BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT
MOLECULES - Carbohydrates
BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT
MACROMOLECULES
MACROMOLECULES: large, complex molecules made of
repeating units of smaller molecules
bonds
- POLYMERS: large molecule made of repeating units
of smaller molecules held together by covalent
- MONOMERS: smallest repeating unit of a polymer
that determines the properties of that polymer
BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT
MACROMOLECULES
Macromolecules we will be studying:
-
Carbohydrates
-
Lipids
-
Proteins
-
Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES
Sugars and starches that store energy in ways that are easily
accessible
Always contain C, H, and O in nearly the ratio of (CH2O)n,
where n=# of C
Polar molecules that dissolve in water due to the high
proportion of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups
CARBOHYDRATES - Monsaccharides
MONOSACCHARIDE: a group of carbohydrates made only
of a single saccharide monomer; single sugar
- CnH2nOn
CARBOHYDRATES - Monosaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES - Monosaccharides
Common Monosaccharides:
- Glucose: blood sugar that cells use first for energy
- Fructose: fruit sugar
- Galactose: sugar found in milk
*** These three are isomers, each with the same molecular
formula but different structures
CARBOHYDRATES - Monosaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES - Monosaccharides
Common Monosaccharides:
-
Ribose: found in RNA
-
Deoxyribose: found in DNA
CARBOHYDRATES - Disaccharides
DISACCHARIDE: two monosaccharides covalently linked
together; double sugar
CARBOHYDRATES - Disaccharides
Common Disaccharides:
-
Maltose: glucose-glucose
-
Sucrose(Table Sugar): glucose-fructose
-
Lactose: glucose-galactose
CARBOHYDRATES - Disaccharides
Formed by CONDENSATION/DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
reactions
Forms GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES between hydroxyl groups on
C1 and C4 of adjacent sugars
CARBOHYDRATES – Polysaccharides
POLYSACCHARIDE: three or more sugars joined by
glycosidic linkages between hydroxyl groups
CARBOHYDRATES – Polysaccharides
Common Polysaccharides:
Starch: how plants store glucose (alpha linkages on carbon1)
Glycogen: how animals store glucose (alpha linkages on
carbon-1; many more branching side chains than starch)
Cellulose: structural support in plant cell walls (beta linkages
on carbon-1); indigestible by humans
** All of these are composed of monomers of glucose that
are linked together in different ways
CARBOHYDRATES – Polysaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES – Polysaccharides