A Dividing Nation
The United States
• Tensions with Native
Americans Increases
• Indian Removal in the
Southeast
• Gaining Land Increases the
Division Between North and
South
• Laws About Slavery Become
more Strict and Severe
• Economic Differences
Between North and South
Intensifies
• Southern States Secede
Tensions Between Americans and Native
Americans Increased
• The Oconee War
• Treaty of New
York
• Creek War
• Chief McIntosh
• Treaty of Indian
Springs
Oconee
War
1780s
Fighting
between
Creek &
GA
settlers
Chief
McGillivray led
Creeks
Territorial
dispute
Treaty
of New
York
Supposed
to settle
Oconee
War
McGilivray met
Pres.
Washington
Lasted
until 1812
Upper
(Red)
Creeks
attack
settlers
Split
Creeks:
Red and
White
Red
Creeks
were
defeated
Lower
Creek
Chief
Believed
Creeks
should
sell land.
Signed
land away
for
$200,000
Deal made
by
McIntosh
w / U.S.
Sold off
remaining
Creek
lands
U.S. gave
land to
Georgia.
Creek
War
Chief
McInstosh
1790
1813
1825
Treaty
Of
1825
Indian
Springs
Oconee Wars
Oconee
War
1780
s
•
CAUSES:
Fighting
between
Creek &
GA
settlers
Chief
McGilliv
-ray led
Creeks
Territorial
dispute
By 1780s Ga
settlers were
pushing into Creek
lands west of the
Oconee River. In
early 1800s a
lottery system is
used to distribute
this land.
Most white
settlements in
Ga were east of
the Oconee
River. Land
distributed by
the Headright
System.
> GA settlers pushed west into Creek lands because some settlers
believed the land had been ceded (or given away) by the Creeks in the
1773 Treaty of Augusta.
> GA settlers resented the fact that many Creeks fought on the side of the
British in the American Revolution
> Creeks led raids (like the one with Chief McGillivray) against GA
settlers coming into Creek territory along the Oconee.
*stole horses, burned houses, captured settlers
Oconee Wars & Treaty of New York
Creek land
ceded in
1790 – Treaty
of New York
Oconee River
•
RESOLUTION:
> U.S. Pres. Washington and Creek
Chief McGillivray meet.
* New York – 1790
* Sign Treaty
- GA Gains: 1. Creek
land east of Oconee River
2. Creek are
to recognize land ceded in earlier
treaties.
•
Boundary line
set by Treaty of
New York
ARTICLE VI.
If any citizen of the United States, or other person
not being an Indian, shall attempt to settle on any
of the Creeks lands, such person shall forfeit the
protection of the United States, and the Creeks
may punish him or not, as they please.
ARTICLE VII.
Creeks regained
land btwn. Altamaha
R. and St. Mary’s R.
No citizen or inhabitant of the United States shall
attempt to hunt or destroy the game on the Creek
lands: Nor shall any such citizen or inhabitant go
into the Creek country without a passport first
obtained from the Governor of some one of the
United States, or the officer of the troops of the
United States commanding at the nearest military
post on the frontiers, or such other person as the
President of the United States may, from time to
time, authorize to grant the same.
- Creek Gains: 1. Reserved land for Creeks between Altamaha R. and St.
Mary’s R. (land once ceded to GA)
2. GA settlers restricted to settling east of boundary – could not
settle west of boundary.
3. U.S. gov’t would assist Creeks with farming tools and
techniques.
•
Outcomes / Consequences:
–
–
Many Georgians were angry with
Treaty:
•
Altamaha / St. Mary’s
Territory goes back to Creeks
•
Federal (U.S.) gov’t bypasses GA
gov’t to make deal. (early states’
rights issue)
Ceded
1802
Both Creeks and GA settlers ignore
much of the treaty.
•
•
–
Creek Lands
Ceded
1794 Gen. Elijah Clarke marched his
army across the Oconee River to
establish the Trans-Oconee
Republic (destroyed by GA militia)
Edward Telfair also sought to move
into Creek land to start conflict.
Tensions between Creeks and Ga
settlers increases because of the
conflicts and the treaties.
Ceded
1826
Ceded
1821 Ceded
1818
Ceded
1805
Creek War “Wagons means roads, and roads bring the white man. Then our land
will be gone, and the ways of our fathers will be changed.”
