FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 2012 - TEST ch. 3 *Pick up calculators and have out 1 sheet of paper with your name on it for test later, calculator, & your periodic table. *Pick up new chapter 4 Notes packet. *Have out 1) study guide answers, 2) Notes ch. 3 packet, 3) computer review game sheet, & 4) quiz sheet to turn in. *DO NOT turn in openers. *Pick up computers and log-in to podcast page. *Complete Questions #1-39 on computer & #40-50 on paper. Show all work for #40-50 including t-charts for conversions and sentences or complete statements for short answer and essays. *I will be here after school now if you need to make up work; my appointment can rescheduled. *Complete Chemthink.com atomic structure & isotopes *START Notes 4.1 using computers when done with test. *HW: Read Section 4.1 and 4.2. This will be a quick chapter too. TESTING probably a week from Tuesday on ch. 4 Resources Chapter menu Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. MONDAY - SEPT. 17, 2012 - OPENER #5 1. What is Avogadro’s Number? 2. Define a mole. What is the relationship between moles and the weighted average mass number found on the periodic table? 3. How many moles are found in 130.8 grams of Zn? Show work or explain. CW: M&M & the mole mini-lab CW: Notes 4.1 & 4.2 started if time HW: Read ch. 4 and answer Section review pg. 103 #1-6 with complete statements and explanations due TUESDAY. *Be sure you make up test if absent Friday & turn in Notes ch.3, including add’l page of notes, review game sheet, study guide answers, & quiz sheet. Openers are being continued in ch.4 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. TUESDAY- SEPT. 18, 2012 - OPENER #6 1. How fast do electromagnetic waves travel if in a vacuum? 2. What is the formula for finding the wavelength? 3. The greater amount of energy corresponds to greater frequency; how does the wavelength correspond? 4. What is meant by quantum (or quanta)? HW: Read 4.2 and answer Sect. Review pg. 110 #1-4 due WED. CW: Check HW pg. 103 #1-6 CW: Spectroscope Lab with line-emission spectra CW: QUIZ 4.1 (10 questions) - 20 points CW: Notes 4.2 completed & (chemthink.com if not done) *See me if absent yesterday for make-up lab activity. *Be sure you make up test if absent Friday & turn in Notes ch.3, including add’l page of notes, review game sheet, study guide answers, & quiz sheet. Openers are being continued in ch.4 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. How to Use This Presentation • To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” • To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. • From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. • From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. • You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Table of Contents Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Section 2 The Quantum Model of the Atom Section 3 Electron Configurations Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Objectives • Explain the mathematical relationship among the speed, wavelength, and frequency of electromagnetic radiation. • Discuss the dual wave-particle nature of light. • Discuss the significance of the photoelectric effect and the line-emission spectrum of hydrogen to the development of the atomic model. • Describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Development of Atomic Models The timeline shoes the development of atomic models from 1803 to 1911. Slide of 26 7 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Development of Atomic Models The timeline shows the development of atomic models from 1913 to 1932. Slide of 26 8 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom The scale model shown is a physical model. However, not all models are physical. In fact, several theoretical models of the atom have been developed over the last few hundred years. You will learn about the currently accepted model of how electrons behave in atoms. Slide of 26 9 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Development of Atomic Models The Development of Atomic Models What was inadequate about Rutherford’s atomic model? Slide of 26 10 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Development of Atomic Models Rutherford’s atomic model could not explain the chemical properties of elements. Rutherford’s atomic model could not explain why objects change color when heated. Slide of 26 11 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model Neon advertising signs are formed from glass tubes bent in various shapes. An electric current passing through the gas in each glass tube makes the gas glow with its own characteristic color. You will learn why each gas glows with a specific color of light. Slide of 26 12 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Properties of Light The Wave Description of Light • Before 1900, scientists thought light behaved solely as a wave. This changed when light was found to have particle-like characteristics as well. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Properties of Light The Wave Description of Light • Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Light According to the wave model, light consists of electromagnetic waves. • Electromagnetic radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, X-rays, and gamma rays. • All electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum at a speed of approximately 2.998 108 m/s which we will round off to 3.0 x 108 m/s. Slide of 38 15 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Properties of Light The Wave Description of Light • Together, all the forms of electromagnetic radiation form the electromagnetic spectrum. