Jeffersonian Revolution of
1800
●
Wins a close and very weird election
● Jefferson wins primarily because of the 3/5
Compromise
● “Negro President”
● Jefferson scandals were brought up
● Sally Hemings
● Jefferson and his vice-president (Burr) get the
same amount of votes
● House of Representatives has to decide who will be
president and the Federalists initially try to give it to
Burr
●
●
Hamilton convince them to support Jefferson
Jefferson sees his victory as a return to the
principles of the Revolution
● Federalist betrayed those ideals
● Alien & Sedition Acts
● “The will of the majority is in all cases to prevail… That
will be rightful must be reasonable; the minority possess
their equal rights, which equal law must protect,, and to
John Marshall and the Supreme Court
● Judiciary Act of 1801
● In the last days of Adams’ Presidency the Federalists put
judges into power
● John Marshall became the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
● Midnight Judges
● Adams appointed people his last day in office
● Marbury v. Madison (1803)
● Perhaps the most important Supreme Court case ever
● Established the principle of Judicial Review
● Supreme Court has the last word on the constitutionality of
laws or acts
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
●
Louisiana Purchase
● France sells gigantic portion of land to the
United States
● Accounts for 22% of modern United States
●
●
●
Reasons for the Sale
● French Emperor Napoleon is having problems
● Goal is to conquer Europe
● Does not want to defend colonies in
North America
● Does not want to cede the territory to the
British in the event of his defeat
● Short on $$$
● Could raise a lot of $$$ by selling
land
● April 30th, 1803 USA immediately accepts
France’s offer
● America paid France $15 million
● Just like that America had doubled
in size
● $240 Billion in today’s money
Jefferson struggled with this purchase because he
believed it was unconstitutional
Removes Europe from the New World
Embargo Act of 1807
● Embargo Act of 1807: the US voluntarily stopped trading with the rest of the world
● Hurt the US more than it hurt the British or the French
● New England states were furious and there was talk of succession
● Jefferson repealed the act due to all the pressure
● Non-Intercourse Act: reopened trade with the rest of the world except the British and French
● Embargo was a failure
● British and French were not hurt by it
● Silver Lining
● American industry continued to grow as a result of the embargo that lasted from 1807-1812
Era of Good Feelings
●
James Monroe continued the
Virginia Dynasty (Washington,
Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe)
●
Easily won the election of 1816
●
●
●
Last time the Federalist Party put a
candidate on the ballot
Upon his election he was greeted
everywhere with open arms (even in
New England)
Era of Good Feelings: the period
during the presidency of James
Monroe
●
Was a measure of prosperity, but
there was still a lot of disputes and
later during Monroe’s presidency
Westward Expansion
●
●
War of 1812 had cleared the frontier of most
of the Native Americans
Federal Gov’t began to fund transportation
projects to encourage expansion
●
●
●
●
Cumberland Road
Canals
Steamboats
Land Act of 1820 offered cheap land for
settlers to purchase
Crisis is On the Horizon
●
●
A compromise is needed or the nation
may fall into conflict
Missouri Compromise of 1820
●
●
Consequences of the Missouri
Compromise
●
Provisions
●
●
●
Missouri would be admitted as a slave
state
Maine would be admitted as a free
state
Slavery would be banned north of
Missouri’s southern border (36’30 N)
Averts immediate crisis
●
●
War or Secession could have occurred
Did not solve the problem of slavery
●
●
Just delayed the looming conflict for
about 40 years
Set precedent that states had to be
admitted to keep balance in the
Senate
●
Arkansas Territory
Judicial Nationalism
●
Ruled on three important cases that strengthened the federal gov’t
●
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee
●
●
Federal gov’t could hear all appeals on state court decisions involving
state court decisions
Broadened Supreme Court power and influence
●
●
McCulloch v. Maryland
●
Supreme Court gave federal gov’t Implied Powers
●
●
●
Court of FINAL APPEAL
Loose Constructionism: If Constitution was meant to survive it had to be
adapted throughout the ages
Established dominance of the Supreme Court
Gibbons v. Ogden
●
Reinforced federal gov’t power in regulating interstate commerce
Monroe Doctrine-1823
●
Latin American revolutions swept
the hemisphere
●
●
●
Trade opened up for the British
