Unit 7 CP United States History
Civil Rights Part 1
1950’s, 1960’s, Civil Rights
Truman, Eisenhower, JFK, LBJ, Nixon
Civil Rights
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Segregation, Jim Crow Laws
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
NAACP
Thurgood Marshall
Brown vs. Board of Topeka (1954)
Resistance
– KKK
– White Citizens Council
Civil Rights
• Emmett Till (1955)
– From Chicago
– Mississippi
– “bye baby”
– Not guilty
Civil Rights
• Rosa Parks
– Montgomery, Alabama
– Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
– SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
– MLK Jr.
– Supreme Court desegregated busses
Civil Rights
• SCLC & MLK Jr.
– Sit ins
– Marches
– Demonstrations
– Non-violence
– Civil disobedience
– Boycotts
– Cripple them economically
Civil Rights
• Little Rock, Arkansas (1957)
– Central High School
– Governor Orval Faubus
– National Guard
– Eisenhower
– Put National Guard under federal government
Civil Rights
• 1957 Civil Rights Act:
• gave the Attorney General greater
power over desegregation
• federal government authority over
violations
• Use the courts to enforce 15th
amendment
Civil Rights
• SNCC (1960)
– Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
– Immediate change
– Sit ins
Civil Rights
• Greensboro, NC
– Woolworth’s sit ins at lunch counters
Civil Rights
• Freedom Rides (1961)
– SNCC & CORE
– Prohibited segregation in interstate transportation
– Washington DC to Jackson, MS
– Fire bombed & beaten
– Robert Kennedy (Attorney General)
– Federal marshalls sent
– ICC prohibited segregation, sue
Civil Rights
• SNCC vs. SCLC
• MLK believed SNCC to confrontational
• SCLC & SNCC joined in Albany, Ga. (1961)
– Demonstrations & boycotts
– failed
Civil Rights
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Birmingham, Alabama (1963)
“Bombingham”
16th St. Church
Marches
Children’s March
MLK arrested
“Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
Fire hoses
Police dogs
On television, media attention
Civil Rights
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JFK Acts because of Birmingham
Proposed the 1963 Civil Rights Act
Enforce 14th and 15th amendments
Televised speech
Plans for a “March on Washington”
Civil Rights
• Medgar Evers
– Field Secretary of NAACP in Mississippi
– Shot in his drive way
– “Ghosts of Mississippi”
Civil Rights
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August 28, 1963
March on Washington
Over 250,000
A. Philip Randolph
MLK “I Have a Dream”
JFK
• November 22, 1963
• JFK assassinated
Civil Rights
• Johnson gets Congress to pass 1964 Civil
Rights Act
• 1964 Civil Rights Act
– Prohibited discrimination in employment and
public accomidations (no more Jim Crow)
– EEOC
– DOJ to enforce laws
– US government will protect black voting rights
Civil Rights
• Freedom Summer (1964)
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Bob Moses
SNCC
Voter registration
Mississippi
White college students recruited
Schwerner, Cheney, and Goodman
FBI and US military sent in
Shot and beaten
Guility but not of murder
Civil Rights
• Selma, Alabama (1965)
– Voting rights
– 1st attempt March 7th
• Bloody Sunday
• No MLK
Civil Rights
• Selma, Alabama
– 2nd attempt
– March 21, 1965
– 50 miles from Selma to Montgomery
– MLK
– 25,000 walked 5 days
– FBI and National Guard
Unit 7 CP United States History
Civil Rights Part 2
• 1965
– Johnson proposes Voting Rights Act of 1965
– Eliminated literacy tests
– US govt. registers to vote (power away from
states)
– Twenty-Fourth Amendment
– Outlawed the Poll Tax
Civil Rights
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The North (Chicago)
De facto segregation
Where you live
Northern cities
Jobs
Homes
Poverty
Change too slow
SCLC doesn’t work
Civil Rights
• Nation of Islam
– Elijah Muhammad
– Islamic heritage
– A black nation within the United States
Civil Rights
• Malcolm X
– Black Nationalism
– Separate themselves from white America
– Broke away from Nation of Islam
– “any means necessary”
– Began to work with MLK
– Assassinated February 21, 1965
Civil Rights
• Black Panthers
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Black Nationalism & violent action
White flight
Inner cities growing
End de facto segregation
Ensure that black rights weren’t violated by racist cops
Build strong black communities
Fighting poverty
Food programs
Civil Rights
• Poverty
– Riots
– Violence
– Summers of 1965 and 1967
– Detroit, Watts, Hough
Civil Rights
• Education
– Key to fight poverty
– Forced busing
– Boston
Where Are We Now?
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50 year anniversary
De jure segregation gone
De facto segregation still here
33.9% of children in poverty are black
24.2% of African Americans live in poverty
Latinos and Native Americans
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Latinos grew from 3 to 9 million
Mexican: largest group-SW and Ca.
Cuban: Miami, NYC, NJ
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
Cesar Chavez
Cultural Pride “Chicanos” “Brown Power”
Political Power: La Raza Unida
Native Americans
23.1
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Lack of autonomy
Refused to assimilate
1954-Eisenhower Termination policy
1961- Seek an end to Termination policy
1968- National Council on Indian Opportunity
American Indian Movement (AIM)
– Land, burial grounds, violent protest
– Wounded Knee takeover
Native Americans
23.1
• Victories
– Indian Education Act
– Self Determination and Assistance Act
– Sued for their land back
• New Mexico, Alaska
– Legal recognition of tribal lands and financial
reparations
– Casinos
Women Fight for Equality
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Betty Freidan
Feminine Mystique
Feminism
Salary differences
1960: 40% women in workforce
Discrimination, glass ceiling
Women Fight for Equality
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Discriminated within other movements
Women’s Liberation Movement
NOW
EEOC
Gloria Steinem
Ms.
Job requirements, education, Title IX
Roe v Wade
Birth Control Pill
Women Fight for Equality
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• ERA
– 38 states
• Phyllis Schlafly
– Stop ERA campaign
– New Right: pro-family, anti-abortion, conservatism
Women Fight for Equality
23.2
• Legacy
– ERA failed 3 votes
– Transformed women’s roles in the home and in
the workplace
– Career opportunities expanded
– Medical and law school up to 42% and 44%
– 13.5% of elected state offices
Equal Rights Struggle
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Geraldine Ferraro- 1984
Elizabeth Dole- Sec. of Transportation 1983
Income gap
Divorce
Rape and domestic violence
Poverty
He for She- Emma Watson, UN Ambassador,
Gender Equality