Fort Mims
•
Creek Confederacy Divided:
–
Lower Creeks (White Sticks):
•
•
–
Upper Creeks (Red Sticks):
•
•
–
middle and south Georgia, usually
along the Flint and Chattahoochee
Rivers
Generally wanted to work with the
white Americans.
mostly in Alabama along the Coosa
and Tallapoosa Rivers
Generally wanted to preserve as
much of their land as possible, and
distrusted white Americans.
Division:
•
Red Sticks were influenced by the
Shawnee leader Tecumseh – wanted
all tribes to join together to fight the
settlers. Opposed “Americanization”
•
White sticks disagreed about
organizing this way and preferred to
work through treaty and agreements
Were becoming more americanized.
Tecumseh
Creek War (Creek Civil War) cont.
•
CAUSES:
–
Creek
War
1813
Upper
(Red)
Creeks
attack
settlers
Split
Creeks:
Red and
White
Upper and Lower Creeks disagree
over how close Creeks should be
with white Americans.
•
Red
Creeks
were
defeated
•
•
Fort Mims Massacre
–
Fort Mims Massacre
•
•
•
–
A group of Upper Creeks kill 2
families along Ohio River.
Old Creek chiefs execute them
themselves instead of handing them
over to U.S. Indian Agent Ben
Hawkins.
Upper Creeks disagree over this
decision and how Lower Creeks are
so giving to whites.
Upper Creek (Red Sticks) go after
mixed bloods living at Fort Mims.
400-500 mixed and white settlers
are killed.
Further brings white Americans into
the Creek Civil War.
U.S. sends state militias to control
the Red Sticks
•
•
•
War of 1812 demanding U.S. forces
GA and Tenn. militias must fight
Use Lower Creeks and Cherokee to
help fight the Upper Creeks (Red
Sticks)
•
The End:
–
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
• Over 1000 Red Sticks VS Over 1000 troops led by
General Andrew Jackson
• Final defeating battle over the Red Sticks
–
Treaty of Fort Jackson
• Despite protest of the Creek chiefs who had fought
alongside Jackson, the Creek Nation ceded 23
million acres (93,000 km²)—half of Alabama and
part of southern Georgia—to the United States
government.
•
Even though the Creek War was largely a civil war
among the Creeks, Andrew Jackson recognized no
difference between the Creeks that had fought with
him and the Red Sticks that fought against him,
taking the lands of both. 1.9 million acres (7,700
km²) of the 23 million acres (93,000 km²) Jackson
forced the Creeks to cede was claimed by the
Cherokee Nation, who had also allied with the
United States during the war.
•
With the Red Stick menace subdued, Andrew
Jackson was able to focus on the Gulf coast region
in the War of 1812. – Battle of New Orleans
Treaty of Indian Springs
•
Division of Creeks:
–
–
–
Different views over how to relate to
white Americans
Fought a civil war within their own
confederacy
Tribes within Creeks are becoming
separated
•
•
•
•
Ceded land splitting them up
Different views
Becoming more distant
Land Ceded
Consequences:
–
–
Treaties with whites were being
made without consulting / without
discussion between Creek tribes.
Chief McIntosh (mixed blood)
•
•
•
Fought against Red Sticks
Was a Lower Creek
1825 – ceded remaining Creek lands
in GA in the Treaty of Indian Springs
–
–
8 of 56 Creek communities were
present
Creeks would receive $200,000 and
land west of the Miss. River.
McIntosh Inn
Oconee Wars (1780s)
Conflict between
GA settlers and
Creeks living along
the Oconee River.
Dispute over land.
Treaty of New York (1790)
Neither the Creeks
nor GA settlers
really got what
they wanted from
the treaty.
Created more
resentment
between these
two groups
Treaty with U.S. Federal gov’t
not with GA. Treaty
determined what land did and
did not belong to Creeks and
to GA without bringing the GA
gov’t to the discussion. GA
gov’t felt the U.S. gov’t was
violating GA’s state rights.
Creek War (1813-1814)
Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)
Civil War within the Creek
Confederacy pulls white
Americans into conflict
when Red Sticks attack
mixed blood Creeks living
with white settlers.
Set up Creeks
in GA for
removal west
of the Miss.
River.
Gave up
remaining
Creek land in
GA.
Most Lower
Creeks did not
agree and
resented
McIntosh and
Georgians
Indian Removal
Not this.
