Solution

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Sept 2013
4.10 Thevenin and Norton Equivalents
Thevenin and Norton equivalents are circuit
simplifications techniques that focus on terminal
behavior. We can best describe a Thevenin
equivalent circuit by reference to Fig. 4.44, which
represents any circuit made up of sources
(both independent and dependent) and resistors.
The letters a and b denote the pair of terminals of interest.
Figure 4.44(b) shows the Thevenin equivalent. Thus, a Thevenin equivalent circuit
is an independent voltage source VTh in series with a resistor RTh, which replaces an
interconnection of sources and resistors. This series combination of VTh and RTh is
equivalent to the original circuit in the sense that, if we connect the same load across
the terminals a, b of each circuit, we get the same voltage and current at the terminals
of the load.
Finding a Thevenin Equivalent
1) Calculate the open-circuit voltage ๐‘ฃ1 as in
Fig. 4.45 which is equal to VTh.
๐‘ฃ1 − 25
๐‘ฃ1
+
−3=0
5
20
๐‘ฃ1 = ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž = 32 V
โ€ซูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุญูŠุงุชูƒ ุฃูƒุจุฑโ€ฌ
.โ€ซุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูˆุฌูˆุฏโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
2) Calculate the short-circuit current ๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ as in
Fig. 4.46.
๐‘ฃ2 − 25 ๐‘ฃ2
๐‘ฃ2
+
− 3+
=0
5
20
4
๐‘ฃ2 = 16 V
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ =
16
=4A
4
3) Calculate the Thevenin resistance which is the
ratio of the open-circuit voltage to the shortcircuit current as in Fig. 4.47.
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž =
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž 32
=
=8Ω
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘
4
The Norton Equivalent
A Norton equivalent circuit consists of an independent current source in
parallel with the Norton equivalent resistance. We can derive it from a Thevenin
equivalent circuit simply by making a source transformation. Thus the Norton current
equals the short-circuit current at the terminals of interest, and the Norton resistance
is identical to the Thevenin resistance.
โ€ซู…ุงุงุง ุชูุงุงุงู‡ ู…ู†ุงุง ุณุงุงูŠ ุน ุงโ€ฌ
. โ€ซุฏุงูˆู…ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุชููƒูŠุฑูƒ ููŠโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Using Source Transformations (independent sources):
Sometimes we can make effective use of
source transformations to derive a Thevenin or
Norton equivalent circuit.
For example, we can derive the Thevenin and
Norton equivalents of the circuit shown in Fig 4.45
by making the series of source transformations
shown in Fig. 4.48.
This technique is most useful when the network
contains only independent sources.
โ€ซู‚ุงุงุงุงุฏ ูŠูƒุงุงุงุงูˆู† ู…ุงุงุงุงู† ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุงุงุงุงุจโ€ฌ
.โ€ซุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงุชูุง ุงู„ ุฑุงุฑ ุงุขู„ู†โ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Finding the Thevenin Equivalent of a Circuit with a Dependent Source
Example 4.10:
Find the Thevenin equivalent for the
circuit containing dependent sources
shown in Fig. 4.49.
Solution:
1. Calculating VTh (Open-Circuit):
Applying KVL at left loop:
−5 + 2000๐‘– + 3๐‘ฃ = 0
2000๐‘– + 3๐‘ฃ = 5
(1)
Applying KVL at right loop:
−๐‘ฃ − 25 ∗ 20๐‘– = 0
500๐‘– + ๐‘ฃ = 0
Solving,
๐‘– = 0.01 A,
(2)
๐‘ฃ = −5 V = ๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž .
2. Calculating ๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ (Short-Circuit):
Applying KVL for the outer right loop (with no resistor, no voltage drop)
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ = −20๐‘–
๐‘ฃ = 0 (no voltage drop)
5
From equation 1 , ๐‘– =
= 2.5 ∗ 10−3 A
2000
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ = −0.05 A
๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ๐ŸŽ๐›€
a
๐Ÿ“๐’—
3. Calculating ๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž :
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž =
+
b
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž
−5
=
= 100 Ω
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘
−0.05
โ€ซูŠุชู…ู†ู‰ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุฃู…ูˆุฑุง ู‡ู… ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุงโ€ฌ
.โ€ซ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ ูŠุฏุฑูƒูˆู† ู„ูƒโ€ฌุŒโ€ซุจุงู„ูุนู„โ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
The Deactivation Method (for independent Sources Only)
The technique for determining RTh that
we discussed and illustrated earlier is not
always the easiest method available. Two other
methods are generally simpler to use.
The first is useful if the network contains only
independent sources. To calculate RTh for such
Figure 4.52 A circuit used to illustrate
a Thévenin equivalent
a network, we first deactivate all independent
sources and then calculate the resistance seen
looking into the network at the terminal pair. A
voltage source is deactivated by replacing it
with a short circuit. A current source is
deactivated by replacing it with a short circuit. For example, consider the circuit
shown in Fig. 4.52. Deactivating the independent sources simplifies the circuit to the
one shown in Fig. 4.53. The resistance seen looking into the terminals a, b is denoted
Rab, which consists of the 4 Ω resistor in series with the parallel combinations of the
5 โ„ฆ and 20 Ω resistors. Thus,
๐‘…๐‘Ž๐‘ = ๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž = 4 +
5 × 20
=8Ω
25
4.11 The Test Method (for Independent and Dependent Sources)
If the circuit or network contains dependent and independent sources, an
alternative procedure for finding the Thevenin resistance RTh is as follows. We first
deactivate all independent sources, and we then apply either a test voltage source or a
test current source to the Thevenin terminals a, b. The Thevenin resistance equals the
ratio of the voltage across the test sources to the current delivered by the test source.
โ€ซูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุณุฑุนโ€ฌ
.โ€ซุงู„ูุทู‰ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุงโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Finding the Thevenin Equivalent Using a Test Source
Example 4.11:
Find the Thevenin resistance RTh for the circuit in Fig. 4.49, using the alternative
method described.
Solution:
We first deactivate the independent voltage source from the circuit and then excite
the circuit from the terminals a, b with either a test voltage source or a test current
source. If we apply a test voltage source, we will know the voltage of the dependent
voltage source and hence the controlling current i. Therefore we opt for the rest
voltage source.
The externally applied test voltage source is denoted ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ , and the current that it
delivers to the circuit is labeled ๐‘– ๐‘‡ . To find the Thevenin resistance, we simply solve
the circuit for the ratio of the voltage to the current at the test source; that is,
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž = ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ /๐‘– ๐‘‡
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
๐‘–๐‘‡ =
+ 20๐‘– (node − voltage)
25
−3๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
๐‘–=
mA (left loop)
2
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ 60๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
๐‘–๐‘‡ =
–
=
25 2000 100
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž =
= 100 Ω
๐‘–๐‘‡
ุŒโ€ซุน ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจุงุทู† ุงู„ ูŠุณุชูุฏู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚โ€ฌ
. โ€ซู† ูŠ ุจู„ ู…ุง ุชู…ู„ูŠ ุนู„ูŠโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
In general, these computations are easier than those involved in computing the
short-circuit current. Moreover, in a network containing only resistors and
independent sources, you must use the alternative method because the ratio of the
Thevenin voltage to the short-circuit current is indeterminate. That is, it is the
ratio 0/0.
(Thevenin Method) โ€ซู…ู„ูุต ุจุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ุญู„ ุจุทุฑูŠ ุฉโ€ฌ
Method
Indep. Only
Dep. Only
Indep + Dep.
Basic Method
๏ƒผ
๏ƒผ
---
Source Transformation
๏ƒผ
---
---
Deactivation
๏ƒผ
---
---
Test (alternative)
๏ƒผ
๏ƒผ
๏ƒผ
โ€ซู†ุงุงุง ู…ุงุงุงู† ุงู„ุญู…ุงู‚ุงุงุงุฉ ุฃู† ุชุงุงุง ู…ู† ุจ ุงุงุงุฏุฑุฉโ€ฌ
.โ€ซุจุนุถ ุงุฃู„ุดูŠุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู„ุญุงู‚ ุงุฃู„ ู‰ ุจูƒโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Assessment Problem 4.16:
Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit with respect
to the terminals a, b for the circuit shown.
Solution:
To find RTh, replace the 72 V source with a short circuit:
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž = ((5 โƒฆ20) + 8)||12 = 6 Ω
Using node voltage analysis to find ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž :
The node voltage equations are:
๐‘ฃ1 − 72
๐‘ฃ1
๐‘ฃ1 − ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž
+
+
=0
5
20
8
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž − ๐‘ฃ1 ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž − 72
+
=0
8
12
Solving,
๐‘ฃ1 = 60 V and
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž = 64.8 V
.โ€ซ ูุงู„ ุชู„ู… ุงู„ุทุนุงู…โ€ฌุŒโ€ซุง ุงู†ุนุฏู…ุช ุดู‡ูŠุชูƒโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Assessment Problem 4.17:
Find the Norton equivalent circuit with respect
to the terminals a, b for the circuit shown.
Solution:
We perform a source transformation, turning the parallel combination of the 15 A
source and 8 Ω resistor into a series combination of a 120 V source and an 8 Ω
resistor. Next, combine the 2 Ω, 8 Ω and 10 Ω resistors in series to give an
equivalent 20 Ω resistance. Then transform the series combination of the 120 V
source and the 20 Ω equivalent resistance into a parallel combination of a 6 A source
and a 20 Ω resistor.
Finally, combine the 20 V and 12 Ω parallel resistors to give RN = 20||12 = 7.5 Ω.
Thus, the Norton equivalent circuit is the parallel combination of a 6 A source and a
7.5 Ω resistor.
ุŒโ€ซุฃูŠุงุงุง ูƒุงุงุงู† ุงู„ุงุงุงูŠุก ุงู„ ุง ูŠ ุชุทู„ุจ ุง ุจุตุงุงุฏู‚โ€ฌ
. โ€ซ ุง ุขู…ู†ุช ุฃู†ูƒ ุชุณุชุญโ€ฌุŒ โ€ซุณุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Assessment Problem 4.18:
A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 100 kΩ
is used to measure the voltage ๐‘ฃ๐ด๐ต in the circuit
shown. What is the voltmeter reading?
Solution:
Using source transformations, convert the series
combination of the -36 V source and 12 kΩ
resistor into a parallel combination of a -3 mA
source and 12 kΩ resistor.
Combine the two parallel current sources and the
two parallel resistors to give a −3 + 18 =
15 mA source in parallel with a 12 k ||60 k = 10 kΩ
resistor. Transform the 15 mA source in parallel
with the 10 kΩ resistor into a 150 V source in
series with a 10 kΩ resistor, and combine this
10 kΩ resistor in series with the 15 kΩ resistor.
The Thevenin equivalent is thus a 150 V source in series with a 25 kΩ resistor
Using voltage division:
๐‘ฃ๐ด๐ต =
100,000
(150) = 120 V
125,000
ุŒ โ€ซุงุนุช ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฑ ุณูˆู‡ ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠโ€ฌ
.โ€ซุงุนุช ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุฑ ุณูˆู‡ ูŠู†ุงู„ ู…ู†ูƒโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Assessment Problem 4.19:
Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit with respect
to the terminals a, b for the circuit shown.
Solution:
Calculating the open circuit voltage, which is also vTh,
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž
๐‘ฃ๐‘กโ„Ž − 24
+ 4 + 3๐‘–๐‘ฅ +
=0
8
2
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž
๐‘–๐‘ฅ =
8
Solving,
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž = 8 V
Using the test source method to calculate RTh, replace
the voltage source with a short circuit, the current
source with an open circuit:
Applying KCL equation at the middle node:
๐‘– ๐‘‡ = ๐‘–๐‘ฅ + 3๐‘–๐‘ฅ +
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
= 4๐‘–๐‘ฅ +
2
2
๐‘–๐‘ฅ =
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
8
Solving,
๐‘– ๐‘‡ = 4(๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ / 8) + ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ /2 = ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž = ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ ⁄๐‘– ๐‘‡ = 1 Ω
The Thevenin equivalent is an 8 V source in series with a 1 Ω resistor.
.โ€ซ ุญุชู…ุงโ€ฌุŒโ€ซ ูˆุณูˆู‡ ุชุญุฏุซ ู„ูƒโ€ฌุŒโ€ซููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚ูŠู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุงุฌ ุทู…ูˆุญุงุชูƒโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
Using deactivating method, we can calculate RTh
as follows:
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž = 8 +
(40)(10)
= 16 Ω
50
Using voltage divider:
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž =
40
∗ 60 = 48 V
(10 + 40)
The final circuit of Thevenin is:
.โ€ซ ุชุนุงู…ู„ ูˆูƒุฃู† ู‚ุฏ ูˆู‚ุน ุจุงู„ูุนู„โ€ฌุŒโ€ซู‚ุฑุฑ ู†ุฌุงุญูƒโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
The 10 mA current source and the 10 kΩ
resistor will have no effect on the behavior of
the circuit with respect to the terminals a, b.
This is because they are in parallel with an
ideal voltage source.
Which can be transformed to:
Which can be simplified to Norton equivalent:
โ€ซุงู„ุน ุจุงุงุงุฉ ูุงุงุงูŠ ุทุฑูŠุงุงุงู‚ ุชููˆู‚ุงุงุงูƒโ€ฌ
.โ€ซุชูƒู…ู† ููŠ ุน ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจุงุทู† ู ุทโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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โ€ซโ€ชSept 2013โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชSolution:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ)โ€ชaโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชOpen circuit:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช∴ ๐‘ฃ2 = 35 Vโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช๐‘ฃ2 − 9 ๐‘ฃ2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช+โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช− 1.8 = 0โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช20โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช70โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช60โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ= โ€ช๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Žโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช∗ ๐‘ฃ = 30 Vโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช70 2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชShort circuit:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช๐‘ฃ2 − 9 ๐‘ฃ2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช+โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช− 1.8 = 0โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช∴ ๐‘ฃ2 = 15 Vโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช20โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช10โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช9 − 15โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ= ๐‘Ž๐‘–โ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช= −0.3 Aโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช20โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช๐‘ฃ2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ = 1.8 − 0.3 = 1.5 Aโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ) = ๐‘…๐‘œ(โ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช10โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช30โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ= โ€ช๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Žโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช= 20 Ωโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช1.5โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ)โ€ชbโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุณุชู…ุชุนูˆู† ุจุงุฃู„ู„ู…โ€ฌ
โ€ซุฃู„ู† ูŠุฌู„ุจ ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุงุขู„ุฎุฑูŠู† ุจู‡ู…โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช30 + 60โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช= 20 Ωโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช90โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ= โ€ช๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž = ( 20 + 10)||60โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉ โ€ช 9 4444 062โ€ฌุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ
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โ€ซู…โ€ช .โ€ฌุญู…ุงุฏุฉ ุดุนุจุงู† โ€ชinfo@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซุดุฑุญ ูˆู…ุณุงุฆู„ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ุฉ ู…ุฌุงู†ุง ุจุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุนูŠู† โ€ช, eng-hs.neteng-hs.comโ€ฌโ€ฌ
Sept 2013
Solution:
After making a source transformation the circuit becomes
−500 + 8(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–2 ) + 12๐‘–1 = 0
−300 + 30๐‘–2 + 5.2๐‘–2 + 8(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–1 ) = 0
Solving,
๐‘–1 = 30 A
30 Ω
and
๐‘–2 = 12.5 A
40
8 ΩΩ
5.2 Ω
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž = 12๐‘–1 + 5.2๐‘–2 = 425 V
12 Ω
Using deactivation method to get RTh:
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž = (8||12 + 5.2)||30 = 7.5 Ω
The final Thevenin circuit is:
.โ€ซู† ุฃูุถู„ ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ุงุฃู„ู‚ู„โ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
Physics I/II, English 123, Statics, Dynamics, Strength, Structure I/II, C++, Java, Data, Algorithms, Numerical, Economy
, eng-hs.neteng-hs.com โ€ซุดุฑุญ ูˆู…ุณุงุฆู„ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ุฉ ู…ุฌุงู†ุง ุจุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุนูŠู†โ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
a)
Using source transformation method, we can get ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž through the following steps:
1. Converting 30 V along with series 10 kΩ
resistor to 3 mA current source parallel to
10 kΩ resistor, then combining 10 kΩ || 40 kΩ
to 8 kΩ.
2. Converting 3 mA current source along with
parallel 8 kΩ resistor to 24 V voltage source in
series along with 8 kΩ resistor.
3. Converting 24 V voltage source in series
along with 12 kΩ resistor to 2 mA current
source in parallel along with 12 kΩ resistor,
and adding current sources together.
โ€ซุฃู†ุช ุชุณุชุญู‚ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ุฃู†ุชโ€ฌ
.โ€ซ ุงู„ ุฃุดูƒ ููŠ ู„ูƒโ€ฌุŒโ€ซุนู„ูŠ ุงุขู„ู†โ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
Physics I/II, English 123, Statics, Dynamics, Strength, Structure I/II, C++, Java, Data, Algorithms, Numerical, Economy
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info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 โ€ซ ุญู…ุงุฏุฉ ุดุนุจุงู†โ€ฌ.โ€ซู…โ€ฌ
Sept 2013
Continue soluation (Problem 4.71):
4. Combining (10 mA with 12 kΩ) to (120 V
with 12 kΩ), adding (12 kΩ with 3 kΩ) to
15 kΩ, transferring (120 V with 15 kΩ) to
(8 mA with 15 kΩ), combining resulting
(15 kΩ || 10 kΩ) to 6 kΩ, finally transferring
(8 mA and 6 kΩ) to (48 V and 6 kΩ).
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž = 48 V
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž = 6 kΩ
๐‘ฃ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘  =
100
(48) = 45.28 V
106
b)
%๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ = (
45.28 − 48
) × 100 = −5.67%
48
โ€ซุช ูƒุฑ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ ูŠ ุชุจุญุซโ€ฌ
.โ€ซุนู† ู‡ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ูŠุจุญุซ ุนู†ูƒโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
Physics I/II, English 123, Statics, Dynamics, Strength, Structure I/II, C++, Java, Data, Algorithms, Numerical, Economy
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info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 โ€ซ ุญู…ุงุฏุฉ ุดุนุจุงู†โ€ฌ.โ€ซู…โ€ฌ
Sept 2013
Solution:
Open circuit:
Applying node − voltage method to get VTh knowing that:
๐‘ฃ1 − 40
๐‘ฃ1
๐‘ฃ1 − ๐‘ฃ2
+
+
=0
2000
20,000
5000
๐‘ฃ2 − ๐‘ฃ1
๐‘ฃ2
๐‘ฃ2 − ๐‘ฃ3
๐‘ฃ1
+
+
+ 30
= 0
5000
50,000 10,000
20,000
๐‘ฃ3 − ๐‘ฃ2
๐‘ฃ3
๐‘ฃ1
+
− 30
=0
10,000 40,000
20,000
Solving,
๐‘ฃ1 = 24 V,
๐‘ฃ2 = −10 V,
๐‘ฃ3 = 280 V,
VTh = ๐‘ฃ3 = 280 V.
Short circuit:
Applying mesh method to get isc
−40 + 2000๐‘–1 + 20,000(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–2 ) = 0
5000๐‘–2 + 50,000(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ ) + 20,000(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–1 ) = 0
50,000(๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ − ๐‘–2 ) + 10,000(๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ − 30๐‘–๐‘–โˆ† ) = 0
๐‘–โˆ† = ๐‘–1 − ๐‘–2
Solving,
๐‘–1 = 13.6 mA,
๐‘–2 = 12.96 mA,
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ = 14 mA,
๐‘–โˆ† = 640 μA.
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž =
280
= 20 kΩ
0.014
โ€ซุงู„ ุชุณู…ุญ ุฃู„ูŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุญุฑู…ูƒโ€ฌ
.โ€ซู…ู† ุบุงูŠุชูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
Physics I/II, English 123, Statics, Dynamics, Strength, Structure I/II, C++, Java, Data, Algorithms, Numerical, Economy
, eng-hs.neteng-hs.com โ€ซุดุฑุญ ูˆู…ุณุงุฆู„ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ุฉ ู…ุฌุงู†ุง ุจุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุนูŠู†โ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
Open circuit:
Applying Ohm’s law for right loop:
๐‘ฃ2 = −๐‘–๐‘… = −(80๐‘–๐‘ )(50 × 103 ) = −40 × 105 ๐‘–๐‘
4 × 10−5 ๐‘ฃ2 = −160๐‘–๐‘
Applying KVL for middle loop:
4 × 10−5 ๐‘ฃ2 + 1310๐‘–๐‘ = 1310๐‘–๐‘ − 160๐‘–๐‘ = 1150๐‘–๐‘ = 100๐‘–100
Applying KCL at top left node:
500 μA =
1150๐‘–๐‘
+ ๐‘–๐‘
100
๐‘ฃ2 = −160 V,
Solving,
๐‘–๐‘ = 40 μA
๐‘–๐‘ = 40 μA.
Short circuit:
๐‘ฃ2 = 0
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ = −80๐‘–๐‘
๐‘–๐‘ = 500 × 10−6
100
= 35.46 μA
(100 + 1310)
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ = −80 (35.46) = −2837 mA
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž =
−160
= 56.4 kΩ
−2837 × 10−6
The final Thevenin circuit is:
.โ€ซุชุบู†ูŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฃู„ู ูƒู„ู…ุฉโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
Physics I/II, English 123, Statics, Dynamics, Strength, Structure I/II, C++, Java, Data, Algorithms, Numerical, Economy
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Sept 2013
Solution:
a)
Use source transformations to simplify the left side of the circuit, as follows:
1) Transfer (16 V in series with 4 kΩ) to (4 mA in series with 4 kΩ).
2)4 ๐‘˜Ω || 6 kΩ =
4∗6
= 2.4 kΩ
4+6
3) Transfer (4 mA in parallel with 2.4 kΩ) to (9.6 V in series with 2.4 kΩ)
4) Add (9.6 V to 0.4 V) and (2.4 kΩ to 0.1 kΩ) to get the following shape:
10 − 7.5
= 1 mA
2.5
let ๐‘…0 = 7.5/0.8 = 9.375 kΩ
๐‘–๐‘ =
๐‘…0 =
(๐‘…๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ÿ )(10)
= 9.375
๐‘…๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ÿ + 10
๐‘…๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ÿ =
(9.375)(10)
= 150 kΩ
0.625
Applying KVL for left loop:
−10 + (2.5 ∗ 103 )๐‘–๐‘ + (10 ∗ 103 ) ∗ 0.8๐‘–๐‘ = 0
๐‘–๐‘ = 0.952 mA
b)
๐‘ฃ๐‘’ = ๐‘–๐‘… = (0.8 ∗ 0.9524 ∗ 10−3 ) ∗ (10 ∗ 103 ) = 7.62 V
% ๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ = (
7.5 − 7.62
) × 100 = −1.57%
7.62
ุŒโ€ซุงุณู…ุญ ู„ุขู„ุฎุฑูŠู† ุจุงุงู„ุฎุชุงู„ู‡ ู…ุนูƒโ€ฌ
.โ€ซู†ู‡ุง ุฃูุถู„ ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงุชูƒโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
Physics I/II, English 123, Statics, Dynamics, Strength, Structure I/II, C++, Java, Data, Algorithms, Numerical, Economy
, eng-hs.neteng-hs.com โ€ซุดุฑุญ ูˆู…ุณุงุฆู„ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ุฉ ู…ุฌุงู†ุง ุจุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุนูŠู†โ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
VTh = 0, since there are no independent sources,
we must apply the test method:
๐‘ฃ1 − 10๐‘–โˆ† ๐‘ฃ1 ๐‘ฃ1 − ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
+
+
=0
10
2.5
12
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ − ๐‘ฃ1 ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ − 10๐‘–โˆ†
+
−1 =0
12
6
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ − ๐‘ฃ1
๐‘–โˆ† =
12
Solving,
๐‘ฃ1 = 2 V,
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ = 8 V,
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž =
=8Ω
1๐ด
1A
๐‘–โˆ† = 0.5 A.
The equivalent Thevenin circuit is:
Note: ๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž is zero since there are no independent sources.
โ€ซู† ุฃู‡ู… ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู„ู„ุตูุญ ุนู† ุงุขู„ุฎุฑูŠู†โ€ฌ
.โ€ซู‡ูˆ ุฒุงุญุฉ ุงุฃู„ู„ู… ุนู† ู†ูุณูƒโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
a) Open Circuit Voltage:
1) Convert (3 mA in parallel with 4 kΩ)
to (12 V in series with 4 kΩ)
2) 4 kΩ + 8 kΩ = 12 kΩ
Applying node voltage method:
๐‘ฃ − 12
๐‘ฃ − 10
๐‘ฃ
+
+
= 0
12,000
20,000 12,500
๐‘ฃ = 7.03125 V
Solving:
๐‘ฃ10 Kโ„ฆ =
10,000
(7.01325) = 5.625 V
12,500
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž = ๐‘ฃ − 10 = −4.375 V
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž = ๐‘…0 = ( (12,000 โƒฆ20, 000) + 2500)||10,000 = 5 kΩ
b) ๐‘๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ = (−437.5 × 10−6 )2 (500) = 957 μW
c) ๐‘ฃ4.7 ๐พโ„ฆ =
๐‘4.7 ๐พโ„ฆ
4700
(−4.375) = −2.12 V
4700 + 5000
(−2.12)2
=
= 956.12 μW
4700
% ๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ = (
956
− 1) (100) = −0.1%
957
โ€ซู†ูƒ ุชุณุชุญู‚ ุฃูุถู„ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†โ€ฌ
.โ€ซุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนูŠุงู‡ุง ุงุขู„ู†โ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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โ€ซโ€ชSept 2013โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ท Solution:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ)โ€ชaโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชSince 0 ≤ ๐‘…0 ≤ ∞ maximum power will be delivered to the 9 โ„ฆ resistorโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชwhen ๐‘…0 = 0โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ)โ€ชbโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช(30)2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ=๐‘โ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช= 150 Wโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช6โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซุจ ุงโ€ฌ
โ€ซูŠุฌุจุจุฏุงุฆู…ุง ุจ ุงุชูˆุงุนุนูˆุฌ ุจ ุงูˆุฌุจุจูˆุฆุงโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชุŒโ€ฌุงูƒูˆุง ุณุนุนุฆู…ุงุฆู…ุง ุงโ€ชุŒโ€ฌุงุณุนูƒูˆูˆุงู‡ู†ุจ ุงโ€ฌ
โ€ซุงุญูŠุซุงุงู„ุงุนุนูˆุฌ ุงูˆุฌูˆุฆู‡ ุงุชุจุฆู…โ€ฌ
โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉ โ€ช 9 4444 062โ€ฌุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
4.12 Maximum Power Transfer
Maximum power transfer can best be
described with the aid of the circuit shown in
Fig. 4.58. We assume a resistive network
containing
independent
and
dependent
sources and a designated pair of terminals, a,
b to which a load, RL is to be connected.
The problem is to determine the value of RL
that permits maximum power delivery to RL.
The first step in this process is to recognize
that a resistive network can always be
replaced by its Thevenin equivalent.
Therefore, we redraw the circuit shown in
Fig. 4.58 as the one shown in Fig. 4.59.
Replacing the original network by its
Fig. 4.59
Thevenin equivalent greatly simplifies the
task of finding RL.
Derivation of RL requires expressing the
power dissipated in RL as a function of the
three circuit parameters VTh,
RTh, and RL.
Thus,
2
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž
๐‘ = ๐‘– ๐‘…๐ฟ = (
) ๐‘…๐ฟ
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž + ๐‘…๐ฟ
2
โ€ซูƒุซูŠุฑุง ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุงุงูƒู„โ€ฌ
.โ€ซู…ุตุจุงุญุง ู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฃูุถู„โ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Next, we recognize that for a given circuit, VTh and RTh will be fixed.
Therefore the power dissipated is a function of the single variable RL.
To find the value of RL that maximizes the power, we use the elementary calculus.
We begin by writing an equation for the derivative of p with respect to RL:
(๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž + ๐‘…๐ฟ )2 − ๐‘…๐ฟ ∗ 2(๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž + ๐‘…๐ฟ )
๐‘‘๐‘
2
= ๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž [
]
(๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž + ๐‘…๐ฟ )4
๐‘‘๐‘…๐ฟ
The derivative is zero and p is maximized when
(๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž + ๐‘…๐ฟ )2 = 2 ๐‘…๐ฟ (๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž + ๐‘…๐ฟ )
Solving this equation yields
๐‘…๐ฟ = ๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž
๐‘๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ
2
2
2
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž
๐‘…๐ฟ
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž
=
=
=
(2๐‘…๐ฟ )2
4๐‘…๐ฟ 4๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž
.
โ€ซุฃู†ุงุณ ูƒุซูŠุฑูˆู† ุชุงู„ ุญุฑูƒุชู‡ู…โ€ฌ
.โ€ซุน ุจุงุช ู‡ู… ูˆุถุนูˆู‡ุง ุจุฃู†ูุณู‡ู…โ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Example 4.12: Calculating the Condition for Maximum Power Transfer
a) For the circuit shown, find the value of RL that
results in maximum power being transferred to R L.
b) Calculate the maximum power that can be
delivered to RL.
c) When RL is adjusted for maximum power transfer, what percentage of the power
delivered by the 360 V source reaches RL?
Solution:
a) Applying the node-voltage equation
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž ๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž − 360
+
=0
150
30
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž = 300 V
Using Deactivation method:
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž =
b)
๐‘๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ
(150)(30)
= 25 Ω = ๐‘…๐ฟ
180
2
(300)2
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž
=
=
= 900 W
4 ๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž
4 ∗ 25
c) When RL equals 25 Ω, the voltage ๐‘ฃ๐‘Ž๐‘ is
๐‘ฃ๐‘Ž๐‘ = ๐‘ฃ๐‘† ∗
๐‘–๐‘  =
๐‘…
25
= 300 ∗
= 150 V
(25 + 25)
๐‘…๐‘’๐‘ž
360 − 150 210
=
=7A
30
30
๐‘๐‘  = −๐‘–๐‘  (360) = −2520 W
percentage =
900
× 100 = 35.71 %
2520
. โ€ซ ุฃู†ุตุญูƒ ุจูุนู„โ€ฌุŒโ€ซุง ุฃุฑุฏุช ู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ููˆู‡ ู…ู† ุดูŠุกโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Assessment Problem 4.20
Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit with respect to
the terminals a, b for the circuit shown. (Hint: Define
๐‘–Δ
the voltage at the leftmost node as ๐‘ฃ, and write two
nodal equations with ๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž as the right node voltage.)
Solution:
Using the node voltage method
๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ − (๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž + 160๐‘–โˆ† )
+
−4=0
60
20
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž + 160๐‘–โˆ† − ๐‘ฃ
+
+
=0
40
80
20
Solving with:
๐‘–โˆ† =
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž
40
๐‘ฃ = 172.5 V
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž = 30 V
Using test source method to calculate the test
current and thus ๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž . Replace the current source
with a short circuit and apply the test source.
Applying KCL equation at the rightmost node:
๐‘–๐‘‡ =
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ + 160๐‘–โˆ†
+
+
80 40
80
Solving with:
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
โŸน ๐‘–๐‘‡ =
40
10
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
=
= 10 Ω
๐‘–๐‘‡
๐‘–โˆ† =
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž
Thus, the Thevenin equivalent is a 30 V source in series with a 10 Ω resistor.
.โ€ซุณุชูƒูˆู† ู†ุงุฌุญุง ุทุงู„ู…ุง ุงุนุช ุฏุช ู„ูƒโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Assessment Problem 4.21:
a) Find the value or R that enables the
circuit shown to deliver maximum power
to the terminals a, b.
b) Find the maximum power delivered to R.
Solution:
Applying node-voltage to get VTh:
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž − (100 + ๐‘ฃ∅ ) ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž − ๐‘ฃ1
+
= 0
4
4
๐‘ฃ1 − 100 ๐‘ฃ1 − 20 ๐‘ฃ1 − ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž
+
+
= 0
4
4
4
๐‘ฃ∅ − ๐‘ฃ1 + 20 = 0
Solving,
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž = 120 V,
๐‘ฃ1 = 80 V,
๐‘ฃ∅ = 60 V.
Creating a short circuit between nodes a and b and use
the mesh current method to get ๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘
−100 + 4(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–2 ) + ๐‘ฃ∅ + 20 = 0
−๐‘ฃ∅ + 4๐‘–2 + 4(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ ) + 4(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–1 ) = 0
−20 − ๐‘ฃ∅ + 4(๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ − ๐‘–2 ) = 0
๐‘ฃ∅ = 4(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ )
Solving,
๐‘–1 = 45 A,
๐‘–2 = 30 A,
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ = 40 A,
๐‘ฃ∅ = 20 V.
. โ€ซู†ู†ุง ู†ุญุตูŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ู ุท ุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ ูŠุญุตูŠโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Continue soluation (Assessment Problem 4.21):
Thus,
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž =
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž 120
=
=3Ω
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘
40
a)
For maximum power transfer, ๐‘… = ๐‘…๐‘กโ„Ž = 3 Ω
b)
The Thevenin voltage, ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž = 120 ๐‘‰, is divided equally between the Thevenin
resistance and the load resistance, so
๐‘ฃ๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘Ž๐‘‘ =
๐‘๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ
or ๐‘๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ
120
= 60 V
2
2
๐‘ฃ๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘Ž๐‘‘
602
=
=
= 1200 W
๐‘…๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘Ž๐‘‘
3
2
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž
(120)2
=
=
= 1,200 W = 1.2 KW
4๐‘…๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘Ž๐‘‘
4(3)
โ€ซู…ู† ุงู„ู… ูƒุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูŠู†ุชุธุฑ ุณู‡ุงู…ุงุชูƒโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ู…ุชู‰ ุชุจุฏุฃุŸโ€ฌุŒโ€ซุงู„ุชูŠ ุฎู„ ุช ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ู‡ุงโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Assessment Problem 4.22:
Assume that the circuit in Assessment problem 4.21
is delivering maximum power to the load resistor R.
a) How much power is the 100 V source
delivering to the network?
b) Repeat (a) for the dependent voltage source.
c) What percentage of the total power generated
by these two sources is delivered to the load
resistor R?
Solution:
According to Assessment 4.21, ๐‘… = 3 Ω
Using mesh current method:
−100 + 4(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–2 ) + ๐‘ฃ∅ + 20 = 0
−๐‘ฃ∅ + 4๐‘–2 + 4(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–3 ) + 4(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–1 )
= 0
−20 − ๐‘ฃ∅ + 4(๐‘–3 − ๐‘–2 ) + 3 ๐‘–3
= 0
๐‘ฃ∅ = 4(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–3 )
Solving,
๐‘–1 = 30 A,
a)
๐‘–2 = 20 A,
๐‘–3 = 20 A,
๐‘ƒ100๐‘ฃ = −(100)(๐‘–1 ) = −3000 W
b)
๐‘ƒ๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก =
−(๐‘ฃ∅ )(๐‘–2 ) = −800 W
c)
๐‘ƒ3Ω = ๐‘– 2 ๐‘… =
(20)2 (3) = 1200 W
% ๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘™๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘‘ =
๐‘ฃ∅ = 40 V.
(delivers)
(delivers)
1200
= 31.6 %
3000 + 800
.โ€ซ ุงู„ ุชุญูุฑ ู‚ุจุฑูƒ ุจุฃุณู†ุงู†ูƒโ€ฌุŒโ€ซ ู„ูƒู† ุจูƒู…ูŠุงุช ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉโ€ฌุŒโ€ซูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชุงุงุกโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
We need to find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to ๐‘…0 .
1) Transfer (200 V in series with 25 Ω) to (8 A in parallel with 25 Ω).
2) 25 Ω||100 Ω = 20 Ω.
3) Transfer (8A in parallel with 20 Ω) to (160 V in series with 20 Ω).
4) 20 Ω + 10 Ω = 30 Ω.
