Natives Resist Expansion Cont’d
• King Philip’s War
• Colonists vs Wampanoag
• Native Americans attacked using
guerilla tactics (quick attacks followed
by retreat)
• The brutal war killed 10% of the men
of fighting age in New England
• Purpose of War
• Colonists – Gain land, make current
land safer
• Native Americans – Prevent the spread
of English
Exit Slip
• Describe the difference between Puritans and Pilgrims.
• Define dissenter. Give an example of a dissenter in the New England
colonies.
• What were the goals of war for colonists? Native Americans?
Settlement of the Middle Colonies:
The Dutch and New Netherlands
• A Diverse Colony
• Dutch West India Company granted the
permission to colonize New Netherland in
1621
• Profited mostly from fur trade
• Trying to grow, the colony accepted
ANYONE….Europeans, Africans, etc.
• Got along well with Native Americans b/c of
need to trade
• English Takeover
• Dutch separated Northern and Southern
colonies of England
• King Charles II granted James II permission to
take out Dutch
• Arrived and took Dutch colony w/o fight
• James II became proprietor, or owner, of
colony….renamed it New York
Religious Colonial Experiments
• Quakers were radical Christians
• Said anyone could communicate with God
• Allowed community to serve as “pastor”
• Opposed and refused to participate in war
• William Penn created the colony of Pennsylvania
• Considered the colony a “holy experiment”
• Every male was given 50 acres and the ability to
vote
• Openly embraced Native Americans and oversaw
trade with them
• Court was composed of colonists and Native
Americans
• Also governed colony of Delaware
• Legacy of William Penn
• Equality
• Cooperation
• Religious tolerance
The Thirteen Colonies
• 1600s-1700s saw the formation of
several British colonies
• Maryland, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia were all granted
charter by England, and eventually
taken by British crown
• Unique characteristics
• Religious freedom
• Equal representation
• Outlawing of slavery
• By 1752, thirteen colonies exist
• All are seeing a growing desire for
independence
Exit Slip
• Why did England want to gain the colony of New Netherlands?
• What motivated William Penn to create the colony of Pennsylvania?
• List some of the unique characteristics of the thirteen original
colonies.