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Early Medieval Europe > The Carolingians
The Carolingians
• Architecture
• Illustrated Books
• Metalwork
• Sculpture and Painting
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Early Medieval Europe > The Carolingians
Architecture
• Carolingian churches generally are basilican in shape, like the Early Christian
churches of Rome, and commonly incorporated westworks (a monumental, westfacing entrance section of a Carolingian, Ottonian, or Romanesque church).
• The gatehouse of the monastery at Lorsch, built around 800 CE in Germany,
exemplifies classical inspiration for Carolingian architecture built as a triple-arched
hall dominating the gateway, with the arched facade interspersed with attached
Roman-style classical columns and pilasters above.
• The exterior of a westwork consists of multiple stories between two towers, while
the interior includes an entrance vestibule, a chapel, and a series of galleries
overlooking the nave.
Palantine Chapel in Aachen
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Early Medieval Europe > The Carolingians
Illustrated Books
• Carolingian manuscripts are presumed to have been produced largely or entirely
by clerics in a few workshops around the Carolingian Empire. Each of these
workshops practiced its own style that developed based on the artists and
influences of that particular location and time.
• As the earliest producer of Carolingian manuscripts, the Court School of
Charlemagne initiated a revival of Roman classicism, yet still maintained
Migration Period art (Merovingian and Insular) traditions in their linear
presentation, with no concern for volume and spatial relationships.
• The Utrecht Psalter was perhaps the most important of all Carolingian
manuscripts, because of its innovative and naturalistic figurine line drawings,
Lorsch Gospels
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which were to become the most influential innovation of Carolingian art on later
periods.
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Early Medieval Europe > The Carolingians
Metalwork
• Metalwork subjects were often narrative religious scenes in vertical sections,
largely derived from Late Antique paintings and carvings, as were those with more
hieratic images derived from consular diptychs and other imperial art.
• Important Carolingian examples of metalwork came out of Charles the Bald's
"Palace School" workshop.
• Carolingian-era metalwork produced large statues cast entirely in gold that would
later influence the development of monumental, elaborate, and rich sculptures
and altars made from precious materials in northern European medieval art.
Cover of the Codex Aureus
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Early Medieval Europe > The Carolingians
Sculpture and Painting
• Mosaics, which are created by assembling small pieces of colored glass, stone,
pigments, and other materials, were created in Charlemagne's palatine chapel.
• However, some fragmentary frescos have survived and have given art historians
some material to study in order to theoretically conceptualize Carolingian painting.
• Carolingian art comes from the Frankish Empire in the period of roughly 120
years from about 780 to 900 CE — during the reign of Charlemagne and his
immediate heirs — popularly known as the Carolingian Renaissance.
• Art historians have found that there were numerous other Carolingian frescos in
churches and palaces that have since been nearly completely lost.
Mosaic of the Ark of the Covenant, Germignydes-Prés
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Appendix
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Early Medieval Europe
Key terms
• Carolingian Architecture Carolingian architecture is the style of north European Pre-Romanesque architecture belonging to the
period of the Carolingian Renaissance of the late 8th and 9th centuries, when the Carolingian family dominated west European
politics. It was a conscious attempt to emulate Roman architecture and to that end it borrowed heavily from Early Christian and
Byzantine architecture, though there are nonetheless innovations of its own, resulting in a unique character.
• fresco Fresco (plural frescos or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster. Water is used
as the vehicle for the pigment and, with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall.
• illuminated manuscripts An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of
decoration, such as decorated initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. In the most strict definition of the term,
an illuminated manuscript only refers to manuscripts decorated with gold or silver, but in both common usage and modern
scholarship, the term is now used to refer to any decorated or illustrated manuscript from the Western traditions.
• Metalwork Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures.
The term covers a wide range of work from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts and delicate jewelry. It therefore
includes a correspondingly wide range of skills, processes, and tools.
• Mosaics Mosaic is the art of creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials.
• pinnacle an upright member, generally ending in a small spire, used to finish a buttress, to constitute a part in a proportion, as
where pinnacles flank a gable or spire
• Westwork A westwork (also westwerk, the German word) is the monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian,
Ottonian, or Romanesque church. The exterior consists of multiple stories between two towers. The interior includes an
entrance vestibule, a chapel, and a series of galleries overlooking the nave.
• Westwork the monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian, Ottonian, or Romanesque church
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Early Medieval Europe
Ultrecht Psalter
From the Utrecht Psalter, 9th C. Naturalistic and energetic figurine line drawings were entirely new, and were to become the most influential innovation
of Carolinian art in later periods.
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Wikipedia. "Utrecht 15v 2." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Utrecht_15v_2.jpg View on Boundless.com
Early Medieval Europe
Lorsch Abbey
Lorsch Abbey (800 CE) demonstrates the Roman-classical inspiration the Carolingians took for their architecture, with a triple arch hallway dominating
the gateway and interspersed with classical Roman pillars.