๐‘–๐‘ฅ =
160 − 30๐‘–๐‘ฅ
50
๐‘–๐‘ฅ = 2 A
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž = 20๐‘–๐‘ฅ + 30๐‘–๐‘ฅ = 50๐‘–๐‘ฅ = 100 V
Using the test-source method to find the
Thevenin resistance gives
๐‘–๐‘‡ =
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ ๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ − 30(−๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ ⁄30)
+
30
20
๐‘–๐‘‡
1
1
4
2
=
+
=
=
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡ 30 10 30 15
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡
15
=
=
= 7.5 โ„ฆ
๐‘–๐‘‡
2
Solving for ๐‘…0 :
๐‘ = ๐‘– 2 ๐‘…0
100 2
๐‘=(
) ๐‘…0 = 250
7.5 + ๐‘…0
๐‘…0 = 22.5 Ω
OR
๐‘…0 = 2.5 Ω
.โ€ซุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ูุทุฃ ุฃูุถู„ ูƒุซูŠุฑุง ู…ู† ุฎุงู„ู„ ุงู„ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚โ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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โ€ซโ€ชSept 2013โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ท Solution:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชFind the Th´evenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of ๐‘…0โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชOpen circuit voltage:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซุฅุฐู…ุงู…ุณุจุจุจุจุจุจุนู†ุนู† ุงุชูˆุงู†ุนูŠูŠุจุจุจุจุจุจ ุงู†ุนูŠุฌุจุจุจุจุจุจ ุงโ€ฌ
โ€ซู…ู„ุนุบูŠูŠ ุงูˆู†ุค ูˆุงุจุฃู†ู† ุงุฌุจุฆูŠ ูˆูˆุงุจุฐุจุฐ ุงโ€ฌ
โ€ซู…ู„ู†ุน ุงุฌุง ุฃู„ ุฌุญุงุชู†ู† ุงุณู†ุจู„ุบุงุบ ูŠุนู†โ€ฌ
โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉ โ€ช 9 4444 062โ€ฌุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
๏‚ท Continued Solution (problem 4.85):
(440 − 220) = 5๐‘–๐‘Ž − 2๐‘–๐‘ − 3๐‘–๐‘
0 = −2๐‘–๐‘Ž + 10๐‘–๐‘ − 1๐‘–๐‘
๐‘–๐‘ = 0.5๐‘ฃโˆ†
Solving,
๐‘ฃโˆ† = 2(๐‘–๐‘Ž − ๐‘–๐‘ )
๐‘–๐‘ = 26.4 A
∴ ๐‘ฃ๐‘กโ„Ž = 7๐‘–๐‘ = 184.8 V
Short circuit current:
(440 − 220) = 5๐‘–๐‘Ž − 2๐‘–๐‘†๐ถ − 3๐‘–๐‘
0 = −2๐‘–๐‘Ž + 10๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ − 1๐‘–๐‘
๐‘–๐‘ = 0.5๐‘ฃโˆ†
๐‘ฃโˆ† = 2(๐‘–๐‘Ž − ๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ )
Solving,
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ = 60 A,
๐‘–๐‘Ž = 80 A,
๐‘–๐‘ = 20 A.
๐‘…๐‘กโ„Ž = ๐‘ฃ๐‘กโ„Ž ⁄๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ = 184.8⁄60 = 3.08 โ„ฆ
โ€ซุง ุฅุฐู…ุงุถ ุนุงโ€ฌุŒโ€ซู…ู„ูˆุฌุชุงู‡ูˆุงู…ู„ุญูŠ ุฉโ€ฌ
โ€ซู…ู„ูˆุฌุชุงุถ ุนุชุงู…ู„ุญูŠ ุฉโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
๏‚ท Continued Solution (problem 4.85):
Therefore, the Th´evenin equivalent circuit configured for maximum power
to the load is:
From this circuit,
๐‘๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ
(92.4)2
=
= 2772 W
3.08
With ๐‘…0 equal to 3.08 the original circuit becomes:
440 − 220 = 5๐‘–๐‘Ž − 2๐‘–๐‘ − 35๐‘–๐‘
โ€ซูŠูƒุนุฏุงู„ู„ ุกุง ุงู†ูˆู‰ ุงโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
๏‚ท Continued Solution (problem 4.85):
๐‘–๐‘ = 0.5๐‘ฃโˆ†
๐‘ฃโˆ† = 2(๐‘–๐‘Ž − ๐‘–๐‘ )
−92.4 = −2๐‘–๐‘Ž + 3๐‘–๐‘ − 1๐‘–๐‘
Solving, ๐‘–๐‘Ž = 88.4 A,
๐‘–๐‘ = 43.2 A,
๐‘–๐‘ = 45.2 A.
๐‘ฃโˆ† = 2(88.4 − 43.2) = 90.4 V
๐‘440 V = −(440)(88.4)
= −38,896 W
๐‘440 V = (220)(88.4 − 45.2) = 9504 W
๐‘๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘.๐‘ ๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘๐‘’ = (440 − 92.4)(0.5(90.4)) = 15,711.52 W
Therefore, only the 440 V source supplies power to the circuit, and the power
supplied is 38,896 W.
% ๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘™๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘‘ =
2772
= 7.13 %
38,896
โ€ซุงโ€ฌุŒ โ€ซูŠ ูƒู† ุงุชูˆุงุนูŠุฆุนุงู…ุขู„ูŠ ูŠูˆุงุชุญูŠ ู†โ€ฌ
โ€ซู„ูƒูˆุง ุฐู…ุงุณุนู‚ูˆ ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
a)
Finding the Thevenin equivalent:
Open circuit voltage:
Using mesh current method:
−240 + 3(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–2 ) + 20(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–3 ) + 2๐‘–1 = 0
2๐‘–2 + 4(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–3 ) + 3(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–1 ) = 0
10๐‘–๐›ฝ + 1๐‘–3 + 20(๐‘–3 − ๐‘–1 ) + 4(๐‘–3 − ๐‘–2 ) = 0
The dependent source constraint equation is:
๐‘–๐›ฝ = ๐‘–2 − ๐‘–1
Solving,
๐‘–1 = 99.6 A, ๐‘–2 = 78 A,
๐‘–3 = 100.8 A,
๐‘–๐›ฝ = −21.6 A.
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž = 20(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–3 ) = −24 V
โ€ซูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุชู ู…ุณุชุงุงุฑูŠู† ู„ูƒโ€ฌ
.โ€ซ ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒุชุจโ€ฌุŒโ€ซููŠ ูƒุงูุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงุงู„ุชโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Continued soluation (Problem 4.87):
Short-circuit current:
Using mesh current method:
−240 + 3(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–2 ) + 2๐‘–1 = 0
2๐‘–2 + 4(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–3 ) + 3(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–1 ) = 0
10๐‘–๐›ฝ + 1๐‘–3 + 4(๐‘–3 − ๐‘–2 ) = 0
The dependent source constraint equation is:
๐‘–๐›ฝ = ๐‘–2 − ๐‘–1
Solving,
๐‘–1 = 92 A,
๐‘–2 = 73.33 A,
๐‘–3 = 96 A,
๐‘–๐›ฝ = −18.67 A.
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ = ๐‘–1 − ๐‘–3 = −4 A
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž =
๐‘‰๐‘‡โ„Ž −24
=
=8Ω
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘
−4
๐‘…๐ฟ = ๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž = 6 Ω
b)
๐‘๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ
(12)2
=
= 24 W
6
โ€ซูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุถุงุนู ุญูŠุงุชูƒ ู…ุฑุงุชโ€ฌ
.โ€ซ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุทุฑู‚ ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉโ€ฌุŒโ€ซูˆู…ุฑุงุชโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
a) Finding the Thevenin equivalent:
(Open Circuit Voltage):
Using mesh current method:
−100 + 4(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–2 ) + 80(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–3 ) + 16๐‘–1 = 0
124๐‘–Δ + 8(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–3 ) + 4(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–1 )
=0
50 + 12๐‘–3 + 80(๐‘–3 − ๐‘–1 ) + 8(๐‘–3 − ๐‘–2 )
=0
๐‘–Δ = ๐‘–3 − ๐‘–1
Solving, ๐‘–1 = 4.7 A,
๐‘–2 = 10.5 A,
๐‘–3 = 4.1 A,
๐‘–Δ = −0.6 A.