This…
Andrew Jackson – in his own words
•
“I suggest for your consideration the
propriety of setting apart an ample
district west of the Mississippi, and
without the limits of any State or
Territory now formed, to be guaranteed
to the Indian tribes as long as they shall
occupy it, each tribe having a distinct
control over the portion designated for
its use. There they may be secured in the
enjoyment of governments of their own
choice, subject to no other control from
the United States than such as may be
necessary to preserve peace on the
frontier and between the several tribes.
There the benevolent may endeavor to
teach them the arts of civilization..”
•
“It will relieve the whole State of
Mississippi and the western part of
Alabama of Indian occupancy, and
enable those States to advance rapidly in
population, wealth, and power. It will
separate the Indians from immediate
contact with settlements of whites; free
them from the power of the States;
enable them to pursue happiness in their
own way and under their own rude
institutions…”
Causes of Indian Removal
•
1. White Americans wanted to use Indian
land for economic gain
–
Expand cotton industry in the South
•
–
–
•
New technologies helped make this a
possibility
Land companies and banks wanted to buy
land cheap and sell it for a profit
States wanted expand into new territories
and distribute land to potential farmers
2. Much of Indian land in the Southeast
had been ceded away.
–
Usually through treaties
•
•
•
•
–
Treaty of New York
Treaty of Fort Jackson
Treaty of Cusseta
Treaty of Washington, etc.
Split up Indians
•
•
•
•
Creek Confederacy became fractured
Cherokees were divided into East and West
In various treaties U.S. gov’t offered to allow
Indians to own sections of the land privately
as individuals – this began to spoil the long
held belief among the Indians that the land
belonged to no one – created competition.
Separate land deals began to be made by
Indians without consulting others.
Causes of Indian Removal cont.
–
Ceding their land meant giving up their claim to
the land.
•
No claim to land meant that the tribe was not a
legal unit
–
–
–
–
–
•
No claim to land meant whites could move
Indians out more easily
–
•
Southern states passed laws to extend state rule
over the land where Indians lived.
Outlawed tribal meetings
Took away chiefs’ powers
Imposed state taxes
BUT: denied right to vote
» To sue
» To testify in court
Harsh state laws convinced many Indians to accept
the land they were offered out west.
3. Andrew Jackson
–
Elected president in 1828
•
•
•
–
Famous for his victory in the Creek Wars
Victory in the Battle of New Orleans (War of 1812)
Fighting the Seminole Wars
Indian Removal
•
•
•
•
Not his original idea
Would fulfill promise made by U.S. gov’t in 1802
Would benefit the economies of the southern
states
Would be good for him politically
Causes of Indian Removal cont.
•
4. Discovery of Gold in Dahlonega
–
–
–
–
–
–
1829
Northeast Georgia
First major gold rush in U.S.
Discovered on Cherokee land.
Cherokees tried to “Americanize” in
order to remain on land
Georgia passed law that put
Cherokee land under state law
•
•
•
Declared all Cherokee laws null and
void (their laws don’t apply)
An additional law made it illegal for
Cherokees to mine any of the gold
5. Indian Removal Act (1830)
–
Purpose:
•
•
•
To support Indian removal to west of
the Mississippi River
To solve the problems created by
whites and Indians living so close to
each other.
To open up territory for development
by whites.
–
Terms:
•
•
•
Indians would receive land, some
supplies, and protection in their new
territory
Indians would not be asked to move
again
If they don’t choose to move west
then they will be subject to state
laws.
Consequences of Indian Removal
•
Split Tribes up
–
Issue of deciding to leave or stay fractured
tribes
•
Cherokee
–
–
–
•
Creek
–
–
•
Broke into 2 different factions
One led by Chief John Ross was against
removal
The other called the Treaty Party, led by
Chief Major Ridge – favored going west.
Some like McIntosh favored going west.
Others favored staying and fighting
Trail of Tears (Late 1830s)
–
Between the late 1820s and late 1830s
groups of both Creek and Cherokee
moved west at different times.
•
•
–
1838 – 17,000 Cherokees rounded up into
stockades by General Winfield Scott
•
•
•
–
Some went through Tenn. Some went
through AL and Miss.
All to the same general area – present day
Oklahoma and Arkansas
Moved westward
Died of disease, attacks by whites, drought, approx. 1/3 died over the 700-800 mile trip.
645 wagons
Between the Indian Removal Act (1830)
and the Trail of Tears more than 100,000
Indians were displaced from 200,000,000
acres of their own land
Gaining New Lands Leads to Increased Division
Between the North and the South
• Moving West and
Manifest Destiny
• Missouri
Compromise
• Dred Scott Decision
• Compromise of 1850
• Kansas-Nebraska
Act
• Sectionalism
Moving West and Manifest Destiny
•
Making Room:
– Population Increase:
• 1790 = 3,900,000 Americans.
