Cellular Respiration Introduction Organisms that must eat food to get energy are called heterotrophs. They consume glucose which is broken down in the cell and the mitochondria to create energy. Cellular respiration is the process that breaks down glucose to give off energy. Overview Ultimately, all of cellular respiration looks like this: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Introduction There are two basic locations that glucose is broken down: The Cytoplasm & The Mitochondria In the Cytoplasm ENZYMES From Chloroplasts (autotrophs) PYRUVATE From Food (heterotrophs) PYRUVATE Glycolysis ATP ATP … a fork in the road … In animals, if not enough oxygen is present, the 2 pyruvate molecules are converted into lactic acid! This is a type of fermentation that leads to muscle cramps. LACTIC ACID LACTIC ACID … a fork in the road … If there is enough oxygen present, the 2 pyruvate molecules are converted to Acetyl CoA, give off CO2 and enter the mitochondrion. Acetyl CoA CO2 Acetyl CoA CO2 MITOCHONDRION A Summary of Glycolysis 1. Glucose is broken down in a series of steps by enzymes into 2 pyruvate molecules. 2. This produces a gain of: 2 ATP and NADH molecules. 3. The 2 pyruvate molecules give off CO2 and are converted into Acetyl CoA if enough oxygen is present. (If not, the pyruvate is fermented) Inside the Mitochondrion The Mitochondrial Matrix The Krebs cycle The Krebs cycle strips electrons from Acetyl CoA and gives them to electron carriers: Acetyl ATPCoA ATPCoA Acetyl NAD+ NADH FAD FADH2 Two more ATP molecules are also produced. A Summary of the Kreb’s Cycle 1. Acetyl CoA is broken down in a series of steps by enzymes. 2. This produces a gain of: 2 ATP, more NADH molecules, and FADH2 molecules. In the Mitochondrion The Inner Membrane MITOCHONDRION ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP Electron Transport Chain ATP ATP ATPATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP The electron transport chain is used to create 32 more molecules of ATP. Intermembrane Space H H H H H H H H ATP Synthase NAD+ O H H H H Matrix H H P P P P H H H H H H A Summary of the Electron Transport Chain 1. NADH and FADH2 drop off electrons at the start of the electron transport chain. 2. Electrons provide energy to actively transport hydrogens from the matrix to the innermembrane space. 3. Electrons are joined with oxygen and hydrogens to make water. 4. Hydrogens diffuse through ATP synthase BACK into the matrix to make 32 MORE ATP molecules. Review Glycolysis: In: glucose, ADP, P, NAD+ Out: 2 ATP, NADH, CO2, 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA Krebs Cycle: In: Acetyl CoA, ADP, P, NAD+, FAD Out: 2 ATP, NADH, FADH2 Electron Transport Chain: In: oxygen, NADH, FADH2 Out: 32 ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD