Review guide - Exam 2
In preparation for the upcoming exam, please be familiar with/know the following for
Chapter 23:
-Factors that affect the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange
-Pathway/Flow of gas movements (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in external vs.
internal respiration
-Gas laws – Dalton’s Law as it pertains to the calculation of individual partial
pressures contributed by each atmospheric gas component
-Methods of gas transport (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
-Factors affecting oxygen exchange rates with hemoglobin (i.e. binding affinity)
-What happens to blood pH as CO2 rises – does this lead to acidosis or alkalosis?
-Graphic interpretation of lung volumes and capacities (Figure 23.15)
-Location of respiratory control centers in the midbrain and their functions
-How respiratory centers are regulated and factors influencing breathing
For Chapter 24:
-Functions of various GI tract regions: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine (table 24.7)
-Functions of accessory digestive organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas (table 24.7 & 24.4)
-Four layers of GI tract, tissue composition and function of each layer
-ENS: location and function of two major plexuses (myenteric & submucosal)
-How ANS can regulate ENS neurons and affect digestion (parasympathetic &
sympathetic divisions)
-Types and associated function of cells in the: stomach (figure 24.12; table 24.3),
small intestine (figure 24.19; table 24.4), and large intestine (figure 24.24; table
24.6)
-Where digestive enzymes discussed in class are secreted from and what they help
to breakdown (table 24.5)
-Major hormones that control digestion (24.8)
For Chapter 25:
-Differences between catabolism and anabolism with regard to metabolic activities
-Differences between oxidation and reduction reactions
-Function, structure and origin of NAD (from where it is derived)
-Differences between glycogenesis and glycogenolysis; between glycolysis and
gluconeogenesis; between lipogenesis and lipolysis (contrast what is
achieved/attained in the end)
-Stages of cellular respiration (catabolic oxidation of glucose): glycolysis, pyruvate
conversion, Kreb’s cycle, and electron transport chain – know what are the start
materials and end products of each stage (but you do not need to know the details of
each of the many steps for a stage, i.e. do not memorize the details of the 10 steps of
glycolysis or the 8 steps of the Kreb’s cycle) and where each stage takes place
cellular location-wise
-Differences between the four major classes of lipoproteins and their functions
-Compare and contrast absorptive and postabsorptive metabolic states with regard
to the types of activities that occur during each (e.g. glycogenesis with high levels of
insulin during absorptive state vs. glycogenolysis with high levels of glucagon &
epinephrine during postabsorptive state)
-Functions of the hormones involved in maintaining energy homeostasis (leptin,
neuropeptide Y, melanocortin)
-Classification and function of vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, K, etc. – table
25.6)