Most lived within 50 miles of
the Atlantic Ocean.
• 1830 = 13 million Americans
and by 1840, 4,500,000 had
crossed the Appalachian
Mountains
– 1803 Louisiana Purchase
• Land purchased from France
• Doubled size of U.S.
• Mississippi River west to the
Rocky Mountains
– Native Americans cede land
through numerous treaties
• Indian Removal Act 1830
allows for the removal of
Native Americans over the
next 10 years.
• Opened up land west to the
Mississippi River for
expansion of agriculture.
A term coined in the 1840s to describe
the belief that Americans were suppose
to move westward and make room for
future generations, and that it was part
of God’s will or plan.
•
Slavery Rises as an Issue to
Divide the North and South
– Keeping Power
• U.S. gained new land out west
• New states would be carved
from these territories
• Economies in the North and
South were increasing
– Both N and S wanted to use
the new lands to support their
economies
• Balance of power in the House
of Representatives and Senate
was threatened
– 1819: 11 slave states and 11
free states.
– Territory of Missouri applies
for statehood (Would slavery
be allowed?)
– 1820 Missouri Compromise:
Missouri enters as a slave
state / Maine as a free state.
» Slavery also prohibited
north of 36* 20’ latitude
» Balance of slave and
free states in Congress
» Unbalanced territory:
more land north of
compromise line
Missouri Compromise
1820
– More land is gained out west.
• Texas is annexed in 1845
– Texans – American immigrants
in Mexico fight for
independence
– Becomes part of U.S.
• Mexican American War (18461848)
– Begins with disagreement over
border between Texas and
Mexico
– President Polk uses it as a
reason to fight for territory all
the way to Pacific – includes
California.
– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
gave the U.S. > 500,000
square miles
» California, Nevada, Utah,
Arizona, most of New
Mexico, and parts of
Wyoming and Colorado.
– Slavery issue resurfaces with
this new land addition to the
U.S.
• Compromise of 1850
– Population of California
booms – over 100,000
» Gold rush 1849
» Enough pop. for
statehood
– 1850: 15 slave states and 15
free states
– California had established
itself as free through its
constitution
– California was seeking to be a
free state
» Would upset balance in
Congress
– Undermines the Missouri
Compromise of 1820
Benefits for North
California enters Union free state
Slave trading ends in D.C.
Texas will not annex New Mexico
– a slave state does not get to
expand.
Benefits for South
New Mexico & Utah territories
vote to be slave or free (popular
sovereignty)
Residents of D.C. could keep
slaves they already had
Fugitive Slave Law passed –
escaped slaves would be
returned to owners
• Kansas-Nebraska Act further
supports popular sovereignty
– 1854: territories of Kansas
and Nebraska are created
– Stephen Douglas of Illinois
pushed the act through
Congress.
– K/N Act allowed for slavery
question to be decided by
popular sovereignty
» People of the territory
vote to be slave or free
» Further undermined
Missouri Compromise:
by allowing slavery
north of Missouri’s
southern boundary
– Consequences:
» People in territories
divided.
» Free soilers (antislavery)
VS proslavery settlers
» Fought each other over
issue of slavery by
attacking settlements –
“Bleeding Kansas”
• Dred Scott Decision (1857)
– Dred Scott, a slave, with help
of abolitionists sues for
freedom
– He argues living in free states
(as he did for some time) made
him free
– Supreme Court Ruling
» Could not sue b/c slaves
aren’t citizens
» Supreme Court has not
right to stop slavery
» Ruling upholds idea of
popular sovereignty:
Compromise of 1850 &
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Northern States’ Advantage
– Popular sovereignty seems to
favor proslavery position
– Dred Scott Decision upholds
this
– Northern states have more
representatives in House of
Representatives
» Can deny statehood to
territories that are
proslavery: EX. Kansas
• Georgia’s Position
– Did not like all terms of the
1850 Compromise
– Agreed to it to keep nation
intact
– BUT if North continues to be
aggressive over slavery GA
will undo its approval
– Union cold possibly dissolve
– Called “The Georgia Platform”
Laws in the South about Slavery Become More Strict
and Severe
•
Anti-Slavery Position and
Actions Increase
– 1820s religious revival called
the “Great Awakening”
• Increased support for
abolitionism
– Antislavery publications
increase:
• The Liberator – antislavery
newspaper of William Lloyd
Garrison
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin – by Harriet
Beecher Stowe – described life
of slaves
• North Star – by Frederick
Douglas
– Slave Revolts and Resistance
• 1831 revolt by Nat Turner
– Virginia
– Bloodiest in American history
• John Brown fights in Missouri,
Kansas, and Virginia
• John Brown (a white
abolitionist) raids arsenal (1859)
– Harpers Ferry, Virginia
– Federal arsenal (weapons
storehouse)
– Purpose:
» Get guns and
ammunition for his fight
to free slaves in the
South
– Brown Captured by Colonel
Robert E. Lee: sentenced to
hang.
