USING YOUR ATLAS
ORIENTATION IN SPACE
Using your atlas
I. Table of contents
Hungary
page: ...-...
Europe
page: ...-...
Africa
page: ...-...
Asia
page: ...-...
America
page: ...-...
Australia and Oceania
Polar regions
The Earth
Index
page: ...-...
page: ...-...
page: ...-...
page: ...-...
II. Legend
1. The legend explains you what all the symbols used by the map mean
III. Index is the alphabetical list of all locations to be found in the atlas
1.
Square grid network helps you to find any geographical location quickly
- numbers representing page numbers and in case of more map per
page, the number of the map
- combination of letters and numbers
- red letters and numbers around the frame of the map
- thin blue parallels of latitudes and lines of longitudes bordering the
squares
2. Exercise. Search for the item given below!
Kampala – Give the country it belongs to!
3. Exercise. Answer the questions with the combination of
the index and the legend!
Skelleftea
continent:
country:
altitude:
raw materials(3):
branches of industry(2):
number of population:
Main features of maps
I. Definition
A map is a plane representation of the
proportionately reduced surface of the
Earth using conventional symbols.
II. Main types of maps
1. Sorted by content
a, topographical maps: depicting objects on the surface in
the fullest detail
b, geographical maps: relief, hydrography
c, thematic maps: depicting certain topics on the map, e.g.:
geological, forestry, touristic, road, climatic maps
2. Sorted by scale
a, large scale:
1:500 – 1:100 000 in great detail
b, medium scale: 1:100 000 – 1:500 000 e.g: counties
c, small scale:
1:500 000 –
maps of continents
Scale shows you the ratio of reduction, i.e. how long 1 cm
on the map in the reality is. E.g.: if the scale of our map
is 1:200 000, it means, that 1 cm is in the reality 200 000
cm (2 km).
[1m=100cm; 1km=1 000m; 1km =100 000cm]
III. Exercise.
1, The scale of our map is 1:50 000. There is
an 8cm long highway indicated on the
map. Calculate how long that section of
the highway in the reality is!
2, 1:200 000, 8cm – 16
IV. Main parts of a map
1. Title
2. Frame
3. Line scale
4. Scale
5. Symbols, hue, font, etc.
6. Search engine
7. Network of latitudes and longitudes
V. Exercise. Measure the distances between the following
settlements in your atlas with a stripe of paper and the
help of the actual line scale!
1. Solt – Kecskemét: 54 km
2. Barcelona – Pamplona: 350 km
3. Atlanta – Miami: 930 km
VI . Symbols on the map
1. Depiction of relief
- contour line: a line connecting points with the same altitude
- hue: the larger the number (indicating depth or hight), the darker the colour
- hachure: shading, the most spectacular way of depicting relief
2. Planimetry: representation of natural and artificial elements on the surface
- hydrography (rivers, streams, lakes, seas, oceans)
- borders
- settlements (homesteads, villages, towns, cities)
- roads
- cables
- vegetation
3. Nomination
- names with different types of letters
- numbers with different font types and colours
- explanations
Vocabulary
orientation
talbe of contents
symbol
legend
square grid network
represent
geographical location
paralell
line of latitude
line of longitude
altitude, height above
sea level
branch of industry
number of population
definition
plane
representation
reduced
surface
conventional
tájékozódás
tartalomjegyzék
jel
jelmagyarázat
keresőrendszer
jelez
földrajzi hely
párhuzamos
szélességi vonal
hosszúsági vonal
tengerszint feletti
magasság
iparág
lakosságszám
meghatározás
sík(beli)
ábrázolás
kicsinyített
felszín
egyezményes
sort
topographical
depict
in the fullest detail
relief
hydrography
thematic
topic
geology
climate
forestry
scale
frame
line scale
hue
hachure
contour line
planimetry
settlement
cable
nomination
csoportosít
topográfiai
ábrázol
a legrészletesebben
domborzat
vízrajz
tematikus
téma
földtan
éghajlat
erdőgazdálkodás
(méret)arány
keret
vonalas aránymérték
színárnyalat
árnyékolás
szintvonal
síkrajz
település
vezeték
névrajz
Orientation in space
Definitions:
Horizon is the line where sky and earth seem to meet, and there are four main
orientation points: north, south, west and east.
