Skeletal System
Functions and Long bones
Functions
1. Framework
– The bones form a
framework to support the
body’s muscles, fat, and
skin
Functions
2. Protection
Bones surround
vital organs for
protection
Functions
3. Levers
Muscles attach to bones
to help provide
movement
Functions
4. Production of blood cells
- Bones help produce red and white blood
cells and platelets
5. Storage
- Bones store most of the calcium supply
of the body
Review
• What are the five functions of the skeletal
system?
Long Bones
Skeletal System
• Axial Skeleton
– Skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum
• Appendicular skeleton
– Shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, leg
bones
Skull
• Cranium
– Made of eight bones
• One frontal, two parietal, two temporal, one
occipital, one ethmoid, and one sphenoid
• Facial
– Made of 14 bones
• One mandible, two maxilla, two zygomatic, two
lacrimal, five nasal, two palatine
Skull
• Sutures
– Areas where the cranial bones have joined
together
• Sinuses
– Air spaces in the bones of the skull
• Foramina
– Openings in bones that allow nerves and
blood vessels to enter or leave the bone
Review
• How many bones make the cranium?
• Name all the bones of the cranium.
• How many bones comprise the facial
bones?
Spinal Column
• Made of 26 bones
called vertebrae
• Protect the spinal
cord and provide
support for the head
and trunk
Ribs
• 12 pairs of ribs
– First seven are called
“true ribs” because
they attach directly to
the sternum
– Bottom five pairs are
called “false ribs”
Sternum
• Breastbone
– Manubrium
– Body or Gladiolus
– Xiphiod process
Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder Girdle
• Consists of
– 2 Clavicles
– 2 Scapulas
Pectoral Girdle
Brave: Lakshmi Tatma, dressed in her
school uniform and standing proudly on her
own two feet, smiles at her home in
Jodhpur earlier this month (Jan. 2010)
Read more:
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article1246431/Lakshmi-Tatma-The-little-girllimbs-worshipped-deity-startsschool.html#ixzz1qzj9cr8o
Her father Shambu,
28, said: 'I believe
with all my heart that
Lakshmi is indeed a
goddess. The
operation removed
her extra legs so that
she can lead a
normal life but she is
not a normal child.
'She's special, I think
anything is possible
for her. I'd like her to
be educated so she
can become
Review
•
•
•
•
How many vertebrae make up the spine?
What are the two functions of the spine?
How many pairs of ribs do humans have?
What is the proper name for the
“breastbone”?
• What bones make the shoulder girdle?
Arm
• Humerus
– Upper arm
• Radius
– On thumb side
• Ulna
– Larger of the two lower arm bones
• Carpals
– wrist
• Metacarpals
– Palm of hand
• Phalanges
– fingers
Wrist Bones
For test
Carpels
Metacarpals
Phalanges
*extra credit
opportunity
Name the carpals for extra credit
on test.
Review
• What bones comprise the upper
extremity?
• Which side is the radius located?
Pelvic Girdle
• 2 Os Coxae (hip
bones)
• Join with sacrum
Pelvic Girdle
COXAL BONES - separated
Review
• What is the name of the two bones that
join the sacrum to comprise the pelvic
girdle?
Bones of the lower extremity
•
•
•
•
•
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
7 tarsals
– ankle
• 5 metatarsals
– Instep of foot
• Phalanges
– toes
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
What is the weight
bearing bone of the
lower leg?
Tibia
Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin
Splint)
• After jogging or running you can develop
shin splints.
• Throbbing and aching feeling in your
shins.
• Irritated and swollen muscles, often
caused by overuse.
• Stress fractures, which are tiny, hairline
breaks in the lower leg bones.
• Overpronation or ''flat feet" -- when the
impact of a step causes the arch of your
foot to collapse, stretching the muscles
and tendons.
Review
• Which bones comprise the lower
extremity?
• How many tarsal bones do you have?
• How many metatarsals do you have?
Joints
• Areas where two or more bones join
together
• Three main types of joints
– Diarthrosis
– Amphiarthrosis
– Synarthrosis
Joints
• Diarthrosis
– Freely movable; examples include the ball-andsocket joints of the shoulder and hip, or the hinge
joints of the elbow and knee
Joints
• Amphiarthrosis
– Slightly movable; an
example is the
attachment of the ribs
to the thoracic
vertebrae
Joints
• Synarthrosis
– Immovable; an example is the
cranium
Review
• What are the three main type of joints?
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Arthritis
– Inflammation of the joints
• Bursitis
– Inflammation of the busae (small fluid-filled sacs
surrounding the joints)
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Fracture
– Crack or break in a
bone
• Dislocation
– When a bone is
forcibly displaced from
a joint
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Sprain
– Twisting action tears the ligaments at a joint
• Osteomyelitis
– Bone inflammation usually caused by a
pathogenic organism
• Osteoporosis
– Increased porosity or softening of the bones
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
• Ruptured Disk
– Herniated or slipped pad separating the
vertebrae
Abnormal curvatures of the spine
• Kyphosis
– “hunchback”
• Scoliosis
– Side-to-side or lateral curvature
• Lordosis
– “swayback”
Review
• List at least five diseases or abnormal
conditions of the skeletal system.