Presentation Pro
CHAPTER 8
Political Parties
© 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc.
CHAPTER 8
Political Parties
PART 1
Parties and What They Do
PART 2
The Two-Party System
PART 3
The Two-Party System in American History
PART 4
The Minor Parties
PART 5
Party Organization
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Chapter 5
Political Parties – Day 1 activities
• Chapter 8 Vocabulary sheet
• YouTube video – Where US politics came from
• Part 1 Notes: Political parties and what they do
• 2015 CNBC Republican debate clip
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Part 1
Parties and What They Do
• What is a political party?
• What are the major functions of political
parties?
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Chapter 5, Section 1
What Is a Party?
• A political party is a group of persons who
seek to control government by winning
elections and holding office.
• The two major parties in American politics
are the Republican and Democratic parties.
• Parties can be principle-oriented, issueoriented, or election-oriented. The
American parties are election-oriented.
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Chapter 5, Section 1
What Do Parties Do?
• Nominate Candidates
• Inform and Activate Supporters
• Act as a Bonding Agent
• Govern
• Act as a Watchdog
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Chapter 5, Section 1
What Do Parties Do?
• Nominate Candidates—Recruit,
choose, and present candidates for
public office.
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Chapter 5, Section 1
What Do Parties Do?
• Inform and Activate Supporters—
Campaign, define issues, educate,
and criticize other candidates.
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Chapter 5, Section 1
What Do Parties Do?
• Act as a Bonding Agent—
Guarantee that their candidate is
worthy of the office.
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Chapter 5, Section 1
What Do Parties Do?
• Govern—Members of government
act according to their partisanship,
or firm allegiance to a party.
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Chapter 5, Section 1
What Do Parties Do?
• Act as a Watchdog—Parties that
are out of power keep a close eye
on the actions of the party in power
for a blunder to use against them in
the next election.
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Chapter 5, Section 1
What Do Parties Do?
•
•
•
•
•
Nominate Candidates—Recruit, choose, and present
candidates for public office.
Inform and Activate Supporters—Campaign, define
issues, educate, and criticize other candidates.
Act as a Bonding Agent—Guarantee that their candidate
is worthy of the office.
Govern—Members of government act according to their
partisanship, or firm allegiance to a party.
Act as a Watchdog—Parties that are out of power keep a
close eye on the actions of the party in power for a blunder
to use against them in the next election.
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Chapter 5, Section 1
Part 1 Review
1. A political party can be
(a) principle-oriented.
(b) issue-oriented.
(c) election-oriented.
(d) all of the above.
2. Political parties fulfill all of the following functions EXCEPT
(a) acting as watchdog.
(b) informing and activating supporters.
(c) supplying all campaign funding.
(d) governing by partisanship.
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Chapter 5, Section 1
Nominate candidates – an example
•
2015 CNBC Republican debate clip
 What are some of the common subjects / opinions of the
Republicans?
 What was Ted Cruz so angry about?
 Which one looked more presidential?
 Which candidate sounded more presidential?
 Which candidate offered an idea you liked? Disliked?
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Nominate candidates – an example
•
2015 Fox Business News Republican Debate Clip (Part 5)
 What are some of the common subjects / opinions of the
Republicans?
 Which one looked more presidential?
 Which candidate sounded more presidential?
 Which candidate offered an idea you liked? Disliked?
