DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE
HELMOND
Page 1
THE ENGLISH VERB
We are well aware that Dutch students have great difficulty in using the correct
tenses of English verbs. Sometimes English Grammar is like maths. You simply
study the formulas and you apply them. So perhaps this booklet may show you how
to do it.
The English verb has four imperfect tenses and four perfect tenses. Six will be dealt
with and two briefly mentioned as they are not used regularly.
CONTENTS
PAGE
A.
simple present
p. 3
B.
present continuous
p. 4
C.
simple past
p. 5
D.
past continuous
p. 6
E.
present perfect
p. 6
F.
present perfect continuous
p. 8
G.
past perfect
p. 8
H.
past perfect continuous
p. 8
I
future simple
p. 9
J
future continuous
p. 9
K.
question tags
p. 9
L
passive
p. 10
M.
passive continuous
p. 11
N.
modals
p. 13
O.
list irregular verbs
p. 16
P.
How to make questions and negations
p. 19
Q.
List of grammatical terms
p. 20
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Simple present
ott
Present continuous
Present perfect
vtt
Present perfect
continuous
Simple past
ovt
Past continuous
Past perfect
vvt
Past perfect
continuous
Simple present future
ottt
Present future
continuous
Present future perfect
vttt
Present future perfect
continuous
Simple past future
ovtt
Past future continuous
Past future perfect
vvtt
Past future perfect
continuous
Simple = imperfect
Simple = imperfect
perfect
perfect
Simple present
Simple past
Simple present future
Simple past future
Present perfect
Past perfect
Present future perfect
Past future perfect
you play
you played
you will play
you would play
you have played
you had played
you will have played
you would have played
jij speelt
jij speelde
jij zult spelen
jij zou spelen
jij hebt gespeeld
jij had gespeeld
jij zult gespeeld hebben
jij zou gespeeld hebben
Pres. continuous
Past continuous
Pres future continuous
Past future continuous
Pres perfect continuous
you are playing
you were playing
you will be playing
you would be playing
you have been playing
Past perfect continuous
you had been playing
Pres future perfect cont
Past future perfect cont
you will have been playing
you would have been playing
jij bent aan het spleen
jij was aan het spleen
jij zult aan het spleen zijn
jij zou aan het spelen zijn
jij bent aan het spelen
geweest
jij was aan het spelen zijn
geweest
jij zult aan het spelen ….
jij zou aan het …..
.
A.
SIMPLE PRESENT ( ott )
Simple means in Dutch : ‘onvoltooid’, there is only one verb in the sentence.
Present means the verb is in the present tense ( = tegenwoordige tijd )
The simple present in English indicates that something is a habit, a routine, or a
general remark or statement.
Indicator words are :
always, often, seldom, never, rarely, mostly, usually,
sometimes, normally, every week, frequently, every day,
etc.
It is often cold outside.
I always get up at seven o’clock.
She usually wears jeans.
People frequently think English a difficult language.
We mostly go to France in our holidays.
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The simple present in English has two forms:
1.
the infinitive ( hele werkwoord ) with: I – you – we – they
2.
the infinitive + s with
: he – she – it
1.
2.
I walk – you walk – we walk
He walks – she walks
Spelling of verbs that take the ‘s’ ending:
1.
you do
he does
You go
he goes
2.
verbs that end with an ‘s’ or an ‘s’-sound ( -x, ch, sh ). These take –es.
You kiss
he kisses
You box
she boxes
You catch
he catches
You wash
it washes
3.
verbs ending in --y.
3a
vowel ( a, e, o, u ) + y. they only take an /s/.
I pay
he pays
You buy
she buys
3b
consonant + y. Y changes in /ie/ + /s/
I fly
he flies
You cry
she cries
We study
he studies
_____________________________
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The continuous is not a tense in itself, but a way of expressing a certain time
element. You indicate with the continuous that the action or event takes place for
some time, is still going on.
The continuous is formed by using a form of the verb ‘to be’ ( am – are – is – was –
were ) and a verb ending in ---ing.
We are talking about the present continuous now, because we use am – are – is
plus a verb ending in ---ing. So we always need a form of ‘to be’ + a verb ending in
---ing.
I am reading now.
He is talking to his neighbour.
We are listening at the moment.
The students are doing their homework at home.
The present continuous can also indicate a near future.
We are going to the cinema tonight
He is travelling to America in a fortnight.
The present continuous can ( exceptionally ) be combined with ‘always’ , but only
to express irritation !
He is always talking about football !
This child is always nagging about food !
