Grammar Quiz #1 Review
Quiz on Wednesday,
September 23.
Vocabulary Review
Advert: call attention to, focus on
Affection: fondness, devotion
Affectation: phoniness, artificiality, pretension
Antebellum: time period before war
Avert: turn away
Bell- : (latin root word) war
Bellicose: warlike, aggressive, quarrelsome
Bicameral: government term meaning two houses or chambers
Common: shared
Direct Democracy: citizens directly run the government
Indirect Democracy: citizens elect officials or representatives to run the government
Mutual: reciprocal
Impeachment: the formal process of bringing charges against an elected official.
Pac- : (latin root word) peace
Plac- : (latin root word) calm or satisfy
Placate: calm or satisfy
Pacifist: a person who opposes war or violence
Pro tempore: (latin term) “for the time being”
Writ of habeas corpus: (latin) legal term meaning that prisoners have the right to be
informed of what their charges are.
Advert and Avert
Advert
• Call attention to, focus on
• “The book adverts to the
role that Benjamin Franklin
played in writing the
Articles of the
Confederation.”
• “My letter to the editor
adverted to the issue of
litter in city parks.”
Avert
• Turn away from, avoid
• “For a while, it seemed that
nothing could avert a war.”
• “I always avert my eyes
during the scary part of a
movie.”
Direct and Indirect Democracy
Direct Democracy
• Citizens directly run the
government themselves.
• Ancient Athens had a direct
democracy as all citizens were
required to vote on issues.
• Many organizations, such as
parent/teacher associations,
are direct democracies as all
members vote and help run
the organization.
Indirect Democracy
• Citizens elect
representatives to run the
government for us.
• The United States is an
indirect democracy because
we elect representatives,
such as Senators, to run the
government for us.
Antebellum and Bellicose
Remember, the root word bell- means “war”.
Antebellum
• The time period before a
war.
• “True to her antebellum
ideas, Mammy Maria
dressed her two girls every
afternoon before dinner.”
• Commonly refers to the
period of time leading up to
the American Civil War.
Bellicose
• Warlike and aggressive
• “China is clearly frustrated
with its destitute, bellicose
neighbor.”
Placate and Pacifist
Placate
• A verb meaning to calm or
satisfy.
• “The mother tried to
placate her crying baby.”
Pacifist
• A noun meaning a person
who opposes war or
violence.
• Gandhi and Dr. Martin
Luther King Jr. were both
pacifists.
Bicameral and Impeachment
Bicameral
• A government term
meaning two houses or
chambers.
• The legislative branch of the
U.S. government is a
bicameral system. It consists
of the House of
Representatives and the
Senate.
Impeachment
• The formal process of
bringing charges against an
elected official.
• When a president is
declared unfit for office
because of his past actions,
this is an example of when
you impeach the president.
Affection and Affectation
Affection
• Fondness or devotion
• “I show my affection for my
cat by petting him and
feeding him treats.”
Affectation
• Phoniness, artificiality,
pretension.
• “Mr. Buffoon’s affectation of
interest in art was apparent
when he could not identify
a well-known painting by
Picasso.”
Simple Subject
Simple Predicate
• Every complete sentence has two main parts:
the simple subject and the simple predicate.
• The simple subject tells who or what the
sentence is about.
• The simple predicate tells the action taken by
the subject.
• When diagramming simple subject and simple
predicate, we use this format: subject predicate
The sentences show the difference between
simple subject and simple predicate. Simple
subjects are in bold, and simple predicates are
underlined.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Loud, happy crowds gather.
The American flag is leading the band.
Kids in red vests sell peanuts and popcorn.
I love a Fourth of July parade!
The medal hangs around Bob’s neck.
Within the book lies the secret.
How to determine the simple subject
• Sometimes, it can be difficult to determine the subject of
more complex sentences. Try to determine what the
predicate- or main action is. Then decide who or what is
performing that action. For example:
• “From our founding fathers came a brilliant
Constitution.”
• Many people would assume “fathers” is the subject. The
predicate, however, is the word “came”, so ask yourself: what
came? It was the Constitution. So, the Constitution is the
subject and came is the predicate. Diagrammed, it would look
like this:
•
subject predicate
•
Constitution came
The Four Types of Sentences
• Declarative: A statement.
• Interrogative: A question.
• Imperative: A command or
request.
• Exclamatory: Expresses strong
emotion.
Declarative
• Declarative sentences are statements. They
always end with a period.
• For example, “I enjoy reading.”
•
“The statue of Liberty is in New York City.”
• Remember, the Declaration of Independence
was a statement expressing our desire to be
independent from England.
Interrogative
• Interrogatives are questions, and always end
with a question mark.
• For example, “How was your day yesterday?”
• “Would you like to go to the movies with
me?”
• Remember, when a suspect is being
interrogated, he or she is being questioned.
Imperative
• Imperatives are commands or requests. They may
end with a period or an exclamation mark,
depending on the emotion behind them.
• For example, “Please bring me a pencil.”
• “Get out of my room!”
• Remember, the subject of an imperative is the
understood you. In the example, it is understood
that the speaker is addressing you. Who will bring
the pencil? You will. So, you are the subject and
bring is the predicate.
Imperative Continued
•
•
•
•
These are not imperative sentences:
Bob told Henry to bring him a pencil.
Emily told Amy to get out of her room.
These are statements (declarative). They
express a command or request, but it is not
directed at the understood you. If there is an
obvious subject, such as Bob or Emily, the
subject can not be an understood you, and
the sentence is not imperative.
Exclamatory
• An exclamatory sentence shows strong
emotion- either negative or positive. It will
always end with an exclamation mark.
• For example, “I won a million dollars!”
• “The house is on fire!”