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U.S. Political Parties:
Characteristics
• Democratic Party
Key Point: Government
exists to protect the “Little
Guy”
Tends to Attract
 Working people (blue
collar)
 Liberals
 Catholics
 Minorities
 Union Members
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U.S. Political Parties:
Characteristics
• Republican Party
Key Point: Government
exists to protect Life,
Liberty, and Property
Tends to attract
 Businesspeople (white
collar)
 Protestants
 Conservatives
 Non-minorities
 Non-union supporters
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Democrats:
The Issues
• Abortion:
Pro Choice
Favors contraceptive education to prevent
necessity of abortion
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Democrats:
The Issues
•
Environment:
Support stronger environmental laws and protection of nature
Push for cleaner air and water
Support funding for preservation (Everglades in FL; Redwoods
in CA, etc…)
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Democrats:
The Issues
• Gay Rights:
Should be protected from workplace discrimination and hate
crimes
Should be given equal work benefits like more traditional
families
Largely oppose President Bush’s proposal to ban gay marriage
through a Constitutional Amendment
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Democrats:
The Issues
•
Gun Control:
Strong advocates for gun control
Supported both the Brady Bill and the Assault Weapons Ban
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Democrats:
The Issues
• Health Care:
Push for more Heath Care funding (Medicare, Children’s Health
Insurance Program)
In favor of program to ensure all Americans have quality,
affordable health care. (100% government funded)
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Democrats:
The Issues
• Foreign Policy:
Generally much more supportive of international agencies than
are Republicans – support NATO and the UN
More skeptical of the Bush Administration’s rush to war than
were the Republicans
Very skeptical of the handling of the reconstruction of Iraq
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Democrats:
The Issues
•
Education:
More funding for struggling schools is necessary
Highly critical of No Child Left Behind, which has been under
funded
Tax money should not be used on religious schools
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Democrats:
The Issues
• Social Security:
Fundamental right of Americans
Best way to protect is to maintain federal government control
Largely oppose privatizing
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Democrats:
The Issues
• Welfare:
Support increased child care for welfare recipients so they are
more able to work steady jobs
Support funding for job training so recipients will be more
competitive in the job market
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Democrats:
The Issues
• Women’s Rights:
For over 20 years, have been pushing to ratify the Treaty of the
Rights of Women that arose from the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(would be a statement on America’s part saying that we
support equal rights for all women)
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Democrats:
The Issues
• Worker’s Rights:
Favor labor unions and workers rights
• Includes right to organize free from harassment and the right to
challenge employers for disability and discrimination cases.
Support worker movements to increase the minimum wage and
worker benefits
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Democratic Party
Democratic Debate
Saturday, November 14, 2015
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Republicans:
The Issues
•
Abortion: Pro-life; Anti-Choice
Prefers funding go towards marriage education and abstinence
only campaigns
Have tried several times to pass statutes that would allow
prosecution of acts that harm fetuses
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Republicans:
The Issues
• Environment:
Favor the exploration of all resources in the U.S. for energy
production and have generally opposed looking for more
environment-friendly power alternatives
Pushed for oil drilling in ANWR, the building of more nuclear
power plants, a shift towards the use of coal, and have
submitted proposals that would weaken the Clean Air Act
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Republicans:
The Issues
•
Gay Rights:
Against giving gays equal rights in the eyes of the law
“We do not believe sexual preference should be given special
legal protection or standing in law”
Oppose idea of gay marriage; seek to define marriage as union
between man and woman
Supports amendment to the Constitution defining marriage
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Republicans:
The Issues
• Gun Control:
Favors allowing the sale of firearms to proceed more easily, and
with fewer safety precautions
Opposes any new gun-control laws
Fought the regulation and banning of assault weapons
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Republicans:
The Issues
• Health Care:
Believes health care should work within the free market system
where competition will lower the costs of healthcare (no
federal govt. involvement)
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Republicans:
The Issues
•
Foreign Policy:
Have brushed aside international
organizations in favor of
unilateral policy of preemption
Bush Doctrine supports
preemptive invasion when
necessary to protect the security
of the U.S.