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Spelling changes.
1.
verbs ending in /y/
To pay
he is paying
To carry
we are carrying bags.
2.
verbs ending in a mute /e/. the /e/ is skipped.
To love
he is loving
To have
we are having dinner
To close
she is closing the door
To argue
they are arguing about homework
3.
verbs ending in one vowel + one consonant >> double consonant
To stop
he is stopping a fight
To get
the man is getting a fine
To run
they are running the London Marathon.
3b
verbs ending in one vowel plus /r/ and having the stress on the last
syllable >> double the /r/
To refer
he is referring to his brother
To prefer
we are preferring icecream over cake
3c
verbs ending in one vowel plus / l / and having the stress on the penultimate syllable >> double / l /
To travel
we are travelling to Spain next year
To label
he is labelling bottles of wine
_________________
SIMPLE PAST ( OVT)
The simple past indicates that the action of the verb is entirely in the past. There is
no link to the present.
Indicator words are
:
last week, yesterday, five minutes ago, in 1980, ten
years ago, last month, last Tuesday, when I was
young, etc. etc.
We met him in town yesterday.
He passed his driving test last week.
My uncle sold his computer 2 months ago.
The simple past has the same form with all persons ( I – you – he/she/it – we – they),
except with the verb ‘to be’ ( was - were ).
The past simple in English has regular verbs and irregular verbs.
Regular verbs take a verb ( infinitive ) ending in –ed with all persons.
You walk
He passes
She listens
you walked
he passed
she listened
Spelling changes :
1.
verbs ending in a mute /e/ take only a /d/
You like
We close
They love
2.
a.
you liked
we closed
they loved
verbs ending in /--y/.
if vowel + /y/ >> no changes, so add --ed.
you stay
he plays
we destroy
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you stayed
he played
we destroyed
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b.
if consonant + /y/, then /y/ changes into /i/ followed by –ed.
He cries
We study
The men carry bags
3.
verbs that end in one vowel and one consonant double the consonant.
To stop
To admit
a.
he stopped
they admitted
verbs that end in one vowel and one consonant, being / l /, and the
stress on the penultimate syllable, double the / l /.
to travel
to label
b.
Note :
he cried
we studied
the men carried bags.
he travelled
we labelled
verbs that end in one vowel and one consonant, being /r/, and the
stress on the last syllable, double the /r/.
to refer
to prefer
they referred
I preferred
to enter
To repeat
To reveal
entered
( stress on first syllable )
he repeated ( two vowels )
he revealed ( two vowels )
Irregular verbs.
We are very much afraid you will have to learn them by heart !
The list is printed at the end of this booklet.
Past continuous. The past continuous is formed by a past form of ‘to be’ ( was –
were ) and a verb ending in ---ing.
The girl was reading a book.
The children were watching tv.
Mind the / while / and / when / sentences !
While the guests were having dinner, the telephone rang.
When father came home, we were playing in the garden.
So, the past continuous indicates that an action or event was going on or lasted for
some time.
A matter of pronunciation ! When a verb ends in a /t/ or a /d/ you pronounce the –ed
ending like [ id] :
To land
landed [----- id]
To count
counted [----- id]
To mind
minded [----- id]
To visit
visited [----- id]
____________________
PRESENT PERFECT ( vvt )
How do you form the present perfect tense ?
You need a form of the auxiliary ( hulpwerkwoord ) ‘have’ or ‘has’ followed by a
past participle ( voltooid deelwoord ).
The past participle of regular verbs is infinitive + ed :
To walk
have/has walked
To talk
have/has talked
To listen
have/has listened
To like
have/has liked
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The past participle of irregular verbs have to be learnt by heart.
Infinitive
To go
To catch
To sleep
To choose
past simple
went
caught
slept
chose
past participle
gone
caught
slept
chosen
The past participle of the irregular verbs in all lists is always the 3rd ( third ) form.
This holds for the regular verbs as well, but here the past simple and the past
participle are identical; both end in –ed.
The problem that Dutch students have in the use of the past simple
and the present perfect is that the rules in English are much stricter.
In Dutch you may well use a perfect tense and an indicator word that
indicates a simple past tense in English.
e.g.
Wij hebben hem gisteren in de stad gezien.
This is impossible in English. The translation in English must be:
We saw him in town yesterday.
So, when do we use the present perfect in English ? Using a present perfect in
English means that there is a connection between an action or event in the past and
the present. We say that either time goes on ( durative perfect (1)) or the result of an
action or event goes on ( resultative perfect (2)).