Russia was beginning to creep
down the Pacific closer and closer
to American territory
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
●
●
Western Hemisphere was not to
be treated as a land of colonies
Incredibly bold act by President
Monroe, but the British was the
power behind the claim
James Madison and Tensions
●
War Hawks
●
●
Many politicians (Southern
and Westerners) were eager
to go to war
British angered many
Americans
●
●
●
British trade restrictions hurt
southern farmers
British were arming and
encouraging Native Americans
to attack Americans
Impressment
American War Goals
1. Gain some respect
- end impressment
- gain favorable trading agreements
2) Eliminate Indian presence in the
frontier (Ohio Valley and
Georgia/Mississippi) for white settlers.
2a) Conquer Canada and eliminate a
friendly base for Native Americans
Details of the
War
Invasion of Canada failed
●American victories on the Great Lakes
●Washington D.C. is burned by the British
●Battle of New Orleans is a huge victory for the Americans
●
Treaty of Ghent (late 1814)
Ended the war
●Both sides agreed to stop fighting
●War was basically a draw
●Orders of Council was not withdrawn
●Impressment was not ended
●Americans did eliminate much of the Indian presence on the frontier
●
Results of the War
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Treaty of Ghent
●
War was basically a draw
●
Orders of Council was not withdrawn
●
Impressment was not ended
●
Americans did eliminate much of the
Indian presence on the frontier
Death of the Federalist Party
● Hartford Convention made the Federalists look petty
and unAmerican
Respect
● Americans were treated with more respect by the
rest of the world
Nationalism
● The nation emerged as one from the war
● DC was rebuilt better than ever
● Navy and Army were expanded
War produces war heroes
● Harrison, Jackson, and Monroe
Manufacturing
Star Spangled Banner
● Defense of Baltimore: Fort McHenry
Andrew Jackson Invades Florida (1818)
●
●
●
●
Florida is held by the Spanish
Southern States hated Florida
● Runaway Slaves
● Seminole Indians used Florida as base to raid American territory
● Spain is unable to control Florida’s borders…
Jackson invaded
● Destroyed Seminole villages
● Captured Spanish cities and kicks Spanish governor out of power
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
● American Diplomat, John Quincy Adams negotiated
● Spain agreed to cede all of Florida to the USA
● US gave up claims to Texas
Corrupt Bargain of 1824
Jackson wins the popular vote and has the most electoral votes, but he does not win enough
electoral votes to win the presidency. The House of Representatives chose Adams to become
the president. It is widely thought that Henry Clay swung the presidency to Adams in exchange
for being named Secretary of State.
Popular & Electoral Vote
Voting in the House of Rep.
Important Issues/Themes of Andrew
Jackson’s Presidency
●
●
●
●
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Mass Democracy
Spoils System
Tariffs and Nullification
Indian Removal
The Bank War
Spoils System
●
Spoils System: introduced the
practice of removing all
officeholders and replacing them
with loyal supporters
● “To the victor belong the spoils of
the enemy.”
● Jackson argued that spoils system
brought in new blood
● Argued against the career bureaucrat
●
Effects of the Spoils System
● Crooks and inexperienced people get
government positions
● Some even steal as much as million
dollars
● Promoted party loyalty over all else
Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)
●
●
Tariff of Abominations: increased
the tariff rate (from 23% to 37%)
Resistance to Tariffs
●
South Carolina Exposition by John
Calhoun
●
●
Denounced the tariff
Built on the theories proposed in the
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
●
Nullification: states can strike down unjust
laws and declare them null and void within
the state’s borders
Indian Removal
●
●
5 Civilized Tribes: these tribes tried to
assimilate in white society
Jackson and many Americans want
these tribes gone so that their land
could be settled
●
Georgia legislature, in 1828, declared
that the Cherokee would be moved off
their land
●
Worcester v. Georgia (1803):
●
●
Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee
“John Marshall has made his decision; now let
him enforce it.”
● Andrew Jackson
Indian Removal
●
●
5 Civilized Tribes: these tribes tried to
assimilate in white society
Jackson and many Americans want
these tribes gone so that their land
could be settled
●
Georgia legislature, in 1828, declared
that the Cherokee would be moved off