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Light Sunlight consists of light with a continuous range of wavelengths and frequencies. • When sunlight passes through a prism, the different frequencies separate into a spectrum of colors as you observed in 9th grade. • In the visible spectrum, red light has the longest wavelength and the lowest frequency. Slide of 38 17 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Light The electromagnetic spectrum consists of radiation over a broad band of wavelengths. (ROY G. BIV) Slide of 38 18 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Atomic Spectra A prism separates light into the colors it contains. When white light passes through a prism, it produces a rainbow of colors. Slide of 38 19 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Chapter 4 Visual Concepts Electromagnetic Spectrum Click below to watch the Visual Concept. http://my.hrw.com/sh/hc6_0030 36809x/student/ch04/sec01/vc0 Visual Concept 0/hc604_01_v00fs.htm Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Light Light How are the wavelength and frequency of light related? Slide of 38 21 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Chapter 4 Properties of Light, continued • Wavelength ( ) is the distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves. crest to crest or trough to trough • Frequency (v) is defined as the number of waves that pass a given point in a specific time, usually one second. (the Greek letter nu) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Wavelength and Frequency Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Light The wavelength and frequency of light are inversely proportional to each other. Slide of 38 24 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Properties of Light, continued • Frequency and wavelength are mathematically related to each other: c=v • In the equation, c is the speed of light (in m/s), is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave (in m), and v is the frequency of the electromagnetic wave (in s 1). Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Light • The amplitude of a wave is the wave’s height from zero to the crest. Slide of 38 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Light CLICK HERE TO SEE SIMULATION Simulation 3 Explore the properties of electromagnetic radiation. Slide of 38 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.1 Slide of 38 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.1 Slide of 38 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.1 SHOW WORK IN YOUR NOTES! Slide of 38 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.1 Slide of 38 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Practice Problems for Sample Problem 5.1 TO CHECK WORK, CLICK BELOW. CLICK HERE Problem-Solving 5.15 Solve Problem 15 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial. Slide of 38 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model The Photoelectric Effect • The photoelectric effect refers to the emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on the metal. The Particle Description of Light • Planck said that the object emits energy in small specific packets called quanta. A quantum of energy is the minimum quantity of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom. • (quanta - is plural for quantum) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Photoelectric Effect Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Visual Concepts Photoelectric Effect Click below to watch the Visual Concept. http://my.hrw.com/sh/hc6_003036809x/student/ch0 Visual Concept 4/sec01/vc01/hc604_01_v01fs.htm Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Visual Concepts Energy of a Photon Click below to watch the Visual Concept. http://my.hrw.com/sh/hc6_003036809x/student/ Visual Concept ch04/sec01/vc03/hc604_01_v03fs.htm Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model The Photoelectric Effect, continued The Particle Description of Light, continued • German physicist Max Planck proposed the following relationship between a quantum of energy and the frequency of radiation: E = hv • E is the energy, in joules, of a quantum of radiation, v is the frequency, in s−1, of the radiation emitted, and h is a fundamental physical constant now known as Planck’s constant; h = 6.626 10 34 J• s. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model The Photoelectric Effect, continued The Particle Description of Light, continued • Einstein said that electromagnetic radiation has a dual wave-particle nature. Light exhibits many wavelike properties; it can also be thought of as a stream of particles. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model The Photoelectric Effect, continued The Particle Description of Light, continued • A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum of energy. • The energy of a particular photon depends on the frequency of the radiation. Ephoton = hv Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Quantum Mechanics Quantum Mechanics How does quantum mechanics differ from classical mechanics? Slide of 38 40 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Quantum Mechanics In 1905, Albert Einstein successfully explained experimental data by proposing that light could be described as having a dual wave-particle nature. Light exhibits many wavelike properties; it can also be thought of as a stream of particles. • The quanta behave as if they were particles. • Light quanta are called photons. In 1924, De Broglie developed an equation that predicts that all moving objects have wavelike behavior. Slide of 38 41 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Quantum Mechanics Today, the wavelike properties of beams of electrons are useful in magnifying objects. The electrons in an electron microscope have much smaller wavelengths than visible light. This allows a much clearer enlarged image of a very small object, such as this mite. Slide of 38 42 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Quantum Mechanics Simulation 4 Simulate the photoelectric effect. Observe the results as a function of radiation frequency and intensity. NOT LOADING ON 9-13-12 at school or at home???? Slide of 38 43 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Bohr Model The Bohr Model What was the new proposal in the Bohr model of the atom? Slide of 26 44 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Bohr Model Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in specific circular paths, or orbits, around the nucleus. Slide of 26 45 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom • Niels Bohr proposed a hydrogen-atom model that linked the atom’s electron to photon emission. • According to the model, the electron can circle the nucleus only in allowed paths, or orbits. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Bohr Model Each possible electron orbit in Bohr’s model has a fixed energy. • The fixed energies an electron can have are called energy levels. • A quantum of energy is the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another energy level. Slide of 26 47 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Bohr Model Like the rungs of the strange ladder, the energy levels in an atom are not equally spaced. The higher the energy level occupied by an electron, the less energy it takes to move from that energy level to the next higher energy level. Slide of 26 48 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Chapter 4 Visual Concepts Quantization of Energy Click below to watch the Visual Concept. http://my.hrw.com/sh/hc6_003036809x/student Visual Concept /ch04/sec01/vc02/hc604_01_v02fs.htm Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom • The energy of the electron is higher when the electron is in orbits that are successively farther from the nucleus. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Bohr Model The electron is in the lowest energy state when it is in the orbit closest to the nucleus. When an electron is in an orbit farther from the nucleus it is in an excited state. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Visual Concepts Bohr Model of the Atom Click below to watch the Visual Concept. http://my.hrw.com/sh/hc6_003036809 Visual Concept x/student/ch04/sec01/vc05/hc604_01_ v05fs.htm Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom, continued • When an electron falls to a lower energy level, a photon is emitted, and the process is called emission. • Energy must be added to an atom in order to move an electron from a lower energy level to a higher energy level. This process is called absorption. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Visual Concepts Absorption and Emission Spectra Click below to watch the Visual Concept. http://my.hrw.com/sh/hc6_003036809x/stu Visual Concept dent/ch04/sec01/vc04/hc604_01_v04fs.htm Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Photon Emission and Absorption Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model The Hydrogen-Atom Line-Emission Spectrum • The lowest energy state of an atom is its ground state. • A state in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it has in its ground state is an excited state. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model The Hydrogen-Atom Line-Emission Spectrum, continued • When investigators passed electric current through a vacuum tube containing hydrogen gas at low pressure, they observed the emission of a characteristic pinkish glow. • When a narrow beam of the emitted light was shined through a prism, it was separated into four specific colors of the visible spectrum. • The four bands of light were part of what is known as hydrogen’s line-emission spectrum. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Hydrogen’s Line-Emission Spectrum Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Atomic Spectra The frequencies of light emitted by an element separate into discrete lines to give the atomic emission spectrum of the element. Mercury Nitrogen Slide of 38 59 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Chapter 4 The Hydrogen-Atom Line-Emission Spectrum, continued • Each element has it’s own line-emission spectrum where a beam of light is separated in specific colors of the visible spectrum. • The emission of a continuous range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation is a continuous spectrum. • Whenever an excited hydrogen atom falls to its ground state, it emits a photon of radiation. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4.1 Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Atomic Spectra When light from a helium lamp passes through a prism, discrete lines are produced. Each element has it’s own spectrum. Slide of 38 61 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > An Explanation of Atomic Spectra Animation 6 Learn about atomic emission spectra and how neon lights work. THIS ANIMATION WOULD NOT LOAD 9-13-12 at home. I’LL SHOW REAL DEMONSTRATION WITH LINE SPECTRA WITH SPECTROSCOPES IN CLASS THIS WEEK FROM DIFFERENT GASES. Slide of 38 62 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Quantum Mechanical Model The Quantum Mechanical Model What does the quantum mechanical model determine about the electrons in an atom? Slide of 26 63 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Quantum Mechanical Model QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL The quantum mechanical model determines the allowed energies an electron can have and how likely it is to find the electron in various locations around the nucleus. Slide of 26 64 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Quantum Mechanical Model Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger (1887– 1961) used new theoretical calculations and results to devise and solve a mathematical equation describing the behavior of the electron in a hydrogen atom. The modern description of the electrons in atoms, the quantum mechanical model, comes from the mathematical solutions to the Schrödinger equation. Slide of 26 65 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Quantum Mechanical Model The propeller blade has the same probability of being anywhere in the blurry region, but you cannot tell its location at any instant. The electron cloud of an atom can be compared to a spinning airplane propeller. Slide of 26 66 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Models of the Atom > The Quantum Mechanical Model In the quantum mechanical model, the probability of finding an electron within a certain volume of space surrounding the nucleus can be represented as a fuzzy cloud. The cloud is more dense where the probability of finding the electron is high. Slide of 26 67 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Section Quiz. Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section 5.1. Continue to: -or- Launch: Section Quiz Slide of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Section Quiz. 1. Rutherford's planetary model of the atom could not explain a. any properties of elements. b. the chemical properties of elements. c. the distribution of mass in an atom. d. the distribution of positive and negative charges in an atom. Slide of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Section Quiz. 2. Bohr's model of the atom proposed that electrons are found a. embedded in a sphere of positive charge. b. in fixed positions surrounding the nucleus. c. in circular orbits at fixed distances from the nucleus. d. orbiting the nucleus in a single fixed circular path. Slide of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 4.1A Section Quiz. 3. What is the lowest-numbered principal energy level in which p orbitals are found? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 Slide of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Chapter 4 Visual Concepts Comparing Models of the Atom Click below to watch the Visual Concept. http://my.hrw.com/sh/hc6_003036 Visual Concept 809x/student/ch04/sec01/vc06/hc6 04_01_v06fs.htm Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 5.3 Section Quiz. 1. Calculate the frequency of a radar wave with a wavelength of 125 mm. a. 2.40 109 Hz b. 2.40 1024 Hz c. 2.40 106 Hz d. 2.40 102 Hz Slide of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 5.3 Section Quiz. 2. The lines in the emission spectrum for an element are caused by a. the movement of electrons from lower to higher energy levels. b. the movement of electrons from higher to lower energy levels. c. the electron configuration in the ground state. d. the electron configuration of an atom. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide of 26 End Show 5.3 Section Quiz. 3. Spectral lines in a series become closer together as n increases because the a. energy levels have similar values. b. energy levels become farther apart. c. atom is approaching ground state. d. electrons are being emitted at a slower rate. Slide of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Concept Map 5 Concept Map 5 Solve the concept map with the help of an interactive guided tutorial. Slide of 38 76 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Online Self-Check Quiz Complete the online 4.1 Quiz and record answers. Ask if you have any questions about your answers. click here for online Quiz 4.1 (10 questions) You must be in the “Play mode” for the slideshow for hyperlink to work. Slide of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show VIDEOS FOR ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTION Additional Videos for Section 4.1 The Development of a New Atomic Model Electromagnetic Spectrum (9:55) Photoelectric Effect (7:36) Wavelength (5:50) Frequency - Period (4:37) Slide of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show