Completing the
Thirteen Colonies
1619 – 1700
Martin Luther
and the
Birth of
Protestantism
Luther's Ninety-five Theses
Martin Luther, a German
monk, begins the
Reformation in 1517 by
posting his 95 Theses on
the church door in
Wittenberg, Germany.
Luther's opposition to
the sale of indulgences
prompted his fight with
Rome.
An indulgence was
a release from the
penalties to be
paid for sin.
His Ninety-five
Theses raised
many theological
issues and
initiated a long
period of debate
in Europe.
Luther rejected
the idea that
salvation could
be achieved by
good works,
such as
indulgences.
He concluded that
faith was central to
Christianity and the
only means of
salvation.
He stated that
religious authority
rests with the Bible,
not the pope.
Luther rejected all of
the sacraments
except baptism and
communion.
Calvinism
John Calvin, a French
scholar who became a
leading preacher and
dominant force in the
Reformation of the
sixteenth century, was a
church leader in
Geneva, Switzerland.
Calvinism
Calvin, in his Institutes of
Christian Religion, taught the
doctrine of predestination -that some souls were Elect
and chosen by God to go to
heaven.
Calvinists looked for signs
of a visible conversion.
Those who had this act of
grace were the Visible
Saints and were expected
to act accordingly.
Many Englishmen
became followers of
John Calvin of
Geneva.
Puritans
Many Calvinists in
England sought to
purify the Church of
England of its “Papist”
trappings.
Separatists
Some Puritans believed
the Church to be
beyond redemption and
wanted to separate
themselves from the
church.
New England
1620 - English Separatists
(called Pilgrims) gained
permission from the
Virginia Co. to settle in the
New World.
The Pilgrim’s ship the
Mayflower landed at
Plymouth in
Massachusetts Bay
outside the Virginia
territory.
THE MAYFLOWER
Pilgrims signed the
Mayflower Compact claiming the right to
self government.
Plymouth Colony
The first winter in New
England killed over half of
the colonists. - Second year’s
harvest led to Thanksgiving.
The Pilgrims were led by
William Bradford and aided
by soldier Miles Standish - a
non-puritan.
The Plymouth Colony
survived but did not prosper.
Charles I (1625 - 1649)
Back in England, Charles I
dismissed parliament in 1629
and backed the anti-Puritan
persecutions of Archbishop
William Laud.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
In 1630, a more prosperous
group of Puritans under the
leadership of John Winthrop
established the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
on the Charles River.
Winthrop called for the
colony to be a “city
upon a hill” - a beacon
of Christian light to the
world.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration of the
1630’s saw 15,000 puritans
come to the Massachusetts
Bay Colony - which
flourished.
The Puritans
followed the
“Protestant
Ethic” of hard
work and
thrift.
The Economic Nature of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Infertile and rocky soil made
plantation farming
impractical.
Small subsistence farms
became prevalent.
Cod become a staple fish
and fishing a main industry.
The colony became a major
wood source, and as a
result, a big shipbuilding
center.
The Creation of Theocracy
Although separation of Church
and State was officially
practiced here, and a legislative
assembly was created, called
the General Court, the colony
was an unofficial theocracy.
Church membership was
required to have the right to
vote, and church leaders often
exercised influence over political
affairs, even though they were
not allowed to directly hold
office.
The Church fathers also tried
to exercise strict control over
the morals of the colony’s
inhabitants.
Religious and political
dissent soon gave rise to
new colonies.
Trouble in Paradise
Anne Hutchinson
1636 - Anne
Hutchinson attacked
the Church as
unnecessary -- she
claimed revelations
from God and
believed in
Antinomianism.
The Rhode Island Sewer
In 1636 - Salem preacher
Roger Williams criticized the
Puritan Church and was set
to be banished. He fled to
Narrangansett Bay.
Rhode Island (Chartered in
1644) became a haven for
religious outcasts with complete
freedom of religion even for
Jews and Catholics.
Anne Hutchinson fled to Rhode
Island and was later killed by
Indians in New York.
New England Spreads Out
1636 - Thomas Hooker
founded the Hartford Colony
in Connecticut – drafting the
Fundamental Orders (1st
constitution in America).