their land
●
Worcester v. Georgia (1803):
●
●
Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee
“John Marshall has made his decision; now let
him enforce it.”
● Andrew Jackson
Bank War
●
Jackson did not want to wait
for the Bank of the US to die
●
Jackson ordered federal
deposits to be removed from
the Bank and moved to smaller
banks
●
When the Bank of the US does
finally die there is a major
vacuum in the US economy
●
Economy became much more
unpredictable and the stage was
set for a financial meltdown
1st Industrial Revolution
● Major industrial breakthroughs in Great Britain
● Steam power
● Factory system
● Industrialization in the US is somewhat delayed
● Reasons for the Delay
● Land is so abundant (cheap) that most Americans see
no reason to work in factories
● Not a lot of money (capital) in America
● Most people were self-sufficient and bartered for
whatever else they needed
● Labor scarcity
● This is solved by immigration (mainly Irish)
● British companies were established and run incredibly
efficiently
● British protected their industrial advantages
● Did not allow mechanics or machines to leave the
country
● Samuel Slater was smuggled out
Important Technological Breakthroughs
● American Resourcefulness
● 1800 there were 41 patents approved
● 1860 there were 4,357
● Technological Innovations
● Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
● Made Cotton very profitable and breathes new
life into slavery
● Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory
● Interchangeable parts
● Cyrus McCormick’s Mechanical Reaper
● Samuel Morse’s Telegraph
● Vastly improved the speed of communication
● Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable
● Vastly improved communication between the US
and Europe
“Anything new is quickly
introduced here, including all of
the latest inventions. There is no
clinging to old ways. The moment
an American hears the word
“invention,” he pricks up his ears”
Americans Become Wage Workers
Pre-Industrialization
● Almost everything is made
at home
● Artisans & Craftsman
supply what cannot be
done at home
●
●
Master-Apprentice
relationship
Low production rates
Industrialization
● Factory System
●
●
Long hours in unsanitary
factories
Unskilled labor
●
●
●
Women at first then
immigrants
Child labor very common
Little is made at home and
people work at jobs to buy
what they need
Transportation
Revolution
● Infrastructure in the US was horrible
● Transportation was expensive
● The cost for moving goods 30 miles in the US
was the same cost for sending goods all the way
to Europe!!!
● Infrastructure improvements on roads,
canals, and railroads (along with advances
in technology: steamboat & trains) dropped
the price of transportation 90-95%
● Price of many goods plummet
Cumberland (National Road),
1811
Erie Canal System
Pro-Business Culture
●
Supreme Court Rulings
● Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
● Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)
● McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
● Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
● Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1835)
Laissez Faire Attitude, but the gov’t did much to assist
capitalism
Disparity of Wealth began to grow
Regional Specialization
EAST → Industrial
SOUTH → Agricultural (Cotton & Slavery)
WEST → The Nation’s “Breadbasket”
The Market Revolution
●
America had changed
●
●
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A country of subsistence farmers was shifting to
one of tiny workshops and industry
Self-sufficient households faded away and people
worked for money to buy the goods and services
they needed
Manufacturing and Transportation innovations
increased the standard of living for all Americans
●
●
Wages increased 1% nearly every year
However, rich got super rich
Effects of Enlightenment on
Religion
● Thomas Paine’s Age of Reason
o Bashed religion
 “set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.”
● Deism: belief that there is a God, but that organized religion was nothing but myth
o Deists believed that God gave mankind reason to decipher the world around them
o Founding Fathers who were deists or suspected to be deists include
 Thomas Paine, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and
Benjamin Franklin
● Unitarianism
o Did not believe in the Christian interpretation of God (Jesus was not divine)
Second Great Awakening
● A reaction to the deism and Unitarianism
● Second Great Awakening led to a religious
revival
o
Women were strong supporters of this
movement and it inspired them to promote
change in America

