Warm-Up: 3/19
•
Approximately three-fourths of the world’s industrial production is concentrated in four regions. Which of the following is
NOT a part of one of these four regions?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
•
The industrial revolution began in
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
•
truck
train
ship
airplane
The location of a maquiladora plant is a good example of the importance of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
•
Great Britain
Japan
the Soviet Union
the United States
Germany
The lowest cost form of transporting goods very long distances is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
•
southeastern Canada
Ukraine
eastern Russia
Japan
western Europe
situation factors
site factors
post-Fordist production
break-of-bulk points
transportation factors
Soft drink bottling is an example of a
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
perishable industry
specialized industry
bulk-gaining industry
communications-oriented industry
single-market industry
• Where did industry originate?
Where did industry originate?
• In Great Britain, during the late eighteenth century,
the Industrial Revolution was born.
• Innovations in manufacturing and efficiency brought
higher quantities of high quality goods to consumers
for lower prices than ever before in history.
• Goods such as guns, food, tobacco, and textiles were
processed and manufactured efficiently.
Cottage Industries
• Manufacturing based in homes rather than in
factories
• Commonly found before the Industrial Revolution
• Important cottage industry: textiles
• Putters-out: conducted transactions between
workers and merchants; the “middle men”
Examples of Technology created by
the Industrial Revolution
• Steam engine (1769)—James Watt
• Puddling (method that effectively purified pig
iron)—Henry Cort
• Modern railway (1784)—William Symington
and William Murdoch
• Cotton gin (1793)—Eli Whitney
• Canning method (1810)—Nicholas Appert
• Tinned can (1839)—Peter Durand
Industries Affected During
the Industrial Revolution
• Iron Industry
– This was the first industry to benefit from
invention of the steam engine.
– Iron ore mined from the ground was smelted in
blast furnaces, poured into casts, then transported
for further refinement from the pig iron form.
– The steam engine kept the furnaces hot during
the heating and cooling of the iron and steel
during production.
Industries Affected During
the Industrial Revolution
• Coal Industry
– Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the primary source of energy was
wood.
– Wood was becoming scarce because it was being used for fuel,
shipbuilding, construction, and furniture.
– The industries (furnace, mills, and forges) became clustered into four
large integrated centers, all situated near coal fields:
• Clydeside
• South Wales
• Staffordshire
• South Yorkshire
Industries Affected During
the Industrial Revolution
• Engineering
– 1795—James Watt and Matthew Bolson began
their own business.
– They produced hundreds of new machines that
greatly increased the efficiency of the industrial
process.
– This gave birth to modern engineering and the
manufacture of machine parts.
Industries Affected During
the Industrial Revolution
• Transportation
– There were transportation
inventions, such as canals and
railways, during the Industrial
Revolution.
– Development of the railway,
also known as the “iron
horse”
– 1825—first public railway in
the north of England
Industries Affected During
the Industrial Revolution
• Textiles
– 1760-1800: Many inventions transformed the textile
industry from a cottage industry into a complex factory
system
– Chemicals: used to bleach and dye clothing
– It was discovered that, by combining natural fibers, such as
wool and cotton, with various chemicals, new synthetic
materials would be formed.
– Today: the largest textile factories in the world are owned
by chemical companies.
Industries Affected During
the Industrial Revolution
• Food Processing
– The workers of the Industrial Revolution could
not grow their own food and work factory jobs.
– Canning preserved food by killing the bacteria that
spoil food.
– The tinned can made canning cheaper than earlier
glass bottling techniques.
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
from the United Kingdom
• 1851: Crystal Palace: World’s
Fair in London; symbolized
Britain’s dominance in the
Industrial Revolution
• At the time, Britain produced
½ of the world’s cotton
fabric and iron AND mined
2/3 of the coal being used in
the world.
• The Industrial Revolution
spread eastward to Europe
and westward to the U.S.
DIFFUSION TO EUROPE
• The political disruptions of the
French Revolution and
Napoleonic Wars delayed the
spread of the Industrial
Revolution to other European
countries until the end of the
19th century. Then, it reached
the Netherlands, Russia, and
Sweden.
• The Netherlands, Russia, and
Sweden did not reach the level
of industrialization of France,
Britain, Belgium, and Germany
until the 20th century.
DIFFUSION TO THE U.S.
• Samuel Slater, a former worker at a
factory in England, built the first U.S.
textile mill in Rhode Island in 1791.
• To avoid entanglement in the
Napoleonic Wars, the U.S. imposed a
trade embargo with Europe in 1808.
The embargo sparked domestic
industrial development in the U.S.
• In the late 19th and early 20th
centuries industrial technology
spread to Japan, Canada, and many
former British colonies.
Diffusion of Industrial
Revolution
• For a century, Great Britain held a virtual
monopoly on its industrial innovations
– Government actively tried to prevent diffusion
• Gave Britain enormous economic advantage
• Contributed greatly to growth and strength of British
Empire
• Continental Europe received its impact in last
half of the nineteenth century
Diffusion of
railroads
across
Europe
provides a
good index of
the spread of
technology
and the
Industrial
Revolution
Was diffusion hierarchical or contagious?
Diffusion of Industrial Revolution
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution changed cultures in much of the world.
Diffusion beyond Great
Britain
• Industrial technology finally diffused beyond the
British Isles
– United States began rapid adoption of new
technology about 1850
– About 1900, Japan was the first major non-Western
country to undergo full industrialization
– Early in the 20th century, industrialization spread into
Russia and Ukraine
– In the second half of the 20th century, countries such
as Taiwan, South Korea, China, India, and Singapore
joined the manufacturing age
Remember that industry remains
concentrated in four regions!
• Eastern North
America
• Western
Europe
• Eastern Europe
(e.g. Russia)
• East Asia (e.g.
Japan)
Interesting…
• Toys ‘R Us is now at the site of the first
factory in Great Britain—Manchester,
England
Artist’s View of Industrialization
Poets and artists of the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries reacted strongly to the emerging landscape.

Have we agreed to the ongoing destruction of the planet in exchange for living
comfortably today?
Industry creates a landscape, not for
beauty, but for profit and utility
• Renewable resource crises
– Deforestation
– Open-pit mines
– Strip-mining
– Overfishing
• Industrial landscapes
– Air and water pollution
– Acid rain
– Greenhouse effect and ozone depletion