Argue that the use of American
military force is essential for
keeping the world safe for
Democracy
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Republicans:
The Issues
• Education:
Support both the “No Child Left Behind” program and the
school vouchers
Favor school vouchers because they think that by giving students
more educational options, including religious schooling, a
competitive market will be created
• Argue public schools will be forced to improve in order to retain
students
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Republicans:
The Issues
• Social Security: Favor privatization of social security
Citizens will be able to opt to place portions of money that
would have gone into Social Security into other types of
accounts. Accounts will give the opportunity to play the stock
market in an attempt to increase returns. (takes away Federal
responsibility)
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Republicans:
The Issues
• Welfare:
Favors increasing the mandatory work week for those receiving
government assistance
Support cuts in child care and training funding while pushing
$200 million for marriage education
Pushing for more funding for religious organizations and
charities, which then will be responsible to caring for our
nation’s poor
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Republicans:
The Issues
• Workers’ Rights:
Favor the rights of businesses to maximize profits
Favors workers and management working together to do what is
in the best of all involved; no outside influences
Believes Labor Unions often restrict production of businesses
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Democrat or Republican?
Who am I? Activity
____________
“Positive” v “Negative”
Rights
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The parties on the issues
Democrats
•
•
•
•
•
Pro-Choice
Anti-gun ownership
More government
regulation
More taxes on the
wealthy
Support the poor,
environment, workers
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Republicans
•
•
•
•
•
Pro-Life
Pro-Gun ownership
Less government
regulation
Less taxes
Supports capitalism and
the free market
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Political cartoons
Democrat Donkey
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Political cartoons
Republican Elephant
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Political Cartoon Analysis
•
•
•
What is a political cartoon?
Where do you find them?
How do artists show their opinions / point of view?
 Symbolism – image represents something else
 Analogy – connecting two issues
 Exaggeration – taking a concept/feature to the extreme
 Labeling – attaching negative/positive terms
 Irony – showing a contradiction of opinions
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Cartoon techniques: Symbolism:
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Cartoon techniques: Analogy
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Cartoon techniques: Exaggeration
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Cartoon techniques: Labeling
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Cartoon techniques: Irony
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Political Cartoon Activity
• Search online for political cartoons
 Google images: “Political cartoons”
 Cagle cartoons, Democrat cartoons,
republican cartoons
• Pick two cartoons you like (and
understand!) and fill in answers on the
form for each.
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Part 2
The Two-Party System
• Why does the United States have a two-party
system?
• How do multiparty and one-party systems function
and what are their influences on government?
• What membership characteristics do American
parties have?
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Chapter 5, Section 2
Why a Two-Party System?
• The Historical Basis.
• The Force of Tradition.
• The Electoral System.
• Ideological Consensus.
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Chapter 5, Section 2
Why a Two-Party System?
• The Historical Basis. The nation
started out with two-parties: the
Federalists and the AntiFederalists.
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Chapter 5, Section 2
Why a Two-Party System?
• The Force of Tradition.
America
has a two-party system because it
always has had one. Minor
parties, lacking wide political
support, have never made a
successful showing, so people are
reluctant to support them.
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Chapter 5, Section 2
Why a Two-Party System?
• The Electoral System. Certain
features of government, such as
single-member districts, are
designed to favor two major parties.
• Members tend to get “plurality”
• People hate “wasting a vote”
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Chapter 5, Section 2
Why a Two-Party System?
• Ideological Consensus. Most
Americans have a general agreement
on fundamental matters. Conditions
that would spark several strong rival
parties do not exist in the United States.
• R’s & D’s are alike in many ways
(Ex. Growth of gov., spending, debt, war)
The Simpsons: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v7XXSt9XRM
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Chapter 5, Section 2
Multi-Party Systems
• European countries have multiparty systems
• Each party tends to be based on a particular
interest
• Leads to coalitions having to be made to
govern
Coalition – Temporary alliance of several
groups who come together to form a
working majority in order to control the
government.
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Multiparty Systems
Advantages
• Provides broader
representation of the
people.
Disadvantages
• Cause parties to form
coalitions, which can
dissolve easily.
• More responsive to the • Failure of coalitions
will of the people.
• Give voters more
can cause instability in
government.
choices at the polls.
•
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=CFlebpKS30w
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Chapter 5, Section 2
One-Party Systems
• Only one party is allowed to run for
office
 Most dictatorships, Communist
countries
• Some parts of the U.S. have been
modified One-party systems
 Big cities: Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago,
New York, Wash., D.C., etc. (Democrat)
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One-Party Systems
Types of One-Party
Systems
One Party
Systems where
only one party is
allowed.