• Underground Railroad
– Run by whites and blacks
– Network of roads, houses,
river crossings, boats,
wagons, woods and streams,
that helped slaves escape to
certain states or to Canada
– Helped thousands escape
» James Fairfield
» Harriet Tubman
•
Laws on slavery and slaves
become more strict
– Result of increase in antislavery feelings & revolts &
rebellions
Harpers Ferry
– Increased Rules and
Regulations
• Laws against slave movements,
meetings, efforts to learn to
read and write
• Had to be either escorted or
have a pass when traveling off
of plantation
• Fugitive Slave Law
• Teaching people of color would
result in fines or public
whippings
• People of color prohibited from
working in any job that involved
reading or writing
– To cut down on slaves forging
papers as free blacks
• Slave Codes
– Could not testify against
whites
– No display of disrespect
– No carrying weapons
– Resistance and rebellions by
slaves and abolitionists still
occurred.
Economic Differences Between the North and the South
Intensifies
•
Economic Differences:
New York 1850
– North
• Industry
– Soil too rocky for much large
scale agriculture – except
further west
– Natural harbors for trade on
Atlantic
– Colder climate discouraged
heavy agricultural industry
– Lots of water power from
rivers / waterfalls
– South
• Agriculture
– Fertile soil
– Warmer climate
– Very suitable for cash crops:
cotton, tobacco, and rice (on
the coast)
– Urban VS Rural
• North = interdependent
– Urban factories and
manufacturing removed /
decreased self-sufficiency of
people
– People moved from farms to
cities
Savannah 1850
• South = Independent
– Lack of industry keeps people
self-sufficient
– Agriculture provided raw
materials to make own goods
– More isolated
– Different views on government
• North – more dependent on
government services
– More trust of them
– More need for them
» Fire departments
» Police departments
» Higher density of people
• South – more independent on
gov’t services
– Less need for gov’t in daily life
– Less experience with gov’t in
daily life
» More rural
» Backcountry settlers
had history of doing
things their own way
•
Economic Success and
Dependency Creates
Sectionalism
– Sectionalism > putting regional
concerns above national
concerns
• North – Very successful
harbors and industries
– 1850 – 564 mills in New
England. Employed 61,893
workers. Valued over $58
million dollars
– In south 1850 – 166 mills with
10,043 workers. Valued $7.25
million.
– North manufactured 90% of
the nation’s goods
• South – Large dependency on
agriculture
– In Georgia: Between 1839-1860
there was 115% increase in
cotton production
– Half of Georgia’s total wealth
was in slaves ($400 million)
– A Planter had to sell 16,500
pounds of processed cotton to
buy a slave by 1860.
– $ was in land and slaves
– Only 1,890 factories by 1860
– Profit:
» Made by cotton gin –
increased production
» Supplying Europe with
cotton
– Tariffs
• Tax on imported goods to
protect a nation’s own
industries from foreign
competition.
• Good example of sectionalism
• North
– Favored tariffs on British
goods to protect northern
industries
– Tariff of $20 made a $50 British
suit cost $70 theoretically –
made British goods more
expensive
• South
– Opposed tariffs the protected
northern industries
– Had good relationship w/ Br.
» Br. bought a lot of
cotton
» South imported
manufactured goods
(didn’t want goods to
cost more)
– Tariff would lower British
demand of cotton (cotton suits
would be harder to sell in Am.)
– South did not have many
industries to protect
1832- South Carolina threatens to secede
because of a high tariff. SC arms itself and
practices drills. Compromise tariff law is
passed to prevent this.
1857 – Depression hit country. Northern
businesses failing. Increase tariffs to
encourage people to buy from northern
businesses. Hurts South – few industries to
protect.