• Remember, some imperatives also end with
exclamation marks. Look for an obvious
subject, and determine whether or not it is a
command.
Complete, Run on, and Fragment
Sentences
• Complete sentences express a complete
thought. They have both a subject and a
predicate.
• Run on sentences express two or more
thoughts and lack connecting words or proper
punctuation.
• Fragment sentences are incomplete thoughts
and lack either the subject or the predicate.
Concrete and Abstract Nouns
• Concrete nouns name a person, place, or
thing that can be experienced through one (or
more) of the five senses. If you can see, hear,
taste, smell, or touch it, it’s a concrete noun.
• Abstract nouns name something that can not
be seen, touched, heard, tasted, or smelled.
They name ideas or concepts.
Concrete and Abstract Nouns
Concrete
• Clock
• Calendar
• Bed
• Toy
• Present
• Amusement park
• child
Abstract
• Hour
• Year
• Dream
• Fun
• Birthday
• Excitement
• love
Common and Proper Nouns
• Common nouns do not name a specific
person, place or thing. They are more general
and do not need to be capitalized.
• Proper nouns do name a specific person,
place, or thing, and are always capitalized.
Common and Proper Nouns
Common
• teacher
• lake
• state
• country
• store
• Hemisphere
• college
Proper
• Ms. Brazele
• Lake Superior
• California
• Indonesia
• Target
• Eastern Hemisphere
• University of California San
Diego
Collective Nouns
• Collective nouns name a collection of persons,
places, animals, or things.
• Persons: club, Congress, jury, panel,
committee, family, team, staff.
• Places: United Kingdom, South America,
Southeast Asia
• Animals: flock, herd, swarm, litter, pack
• Things: collection, assortment, bunch, pack
Singular and Plural Nouns
• Singular nouns represent one person, place or
thing.
• Plural nouns represent more than one person,
place, or thing.
Singular Noun
Plural Noun
dog
dogs
boy
boys
child
children
desk
desks
book
books
pencil
pencils
elephant
elephants
Plural vs. Collective Nouns
Plural Nouns
Collective Nouns
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
elephants
teachers
siblings
books
soccer players
herd
staff
family
collection
team
Action and Being Verbs
• Action verbs represent an action.
• Being verbs represent a state of being.
Action Verb
Being Verb
jump
is
play
am
cook
are
read
was
sleep
were
dance
Will be
think
Had been
Helping Verbs
• The main verb in a sentence may have one or
more helping verbs. The main verb shows the
action; the helping verbs do not show action,
but they help to form the verb tense. These
are the most common helping verbs: is, am,
are, was, were, be, being, been, has, had,
may, might, must, can, could, do, does, did,
shall, will, should, would.
Helping Verb Examples
• In these examples, the entire verb phrase has
been underlined, and the helping verbs are in
bold print.
• The Senate is composed of one hundred
members.
• Two Senators will represent each state.
• Each state must have wanted equal
representation.
Verb Tenses
• In grammar, tense shows time. There are three
tenses:
• Past: represents and action which has already
happened.
• Present: represents an action currently
happening.
• Future: represents an action that will happen.
• It is very important to make sure the subject and
verb agree in order to correctly show tense.
Past Tense
• Past tense verbs represent an action which
already occurred. Normally, in order to modify
a verb to represent past tense, you just add
the –ed suffix. For example:
• Jumped
• Helped
• Cooked
• danced
Past tense continued
• When a verb is a single syllable word which
ends with a vowel followed by a single
consonant, you will usually double the
consonant before adding the –ed. For
example:
• flap becomes flapped
• lag becomes lagged
• drag becomes dragged
Past tense continued
• If the verb ends with a y, you usually will
change the y to an i before adding the –ed
suffix. For example:
• party becomes partied
• pry becomes pried
• hurry becomes hurried
Past tense continued
• If the verb ends with an e, only add on a d. For
example:
• shave becomes shaved
• sparkle becomes sparkled
• promote becomes promoted
Present Tense
• The present tense refers to an action which is
happening right now. When the subject is
singular, we add an s to the verb. Do not add
an s to the verb if the singular subject is either
I or you. For example:
• Roosters crow.
The rooster crows.
• I pack.
He packs.
• We vote.
She votes.
Present Tense Continued
• If the verb ends in s, x, z, ch, or sh, we as –ed
to the verb if the subject is singular. If the
subject is plural, the verb remains the same.
For example:
• We clash.
The militia clashes.
• Bees buzz.
A bee buzzes.
• Seamstresses patch. A seamstress patches.
Present Tense Continued
• Just as with the past tense, if the verb ends
with a consonant and a y, change the y into an
i before adding es for the singular form. For
example:
• Spies pry.
A spy pries.
• The states comply.
States comply.
Future Tense
• The future tense refers to an action which has
not yet occurred. The future tense is normally
formed with the helping verbs shall or will.
With the pronouns I an we, the use of shall is
preferable in formal writing. For example:
• He will serve. We shall serve.
• They will vote. They shall vote.
• You will smile.
They will smile.
Noun Genders
• In grammar, there are four genders:
masculine, feminine, indefinite, and neuter.
masculine
feminine
indefinite
neuter
grandfather
grandmother
grandparent
pizza
brother
sister
sibling
shoe
stallion
mare
horse
chair
rooster
hen
chicken
bicycle
Coach Brose
Ms. Brazele
teacher
stapler
Oscar
Henrietta
student
nest
Indefinite vs. Neuter
• Indefinite nouns represent people or animals
which have a gender, but the word itself doesn’t
specify what the gender is. For example, if I said
“grandparent”, I’m referring to a person who has
a gender, but you would not know if that person
was male or female.
• Neuter nouns represent objects which have no
biological gender. For example, even though a
dress may belong to a girl, it is an object and has
no biological gender of its own.