Modified One-Party
Systems where one
party regularly wins
most elections
Example:
Example:
Dictatorships such as
Stalinist Russia
Republican North and
Democratic South until the
1950s.
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Chapter 5, Section 2
Party Membership Patterns
Factors that can influence party membership:
Family
Major events
Economic Status
Religion
Occupation
Age
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Chapter 5, Section 2
Party Membership Patterns
• Membership in parties is voluntary
• Political parties tend to have a cross section of
support from various groups
• Democrats – African-Americans, Catholics,
Jews, and union members
• Republicans – white males, protestants,
and the business community (esp. small
businesses)
•The biggest pattern - family preference (2/3)
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Other Membership Patterns
• History & Events
 Based on world events and/or which
party was in charge (WW2=D, 80’s=R)
• Income
 Higher incomes = Republicans
 Lower incomes = Democrats
• Other factors
 Age, location, education levels, work
environment, and religion
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Part 3
The Minor (Third) Parties *********
• What types of minor parties have been active in
American politics?
• Why are minor parties important even though
they seldom elect national candidates?
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Chapter 5, Section 4
Third Parties
• What are Third Parties?
Parties representing minority opinions that challenge the
Democrats and Republicans
Some successful Third Parties:
• Populist Party – 1890’s
• Progressive Party – split off from Rep. Part in 1912
• Libertarian Party – third most popular party in U.S. today
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Minor (3rd)Parties in the United States
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Chapter 5, Section 4
Minor Parties in the United States
Types of Minor
Parties
Ideological
Parties
Single-issue
Parties
Economic Protest
Parties
Example:
Libtertarian
Party
Example: Free
Soil Party
Example: The
Greenback Party
(mid-1800’s)
(late 1800’s – antimonopoly)
Anti-slavery in
new states
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Splinter Party
Example: “Bull
Moose” Progressive
Party
(Teddy Roosevelt)
Chapter 5, Section 4
Third Parties
• Kinds of Third Parties
1. Parties Tied to a Single Issue:
 Examples:
 Prohibition Party: formed in 1872 to support
banning of alcohol in the U.S.
 U.S. Marijuana Party: formed to support the
legalization of marijuana in the U.S.
 Green Party: formed to protect the environment
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Third Parties
• Kinds of Third Parties
2. Parties Tied to a Political/Ideological Belief
 Examples:
 Libertarian
Party
Socialist Parties
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Third Parties
• Kinds of Third Parties
3. Splinter parties / Parties Tied to a Single Candidate
 Examples:
 Reform Party – formed around Presidential candidate
Ross Perot in 1996
 American Independent Party – formed around
Presidential candidate George Wallace in 1968
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Third Parties
• Kinds of Third Parties
4. Economic protest party (usually anti-capitalist)
 Examples:
 Democratic Socialist Party – Bernie Sanders
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
America First Party
American Heritage Party
American Independent Party
American Nazi Party
Communist Party USA
Constitution Party
Family Values Party
Grassroots Party
Green Party
Independence Party
Labor Party
Libertarian Party
Light Party
Natural Law Party
The Third Party
Worker’s World Party
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Peace and Freedom Party
Prohibition Party
Reform party
The Revolution
Socialist Party, USA
Southern Independence Party
U.S. Pacifist Party
Veterans Party of America
We the People Party
Knights Party
Libertarian National Socialist Green
Party
Pansexual Peace Party
Pot Party
Constitutional Action Party
American Falangist Party
U.S. Marijuana Party
5
Why Minor Parties Are Important
Minor parties play several important roles:
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Chapter 5,5,Section
Chapter
Section 4
4
Why Minor Parties Are Important
Minor parties play several important roles:
“Spoiler Role”
• Minor party candidates can pull
decisive votes away from one of the
major parties’ candidates, especially if
the minor party candidate is from a
splinter party.