o
Temperance, Suffrage, & Abolition
Camp Meetings


Charles Finney
Peter Cartwright
American Literature
● National Literature
o
Washington Irving


o
Herman Melville

o
Moby Dick
Nathaniel Hawthorne

o
“Rip Van Winkle”
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
Scarlet Letter
James Fenimore Cooper

The Last of the Mohicans
Transcendentalism
● A reaction to Enlightenment & Unitarianism
o Famous Transcendentalists
 Ralph W. Emerson was trained as a Unitarian minister
●

Henry David Thoreau
●
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●

Encouraged Americans to create a unique and
American culture
Condemned gov’t support of slavery
Walden: Or Life in the Woods
o
Lived the simple life for two years
Nonviolent approach inspired MLK & Gandhi
Walt Whitman
Transcendentalism
1.
“Undoubtedly we have no questions to ask which are unanswerable. We must trust the perfection of creation so to believe that whatever
curiosity the order of things has awakened in our mind, the order of things can satisfy.” (Emerson)
1.
“All are needed by each one; Nothing is fair or good alone.” (Emerson)
1.
“Time is but the stream I go a-fishing in. I drink at it; but while I drink I see the sandy bottom and detect how shallow it is.” (Thoreau)
1.
“If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which
he hears, however measured or far away.” (Thoreau)
1.
“There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide.” (Emerson)
South Begins to Seriously Fall
Behind
●
In the North
●
Cities are flourishing
●
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●
In the South
●
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Factories and Mass
Production
●
●
Large increases in
population
●
84% of nation’s
manufacturing
Thousands of miles of
railroads are being laid
Corporations are being
formed
Only a couple large
cities
Completely focused on
agriculture
●
●
16% of nation’s
manufacturing
Relied heavily on the
North and Europe for
goods
Slaveholders in Kentucky
Slave Life
Almost no political rights
●Some states barred the breaking up of families
●“Until death or distance do you part.”
●Floggings were common, but came at a cost to the slave and the
owner
●Majority of Slaves could be found in the Deep South
●Unique form of Christianity existed
●“Tell old Pharaoh to let my people go.”
●Responsorial Preaching
●Reading and Writing was forbidden
●
Solutions to Slavery… Colonization
●
Solution was to end slavery, and return slaves to Africa
● Reasoning behind this viewpoint
● Ending slavery would not end racism
● Many Northerners were against slavery, but still very racist
● Supported by many prominent Americans
● Presidents James Madison and James Monroe
● Chief Justice John Marshall
● Abraham Lincoln
● American Colonization Society purchased land in West Africa
● Created colony of Liberia
● 15,000 Freed Slaves were transported their over 40 years
● Most freed slaves had no interest in this
Abolition
●
Abolition: called for the immediate
and complete freeing of all slaves
●
Famous Abolitionists
●
William Lloyd Garrison
●
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
●
●
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
● “So you are the little lady that started this
great war.”
Frederick Douglas
●
●
Burned the Constitution in protest
Escaped slave
David Walker
Reactions to Abolition
●
In the North
●
●
Mixed emotions
North and South relied on one
another
●
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In the South
●
●
Cotton from the South
Loaned money to the South
●
●
Many were against slavery,
but still racist
●
●
Feared competing with black
workers flooding to northern
cities
Many feared it would lead to
war
●
Southern farmers owed a lot
of money to northern banks
Slavery was seen as absolutely
necessary
Southerners defended slavery
●
●
“slaves did not want freedom”
“slaves and slaveholders got
along”
“blacks were inferior”
Southerners became annoyed
that the Yankees were trying to
dictate their way of life
VIII. Women In Revolt
• Women still could not vote or own property
• Women encouraged to stay home to raise “future
citizens of the republic;” gender differences
emphasized
• “cult of domesticity”
• Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.
Anthony most famous of women’s rights
advocates + Quakers
• Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell – 1st female dr.
• Grimke Sisters – anti-slavery
• Lucy Stone – kept maiden name
– Married Elizabeth Blackwell’s brother!
• Amelia Bloomer–trousers=“bloomers”
• Seneca Falls Convention, New York 1848 Declaration of Sentiments, launched modern
women’ rights movement