๐‘ฃ๐‘‡โ„Ž = ๐‘ฃ๐‘Ž๐‘ = −80๐‘–Δ = 48 V
(Short Circuit Current):
Using mesh current method:
๐‘–Δ = 0
124๐‘–Δ = 0
−100 + 4(๐‘–1 − ๐‘–2 ) + 16๐‘–1 = 0
8(๐‘–2 − ๐‘–3 ) + 4 (๐‘–2 − ๐‘–1 ) = 0
50 + 12๐‘–3 + 8 (๐‘–3 − ๐‘–2 ) = 0
.โ€ซุงู„ุจุฏ ุฃู† ุชุชุนู„ู… ุดูŠุฆุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏุง ูƒู„ ูŠูˆู…โ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Continue soluation (Problem 4.89):
Solving,
๐‘–1 = 5 A,
๐‘–2 = 0 A,
๐‘–3 = −2.5 A.
๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ = ๐‘–1 − ๐‘–3 = 7.5 A
๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž =
48
= 6.4 Ω
7.5
For maximum power transfer,
๐‘…0 = ๐‘…๐‘‡โ„Ž = 6.4 Ω
b)
๐‘๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ฅ
(24)2
=
= 90 W
6.4
c)
๐‘–10โ„ฆ =
48
= 2.927 A
6.4 + 10
๐‘10โ„ฆ = 10(2.927)2 = 85.7 W
Thus, using a 10 resistor selected from Appendix H will cause 85.7 W of power to
be delivered to the load, compared to the maximum power of 90 W that will be
delivered if a 6.4 resistor is used.
โ€ซ ุญุชุงุงู‰ ุนู†ุงุงุฏู…ุงโ€ฌุŒโ€ซู†ู†ุงุงูŠ ุงู„ ุฃุณุชุณุงุงู„ู… ุฃุจุงุงุฏุงโ€ฌ
.โ€ซูŠ ูˆู„ ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู†ู†ูŠ ู„ู† ุฃู†ุฌุญ ุฃุจุฏุงโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
4.13 Superposition
Whenever we have more than one independent source, we can study the effect
of one-by-one source and add these effects together to result in the same result of the
overall system.
We demonstrate the superposition principle by
using it to find the branch currents in the circuit
shown in Fig. 4.62. We begin by finding the
branch currents resulting from the 120 V
Figure 4.63 The circuit shown in Fig. 4.62
with the current source deactivated.
voltage source.
๐‘ฃ1 − 120 ๐‘ฃ1
๐‘ฃ1
+ +
=0
๐‘ฃ1 = 30 V
6
3 2+4
120 − 30
30
๐‘–1′ =
= 15 A
๐‘–2′ =
= 10 A
6
3
To find the component of the branch currents
๐‘–3′ = ๐‘–4′ =
๐‘ฃ3
30
=5A
6
๐‘ฃ4
resulting from the current source, we deactivate
the ideal voltage source and solve the circuit
shown in Fig. 4.64.
๐‘ฃ3 ๐‘ฃ3 ๐‘ฃ3 − ๐‘ฃ4
+ +
=0
3
6
2
๐‘ฃ4 − ๐‘ฃ3 ๐‘ฃ4
+ + 12 = 0
2
4
๐‘ฃ3 = −12 V
๐‘ฃ4 = −24 V
โ€ซุง ุธู†ู†ุช ุฃู†ูƒ ู‡ุฒู…ุชโ€ฌ
.โ€ซู ุฏ ู‡ุฒู…ุชโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
Physics I/II, English 123, Statics, Dynamics, Strength, Structure I/II, C++, Java, Data, Algorithms, Numerical, Economy
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Sept 2013
−๐‘ฃ3 12
=
=2A
6
6
๐‘ฃ3 − ๐‘ฃ4 −12 + 24
๐‘–3′′ =
=
=6A
2
2
๐‘–1′′ =
๐‘ฃ3 −12
=
= −4 A
3
3
๐‘ฃ4 −24
๐‘–4′′ =
=
= −6 A
4
4
๐‘–2′′ =
The currents ๐‘–1 , ๐‘–2 , ๐‘–3 and ๐‘–4 in Fig. 4.62 are:
๐‘–1 = ๐‘–1′ + ๐‘–1′′ = 15 + 2 = 17 A
๐‘–2 = ๐‘–2′ + ๐‘–2′′ = 10 − 4 = 6 A
๐‘–3 = ๐‘–3′ + ๐‘–3′′ = 5 + 6 = 11 A
๐‘–4 = ๐‘–4′ + ๐‘–4′′ = 5 − 6 = −1 A
For circuits containing both independent and dependent sources, you must recognize
that the dependent sources are never deactivated.
โ€ซุฃูุถู„ ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุจุฑโ€ฌ
.โ€ซุจุงู„ูˆุนุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ ุชุนุฏโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Example 4.13:
Use the principle of superposition to find ๐‘ฃ0 in the
circuit shown in Fig. 4.66
Solution:
๐‘…
๐‘…๐‘’๐‘ž
20
= 10
=8V
25
๐‘ฃ0′ = ๐‘ฃ๐‘ 
Applying the node-voltage equations yield:
๐‘ฃ0′′ ๐‘ฃ0′′
+
− 0.4๐‘ฃโˆ†′′ = 0
20
5
Or
0.4๐‘ฃโˆ†′′
5๐‘ฃ0′′ − 8๐‘ฃโˆ†′′ = 0
๐‘ฃ๐‘ − 2๐‘–โˆ†′′
+
−5=0
10
Or 4๐‘ฃโˆ†′′ + ๐‘ฃ๐‘ − 2๐‘–โˆ†′′ = 50
Solving with:
๐‘ฃ๐‘ = 2๐‘–โˆ†′′ + ๐‘ฃโˆ†′′
5๐‘ฃโˆ†′′ = 50
Or ๐‘ฃโˆ†′′ = 10 V
5๐‘ฃ0′′ = 80
Or ๐‘ฃ0′′ = 16 V
The value of ๐‘ฃ0 is the sum of ๐‘ฃ0′ and ๐‘ฃ0′′ , or 24 V
.โ€ซุง ุงุจุชุณู… ุงู„ู…ู‡ุฒูˆู… ู ุฏ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตุฑ ู„ ุฉ ุงู„ููˆุฒโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
a) 110 V source acting alone:
๐‘…๐‘’ = 10||14
๐‘–′ =
110
5 + 35⁄6
๐‘ฃ′ = (
35
Ω
6
132
=
A
13
=
35 132
770
)(
)=
V = 59.231 V
6
13
13
4 A source acting alone:
5||10 = 10⁄3 Ω
10⁄3 + 2 = 16⁄3 Ω
16⁄3 โƒฆ12 = 48⁄13 Ω
Our circuit reduces to:
๐‘ฃ๐‘Ž′′ = 4(48⁄13) = (192⁄13) V
−๐‘ฃ๐‘Ž′′
(10⁄3) = −9.31 V
๐‘ฃ =
(16⁄3)
′′
๐‘ฃ = ๐‘ฃ ′ + ๐‘ฃ ′′ = 50 V
b)
๐‘ฃ2
๐‘=
= 250 W
10
.โ€ซุงู„ุญุณุฏ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุชุจุชู„ุน ุณู…ุง ุฃู…ุงู„ ููŠ ุฃู† ูŠู…ูˆุช ุดูุต ุขุฎุฑโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
240 V source acting alone:
๐‘…๐‘’๐‘ž = ((4 + 1)||20) + 5 + 7
= (5||20) + 12 = 4 + 12 = 16 Ω
๐‘ฃ๐‘œ1 =
5||20
(240) = 60 V
16
84 V source acting alone:
๐‘…๐‘’๐‘ž = ((5 + 7)||20) + 4 + 1
= (12||20) + 5 = 12.5 Ω
๐‘ฃ๐‘œ2 =
12||20
(−84) = −50.4 V
12.5