Charles I
1640 - 1653 -- Long Parliament
dominated by Puritans
1642 - 1646 - English Civil War
- fought between Roundheads
and Cavaliers.
1643 - The New England
Confederation
The New England
Confederation, founded in 1643,
was created for the defense of
the colonists against Indians,
French and Dutch binding four
New England colonies together.
Non-Puritan Rhode Island
and Maine were excluded.
It marked the first steps
towards colonial unity.
King Philip’s War
The Confederation was
successful in ultimately
defeating the Indian chief
“King Philip” in 1676.
1649 - Charles I was Beheaded
Charles II was proclaimed
king by royalists (in exile).
1679 - New Hampshire
gained a charter and broke
from Massachusetts.
Interregnum 1649 - 1660
Oliver Cromwell ruled as
Lord Protector
Navigation Acts were passed
Maine was joined to
Massachusetts.
The Dutch in the New World
The Dutch hired
English sailor
Henry Hudson who
discovered the
Hudson River and
New Netherlands
for Holland.
New Netherlands
1624 - The Dutch
West India
Company planted
a colony at the
mouth of the
Hudson after
buying Manhattan
Island for $24 in
trade goods.
The Dutch colony
was an Aristocratic
society controlled
by the company.
Feudal estates,
called
Patroonships, were
established up the
Hudson.
New Amsterdam
A city was
established on
Manhattan and
became a
cosmopolitan
center for the
Dutch fur trade.
Neighbor Problems
The Dutch fought with
Indians, the New Englanders
and the Swedish on the
Delaware.
Peter Stuyvesant helped to
defeat New Sweden .
The Restoration
Charles II returns to England
after the death of Oliver
Cromwell.
Connecticut
1662 - Charles II chartered the
Connecticut Colony by
combining the New Haven and
Connecticut Valley colonies.
Charles punished Massachusetts
Bay for supposed disobedience,
giving Connecticut
a sea to sea charter.
The Middle Colonies
1664 - Charles II offered New
Amsterdam to his brother
James if he took it from the
Dutch – which he did.
New York was founded in 1664.
1664- James gave land to
Lord Berkeley and Sir George
Carteret who founded New
Jersey.
Pennsylvania and Delaware.
1681 - William Penn, a
Quaker, founded
Pennsylvania on the
banks of the Delaware
River as a haven for
persecuted Quakers.
In the mid-1600s, the Religious
Society of Friends, known as
Quakers, arose in England.
The Quaker religion was rather
simple and egalitarian. Quaker
services are conducted in a
fashion where all can speak
when they feel moved.
Quakers were pacifists and
refused to take oaths.
They were often persecuted
because they refused to pay
taxes for the Church of
England or to take oaths
declaring they were not
Catholics administered by the
British government.
Penn heavily advertised his
colony and attracted many
western Europeans with liberal
government and land policies.
Philadelphia was one of the
most well planned cities in the
colonies.
Penn and the Indians
The Quakers, at least at the
beginning, were fair towards
the Indians and bought land
from Chief Tammany.
Penn’s Experiment
Democratic and social
reforms were practiced.
Pennsylvania, unlike many
colonies, had no established
Church.
Religious freedom was
guaranteed, although Jew and
Catholics could not
vote.
Penn’s Legacy
William Penn died brokenhearted after spending time in
prison for treason.
The legacy of religious
tolerance, freedom and
democracy influenced the
future.
Delaware
1685 - former Swedish land
on the Delaware River was
added to Pennsylvania but
the land eventually became
the independent colony of
Delaware in 1703.
More Troubles for New
England
In 1684 Charles II revoked
the Massachusetts Bay
Colony charter.
James II
In 1685 “Catholic” James II
became of England.
Dominion of New England
In 1686, British authorities put
in place the Dominion of New
England to administer English
Navigation Laws.
This is run by Sir Edmund
Andros, who restricted civil
liberties and cracked down on
smugglers.
He also taxed without the
approval of elected
assemblies.
Glorious Revolution - 1688
In 1688, James II is
forced to leave England
and William and Mary
become monarchs.
The Dominion of New
England abolished and Sir
Edmund Andros was sent
packing.
In 1691, Massachusetts
became a Royal colony.
A period of Salutary
Neglect left the colonies
unmolested.