•
•
•
Sanders: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNmx3qKmI8Y
Paul: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPzXCacwPBY
Ross Perot, Donald Trump?
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Chapter 5,5,Section
Chapter
Section 4
4
Why Minor Parties Are Important
Minor parties play several important roles:
“Spoiler Role”
Democrats
48
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Republicans NO 3rd Party
52
1 2 3 4 5
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Chapter 5,5,Section
Chapter
Section 4
4
Why Minor Parties Are Important
Minor parties play several important roles:
“Spoiler Role”
Democrats
48
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Republicans NO 3rd Party
52
1 2 3 4 5
----
Chapter 5,5,Section
Chapter
Section 4
4
Why Minor Parties Are Important
Minor parties play several important roles:
“Spoiler Role”
Democrats
Republicans
3rd Party
48
46
6
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Chapter 5,5,Section
Chapter
Section 4
4
Why Minor Parties Are Important
Minor parties play several important roles:
“Spoiler Role”
Democrats
Republicans
3rd Party
48
46
6
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Chapter 5,5,Section
Chapter
Section 4
4
Why Minor Parties Are Important
Minor parties play several important roles:
“Critic”
• Minor parties, especially single-issue
parties, often take stands on and draw
attention to controversial issues that the
major parties would prefer to ignore.
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Chapter 5,5,Section
Chapter
Section 4
4
Why Minor Parties Are Important
Minor parties play several important roles:
Innovator
• Often, minor parties will draw attention
to important issues and propose
innovative solutions to problems. If
these proposals gain popular support,
they are often integrated into the
platforms of the two major parties.
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Chapter 5,5,Section
Chapter
Section 4
4
Why Minor Parties Are Important
Minor Party Computer Activity
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Chapter 5,5,Section
Chapter
Section 4
4
Part 4
Party Organization
• Why do the major parties have a decentralized
structure?
• How does the national party machinery and the
State and local party machinery operate?
• What are the three components of the parties?
• What are the future possibilities for the major
parties?
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Chapter 5, Section 5
The Decentralized Nature of the Parties
Both of the major parties are highly
decentralized and fragmented.
Why?
•
•
•
The party out of power lacks a strong leader.
The federal system distributes powers widely, in turn causing the
parties to be decentralized.
The nominating process pits party members against one another
because only one person can chosen to be the party’s
presidential candidate.
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Chapter 5, Section 5
National Party Machinery
The National
Convention
The Congressional
Campaign
Committees
The National
Chairperson
The National
Committee
All four elements of both major parties work together loosely to
achieve the party’s goals.
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Chapter 5, Section 5
State and Local Party Machinery
State and local party organization varies from State to
State, but usually follow the general principles below.
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Chapter 5, Section 5
The Three Components of the Party
Party
Components
The Party
Organization:
The Party in the
Electorate
The Party in
Government
Those who run and
control the party
machinery.
Those who always or
almost always vote
for party candidates.
Those who hold
office in the
government.
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Chapter 5, Section 5
The Future of Major Parties
Weakened connections to political parties:
For voters :
For candidates:
•
•
•
More people are unwilling
to label themselves as
“Democrats” or
“Republicans”
Split-ticket voting—voting
for candidates of different
parties for different offices
at the same election
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•
•
Structural changes have increased
conflict and disorganization within
parties
Changes in the technology of
campaigning, especially the use of
television and the Internet, have
made candidates more independent
of the party organization
The growth of single-issue
organizations provides candidates
with another source of financial
support
5
Chapter 5, Section 5
Part 4 Review
1. Where did the decentralized structure of the two major parties
originate?
(a) with the Fourteenth Amendment
(b) popular opinion demanded decentralization
(c) the Federalist nature of the government
(d) all of the above
2. All of the following are factors in the present, weakened state of
parties EXCEPT
(a) split-ticket voting.
(b) changes in the technology of campaigning.
(c) scandal surrounding national conventions.
(d) the growth of single-issue organizations.
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Chapter 5, Section 5