PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS:
What is public policy?
 J.E.Anderson , 1975 :
o Public policy is a purposive course of action followed by govern-ment in dealing
with some topic or mater of public concern
 D.Easton , 1953 :
o Public policy is the authoritative allocation of values for the whole society
 T.R.Dye , 1978 :
o Public policy is whatever govrnments choose to do or not to do
 C.L.Chochran & E.F.Malone , 1995 :
o Public policy consists of political decisions for implementing pro-grams to
achieve societal goals.
Public Policy Typology:
1.1 Patronage / Promotional Policies : as those gvernment actions that provide incentive for
idividuals or corporations to undertake activities they would only reluctantly undertake without
the promise of a reward. These can be classified into three types : subsidies ; contracts; and
licences.
1.2 Regulatory Policies : as those which allow the government to exert control over the
conduct of certain activites ( ‘negative forms of control’). They include : invironmental
pollution; civil & criminal penalties; consumption of tobacco, alcohol; consumer protection ;
employee health and safety.
1.3 Redistributive Policies : as those which control people by managing the economy
as a whole. The techniques of control involve fiscal (tax) and monetary ( supply of money )
policies. They tend to beneft one group at the expense of oher groups through the reallocation of
wealth.
the government is used extensively to bring about social change, usually in the direction
ofensuring greater level of social equality. Conservative policies generally oppose the use of
government to bring about social change but may approve government action to preserve the
status quo or to promote favored interests. Such as : Liberals tend to favor a concentration of
power in higher levels of government ; whereas Conser-vatives tend to favor decentralization of
power and authority.
2.2 Substantive or Procedural Policies : Substantive policies are concerned with
governmental actions to deal with substantive problems, such as highway construction;
environmental protection; payment of welfare benefits. Procedural policies are those that relate
to how something is going to be done or who is going to take action, such as the Administrative
Procedures Act of 194 G.
re-sources or substantive power to their beneficiaries , or , impose real disadvantages on those
adversely affected. For example , welfare pay-ments; housing subsidies; etc.
Symbolic
policies appeal more to cherished values than to tangibles benefits; such as national holidays
that honor patriots, concerning the flag etc.
2.4 Collective or Private Goods Policies : Collective goods policies are those benefits that
cannot be given to some but denied to others, such as national defense and public safety. Private
goods policies are those goods that may be divided into units, and for which consumers can be
charged , such as food, trash collection, home security etc.
What public policy analysis is?
Chochran & Malone , 1995:
Policy analysis describes investigations that produce accurate and useful information
for decision makers
Dunn , 1981 :
Policy analysis is an applied social science discipline which uses multiple methods of
inquiry and argument to produce and transform policy -relevant information that may be utilzed
in political setting to resolve policy problems
Jenkins-Smith, 1990 :
Policy analysis is a set of techniques and criteria with which to evaluate public policy
options and select among them .... to rationalize the development and implementation of public
policy .... and as the means to greater efficiency and equity in allocation of public resources
CHARACTERISTICS
( H.Lasswell , 1971 ):
OF
PUBLIC
POLICY
ANALYSIS
. MULTI-METHODS
2. MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
3. PROBLEM-FOCUSED
4. CORCERNED TO MAP THE CONTEXTUALITY OF THE POLICY PROCESS,
POLICY OPTION AND POLICY OUTCOMES
5. WHOSE GOALS IS TO INTEGRATE KNOWLEDGE INTO AN OVERARCHING
DISCIPLINE TO ANALYSE PUBLIC CHOICES AND DECISION MAKING AND
THEREBY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF SOCIETY
Two
Main
Concerns
:
( C.L.Cochran & E.F.Malone , 1995 )
Positive Analysis
Positive
&
Normative
Analysis
Normative Analysis
1. A concern with understanding how
1. Is directed toward st
the policy process works
public policy ought to
2. Strives to understand publc policy as
the general welfare
it is
2. Deals with statement inv
3. Endeavors to explain how various
judgments about what sh
social and political forces would
example : “ The cost of h
change policy
Indonesia is too high”. Th
4. Tries to pursue truth through the
cannot be confirmed by refe
process of tesing hypotheses by
Whether the cost is too
measuring them against the
appropriate is based on a g
standard of real-world expe-riences
Its validity depends upon on
5. Usually deals with assertions of cause
ethical views. Individuals m
and effect :
the facts of healthcare costs
“ If the Indonesian government raises
over their ethical judgments
interest rates , then consumers will borrow
implications of “the cost of he
less “. This statement may be tested by
setting-up an experiment within a state.
The results may confirm or refute the
statement .
Models of Public Policy Analysis
The Policy Making Process : “ public policy not as a product of government
but as a political process “ . (1) Problem formation ;(2) Policy formulation ; (3)
Policy adoption ; (4) Policy implementation ; and (5) Policy evaluation .
1.2 The Causes and Consequences of Public Policies :” the focus is on either
intended or unintended impacts of governmental decisions or non-decisions “
( the results of government action or inaction ). (1) Public policy inputs ----(2) Policy conversion process ----- (3) Public Policy outputs ----- (4) Public
policy outcomes ------ (5) Public policy feedback ----- ( back to no.1 )
1.3
Public Policy Prescription : “ attempts to use a variety of economic, mathematical, computer science and operations research techniques to systemati-
cally help us answer the question : What policy should we pursue in the future ? And often attempts to find ways of making policy a more rational
process, and mostly never deals with the issue directly but to prescribe ways
of improving the policymaking process.
SUMMARY:
public Policy analysis is "determining which of various alternative policies will most achieve
a given set of goals in light of the relations between the policies and the goals. However, policy
analysis can be divided into two major fields. Analysis of policy is analytical and descriptive i.e.
it attempts to explain policies and their development. Analysis for policy is prescriptive. It is
involved with formulating policies and proposals (e.g., to improve social welfare). The area of
interest and the purpose of analysis determine what type of analysis is conducted.
This public policy presents a structured process Based on an analytical framework that
reflects a public health perspective, while at the same time integrating other concerns of policy
makers. The document addresses four questions:
 What public policies do this analytical framework applies to?
 In what types of situations is it useful?
 Which policy facets does it focus on?
 How is the analysis carried out?
The term policy analysis has many functions. It may analyze the components of public policy
making process, such as policy formation and policy implementation