To find the northern direction you should use a compass, a gnomon, the
shadow at noon, a traditional watch or at night the Pole Star. Having
identified the northern direction, you also have to determinate your position
on the map by measurement or by resection.
Network of latitudes and longitudes is an artificial system for orientation on the
surface of the Earth. It allows you to give the exact place of any location on
Earth.
I. Paralleles of latitudes
- the main parallel of latitude is the Equator, the longest line of latitude, its
length equals to the periphery of the Earth
- a parallel is expressed by degree, minute and second (1°=60’=360’’),
which represent the angle of an opposite angle of a triangle described from
the center of the Earth along the Equator
- other notable latitudes are the Tropic of Capricorn (23,5° N), the Tropic of
Cancer (23,5° S), the Arctic Circle (66,5° N), the Antarctic Circle (66,5° S)
- parallels of latitudes are parallel, shrink from the Equator, and end up in a
point at the poles
II. Lines of longitudes
- the starting line of longitudes (the Prime
Meridian) is by agreement the line running
through the observatory in London, Greenwich
(0°)
- longitudes are measured by degree, minute
and second (1°=60’=360’’), 180° to the west and
180° to the east from the Prime Meridian
- other notable longitude is the International
Date Line (when crossing from west to east
subtracts, from east to west adds one day)
- longitudes cross each other at the poles and
their length is equal, that is the periphery of the
Earth
III. Find the cities and use the legend to answer all questions!
1, 48° N, 0° 10’E
continent:
country:
name of the city: L
number of population:
industry:
2, 5° S, 119° 30’ E
continent:
country:
island:
name of the city: U
number of population:
industry:
raw material:
3, 19° S, 47 °E
continent:
country:
name of the city:
number of population:
4. Give latitudinal and longitudinal data for
the following settlements or peaks!
Mount Logan:
Lop-nor lake:
Ouagadougou:
Budapest:
Vocabulary
horizon
cardinal points
artificial
compass
Pole Star
orientation
determination
bisect
coincide
measurement
resection
standpoint
parallel of latitude
line of longitude
horizontal
vertical
periphery
diameter
diagonal
opposite angle
horizont
fő égtájak
mesterséges
iránytű
Sarkcsillag
tájolás
meghatározás
kettéoszt
egybe esik
mérés
visszametszés
tartózkodási hely
szélességi kör
hosszúsági kör
vízszintes
függőleges
kerület
átmérő
átló
csúcsszög
notable
nevezetes
Tropic of Cancer
Ráktérítő
Tropic of Capricorn
Baktérítő
Arctic Circle
Északi Sarkkör
Antarctic Circle
Déli Sarkkör
Prime Meridian
kezdő délkör
observatory
csilagvizsgáló
International Date Line Dátumválasztó
apperent
látszólagos
local time
helyi idő
orbit
pálya
zone time
zónaidő
Orientation in time
Definition: Time is change, which started in our Universe with the Big Bang 13.7
billion years ago. Humans measure this change with units connected to the
apparent movement of the Sun.
I. Concepts
1. Local time
- starting point is the highest position on the apparent daily orbit of the Sun
- it is different on every meridian
2. Zone time
- was introduced to meet the demands of economy
- 24 time zones, each covering 15°(24*15°=360°) with one hour difference
- Greenwhich Mean Time (GMT)(Universal Time), Central European Time
(CET)
II. Exercises
1. What is local and zone time in the cities with the following coordinates at 12
am GMT?
a, 45° N, 65° E local time:
zone time:
b, 70° S, 120° W local time:
zone time:
Summary
I. Main parts of maps
II. Symbols on the map
III. Main types of maps
IV. Exercises
1. Measuring distance
2. Calculate with the scale
3. Use network of latitudes and longitudes
4. Use index
5. Local time and zone time
V. Exercises
1. Find the cities and use the legend to answer all the questions!
a, settlement: 50°N, 22°E
continent: ………………………………
country: ………………………………..
name of the city: R……………………….
industry: ……………………………….
b, settlement: 59°N, 151°E
continent: …………………………….
country: ………………………………..
name of the city: M……………………….
industry: ……………………………….
industry: ……………………………….
2. Look up the following cities in your atlas and give accurate latitudinal and longitudinal data for them!
New Orleans, Szentpétervár, Köln, Hirosima, Sydney, Budapest