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Wikipedia. "Torhalle Kloster Lorsch." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torhalle_Kloster_Lorsch.jpg View on Boundless.com
Early Medieval Europe
Mosaic of the Ark of the Covenant, Germigny-des-Prés
Mosaic of the Ark of the Covenant, Germigny-des-Prés, c. 806, but restored. The subject seems drawn from illuminated Jewish bibles, and relates to the
Libri Carolini, possibly written by Theodulf, where the Ark is cited as divine approval of sacred images.
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Wikipedia. "Germigny Des Pres 2007 01." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germigny_Des_Pres_2007_01.jpg View on Boundless.com
Early Medieval Europe
Lorsch Gospels
Lorsch Gospels: Ivory book cover. The Lorsch Gospels reflect its origin in the Court School of Charlemagne with its Late Antiquity Imperial scenes
adapted to a Christian theme.
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Wikipedia. "Codexaureus 02." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codexaureus_02.jpg View on Boundless.com
Early Medieval Europe
Abbey of Corvey
Corvey Abbey: West end in Carolignian style
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Wikipedia. "Milkau Das Kloster von Corvey 178-2." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milkau_Das_Kloster_von_Corvey_178-2.jpg View on
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Early Medieval Europe
Drogo Sacramentary
Drogo Sacramentary (c. 850): depicts a historiated initial "C" which contains the Ascension of Christ. The text is in gold ink.
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Wikipedia. "DrogoSacramentaryFol71vAscension." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DrogoSacramentaryFol71vAscension.jpg View on Boundless.com
Early Medieval Europe
Palantine Chapel in Aachen
The Palatine Chapel in Aachen demonstrates the Byzantine-influence on Carolingian architecture, evidenced by its octagonal style.
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Wikipedia. "Aachener dom oktagon." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aachener_dom_oktagon.jpg View on Boundless.com
Early Medieval Europe
Cover of the Codex Aureus
Gold and gem-encrusted cover of the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram, 870.Produced by the Carolingian Palace School.
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Wikipedia. "Codex Aureus Sankt Emmeram." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codex_Aureus_Sankt_Emmeram.jpg View on Boundless.com
Early Medieval Europe
The Palatine Chapel in Aachen, though Carolingian in nature,
draws heavily from which style of architecture?
A) Roman classicism
B) Late Antiquity
C) Byzantine
D) Greek
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Early Medieval Europe
The Palatine Chapel in Aachen, though Carolingian in nature,
draws heavily from which style of architecture?
A) Roman classicism
B) Late Antiquity
C) Byzantine
D) Greek
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Early Medieval Europe
Which Carolingian workshop produced the earliest manuscripts
and initiated a revival of Roman classicism?
A) the Rheimsian workshop
B) the Touronian workshop
C) the Court School of Charles the Bald
D) the Court School of Charlemagne
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Early Medieval Europe
Which Carolingian workshop produced the earliest manuscripts
and initiated a revival of Roman classicism?
A) the Rheimsian workshop
B) the Touronian workshop
C) the Court School of Charles the Bald
D) the Court School of Charlemagne
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Early Medieval Europe
Which example of Carolingian metalwork came out of Charles the
Bald's "Palace School" workshop?
A) the Aachen chapel's figure of Christ in gold
B) the Lindau Gospels
C) the Golden Altar
D) the Paliotto
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Early Medieval Europe
Which example of Carolingian metalwork came out of Charles the
Bald's "Palace School" workshop?
A) the Aachen chapel's figure of Christ in gold
B) the Lindau Gospels
C) the Golden Altar
D) the Paliotto
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Early Medieval Europe
Carolingian painting consisted primarily of
A) oil on canvas
B) frescos
C) watercolor
D) none of these answers
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Early Medieval Europe
Carolingian painting consisted primarily of
A) oil on canvas
B) frescos
C) watercolor
D) none of these answers
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Early Medieval Europe
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Carolingian art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_art#Sculpture_and_metalwork
• Wiktionary. "pinnacle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pinnacle
• Wiktionary. "fresco." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fresco
• Wikipedia. "Mosaics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaics
• Wikipedia. "Carolingian art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_art#Mosaics_and_frescos
• Wikipedia. "Carolingian art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_art#Illuminated_manuscripts
• Wikipedia. "illuminated manuscripts." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/illuminated%20manuscripts
• Wikipedia. "Carolingian art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_art#Sculpture_and_metalwork
• Wikipedia. "Metalwork." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalwork
• Wikipedia. "Westwork." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwork
• Wikipedia. "Carolingian architecture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_architecture
• Wikipedia. "Westwork." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwork
• Wikipedia. "Carolingian Architecture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian%20Architecture
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