16 A current source acting alone:
(๐‘ฃ1 − ๐‘ฃ2 ) ๐‘ฃ1
+
− 16 = 0
5
7
(๐‘ฃ2 − ๐‘ฃ1 ) ๐‘ฃ2 (๐‘ฃ2 − ๐‘ฃ3 )
+
+
= 0
5
20
4
(๐‘ฃ3 − ๐‘ฃ2 ) ๐‘ฃ3
+
+ 16 = 0
4
1
Solving,
๐‘ฃ2 = 18.4 V = ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ3
Therefore, ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ = ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ1 + ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ2 + ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ3 = 28 V
.โ€ซุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุชุณุชู…ุชุน ุจู…ุงุงูƒู„ูƒโ€ฌ
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โ€ซโ€ชSept 2013โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ท Solution:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชa) By hypothesis ๐‘–0′ + ๐‘–0" = 3 mAโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช∴ ๐‘–0 = 3.5 − 1.25 = 2.25 mAโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ)โ€ช(2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช= −1.25 mAโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ)โ€ช(8โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช๐‘–0′′′ = −5โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซุชู† ุงุชุน ูุงูƒ ุงุดูŠุกุงุฅุงู„ุงู†ูุณูŠโ€ฌ
โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉ โ€ช 9 4444 062โ€ฌุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
๏‚ท Continued Solution (problem 4.95):
b)
With all three sources in the circuit write a single node voltage equation.
๐‘ฃ๐‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ − 8
+
+ 5 − 10 = 0
6
2
∴ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ = 13.5 V
๐‘–0 =
๐‘ฃ๐‘
= 2.25 mA
6
โ€ซูŠุถุญ ุงูƒุซูŠ ู…ู‹ุง ูˆุงูŠุถุญ ุงุชูŠูŠ ุงู… ู‹ ุงโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฅู„ู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠโ€ฌ9 4444 062 โ€ซุงู„ู†ูˆุชุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงุฅู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงู„ุญุธุงุช ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตูŠุฉโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
Solution:
Voltage source acting alone:
Using node voltage method:
๐‘ฃ๐‘œ1
๐‘ฃ๐‘œ1 − 25
๐‘ฃ๐‘œ1 − 25
+
− 2.2 (
)=0
20,000
4000
4000
๐‘ฃ๐‘œ1 = 30 V
Current source acting alone:
Using node voltage method:
๐‘ฃ๐‘œ2
๐‘ฃ๐‘œ2
๐‘ฃ๐‘œ2
+ 0.005 +
− 2.2 (
)= 0
20,000
4000
4000
๐‘ฃ๐‘œ2 = 20 V
๐‘ฃ๐‘œ = ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ1 + ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ2 = 30 + 20 = 50 V
โ€ซ ูู…ุง ุง ุฃู†ุช ุญู„ู…ุชุŸโ€ฌุŒโ€ซุจุงุฃู„ู…ุณ ุญู„ู… ุงุฃู„ุณุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุฌุฏ ูุฑูŠุณุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…โ€ฌ
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โ€ซโ€ชSept 2013โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ท Solution:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชThe mesh equations are:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช=0โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ) ๐‘๐‘– โ€ช−125 + 0.15 ๐‘–๐‘Ž + 18.4(๐‘–๐‘Ž − ๐‘–๐‘ ) + 0.25(๐‘–๐‘Ž −โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช=0โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ๐‘๐‘–โ€ช−125 + 0.25(๐‘–๐‘ − ๐‘–๐‘Ž ) + 38.4(๐‘–๐‘ − ๐‘–๐‘‘ ) + 0.15โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช0.15 ๐‘–๐‘ + 18.4(๐‘–๐‘ − ๐‘–๐‘’ ) + 0.25(๐‘–๐‘ − ๐‘–๐‘‘ ) + 18.4(๐‘–๐‘ − ๐‘–๐‘Ž ) = 0โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซูŠู†ุจุจุจุจุจ ุจูŠ ุงู…ู„ุญูƒ ุจุจุจุจุจ ุงุนุนุจุจุจุจุจุฆ ุงโ€ฌ
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Sept 2013
๏‚ท Continued Solution (problem 4.99):
0.15 ๐‘–๐‘‘ + 38.4 (๐‘–๐‘‘ − ๐‘–๐‘ ) + 0.25 (๐‘–๐‘‘ − ๐‘–๐‘ ) + 38.4 (๐‘–๐‘‘ − ๐‘–๐‘’ ) = 0
11.6 ๐‘–๐‘’ + 38.4 (๐‘–๐‘’ − ๐‘–๐‘‘ ) + 18.4 (๐‘–๐‘’ − ๐‘–๐‘ ) = 0
Place these equations in standard form:
๐‘–๐‘Ž (18.8) + ๐‘–๐‘ (−0.25) + ๐‘–๐‘ (−18.4) + ๐‘–๐‘‘ (0) + ๐‘–๐‘’ (0)
= 125
๐‘–๐‘Ž (−0.25) + ๐‘–๐‘ (38.8) + ๐‘–๐‘ (0) + ๐‘–๐‘‘ (−38.4) + ๐‘–๐‘’ (0)
= 125
๐‘–๐‘Ž (−18.4) + ๐‘–๐‘ (0) + ๐‘–๐‘ (37.2) + ๐‘–๐‘‘ (−0.25) + ๐‘–๐‘’ (−18.4) = 0
๐‘–๐‘Ž (0) + ๐‘–๐‘ (−38.4) + ๐‘–๐‘ (−0.25) + ๐‘–๐‘‘ (77.2) + ๐‘–๐‘’ (−38.4) = 0
๐‘–๐‘Ž (0) + ๐‘–๐‘ (0) + ๐‘–๐‘ (−18.4) + ๐‘–๐‘‘ (−38.4) + ๐‘–๐‘’ (68.4)
Solving,
๐‘–๐‘Ž = 32.77 A,
๐‘–๐‘‘ = 23.27 A,
๐‘–๐‘ = 26.46 A,
๐‘–๐‘’ = 20.14 A.
=0
๐‘–๐‘ = 26.33 A,
Find the requested voltages:
๐‘ฃ1 = 18.4(๐‘–๐‘ − ๐‘–๐‘’ ) = 113.90 V
๐‘ฃ2 = 38.4(๐‘–๐‘‘ − ๐‘–๐‘’ ) = 120.19 V
๐‘ฃ3 = 11.6๐‘–๐‘’ = 233.62 V
โ€ซุจุจุจ ุงุชุถุจุจุจูŠ ุง ูƒุจุจุจ ุง ุจุจุจ ุงโ€ฌ
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