Durative perfect (1) :
Resultative perfect (2) :
I have opened the window ( it is still open ! )
I have done my homework ( I can show it to you !)
Past simple :
I opened the window last night ( I do not know if it is still
open )
I did my homework yesterday ( we do not know if it is
finished or studied ).
Just to give you a clue, here are some indicator words :
For, since, so far, up to now, till now, how long, how often, ever, never, yet, not
yet, just, already, all day, etc. etc.
He has lived here for five years ( mind Dutch ! – Ik woon hier al vijf jaar )
He has lived in Helmond since 2005.
How long have you been at this school ?
We have never seen anything like it.
So far Santa Claus has not failed to show up at Christmas.
The boy has washed the dishes.
She has eaten her dinner.
Father has repaired my bike.
They have read many books.
( they are clean )
( the plate is empty )
( it works again )
( they know what they are about )
You have not learnt the irregular verbs yet
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>>> (you do not know them !)
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The present perfect continuous is formed by using a form of have ( have – has ) +
been + verb ending in –ing.
We have been doing our homework for hours now.
He has been reading that magazine for over an hour.
They have been living in America since 1984.
The water has been boiling for five minutes now, turn off the gas.
It has been raining ever since we got holidays.
The present perfect continuous is used in the same way as the present perfect
( same indicator words ) but it stresses the duration of the action or event.
_______________
PAST PERFECT ( vvt)
The past perfect is made by using the past tense of ‘to have’ ( had ) + past
participle.
The past perfect equals the Dutch use of the ‘voltooid verleden tijd’, so there are two
actions or events in the past, one of which precedes the other. In other words one
action or event is further away in the past. Therefore one verb is in the past simple
( continuous ) ( the one closest by in time ), and the other verb is in the past perfect
( continuous ) ( the one further away in time ).
Dutch :
English :
Toen ik thuis kwam, had moeder al gekookt.
ovt
vvt
When I
came
home, mother had already cooked.
Past simple
past perfect
I had lived in Eindhoven for 30 years, when I decided to move to
Helmond.
Indicator words could be : after and before
After I had had breakfast I went to school.
Before I went to school I had had breakfast.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The past perfect continuous is made by using
had + been + verb+ ing.
The family had been living in America for 3 years, when they came back.
He had been smoking 50 cigarettes a day, when he died.
Again the continuous stresses the duration of the action or event.
______________________
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SIMPLE PRESENT FUTURE TENSE ( ottt )
The present future tense is used to indicate that an action or event will take place in
the future.
We need shall / will + infinitive ( of verb ).
Will may be used in all persons, except in questions. Then we will have to use shall
with I and we ( when subject ).
You will go to granny tomorrow.
We will take the train to Amsterdam.
Mind spelling !
Will you go to granny tomorrow ?
Shall we take the train to Amsterdam ?
shall + not >>>>> shan’t
Will + not >>>>> won’t
Indicator words : tomorrow – next week – next month – the day after tomorrow – in
two months’ time - in 2050 – by June – etc. etc.
I will ( I’ll ) leave for London tomorrow.
Will you come back home tonight ?
Shall I help you solve this problem ?
The future can also express an intention. Then we use form of to be going to +
infinitive ( of verb ).
The whole family is going to travel by train.
This lovely girl is going to marry a petty thief.
If a plan is determined you can also use the present continuous to indicate that
something is going to happen in the future.
Yesterday I booked a flight to London. I am leaving next Thursday and I am coming back
Friday next week.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
We need shall/will + be + verb+ing. As said before it stresses the duration of an
action or event in the future.
He will be writing a book.
What dress will she be wearing at her wedding ?
______________________
QUESTION TAGS
Question tags are short questions at the end of a sentence. By using these you make
the other person answer in a certain way. The English often use these tags.
1.
They are always at the end of a sentence, preceded by a comma.
2.
If the main sentence is positive, the tag is negative
+
,
- ( not ) ?
If the main sentence is negative, the tag is positive
- ( not )
,
+ ?
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3.
If in the head clause you see auxiliaries like can – must – may – have + past
participle – am / are / is / was / were+ past participle or shall / will / should /
would or am / are / is / was / were, then you repeat this auxiliary or verb:
I am not a fool, am I ?
( you expect answer : no )
She is ill, isn’t she ?
We can do it, cannot we ?
This man doesn’t like ice cream, does he ?
4.
If the sentence contains a simple present or simple past of a verb only, then
you use do(n’t) – does(n’t) – did(n’t)
You like surfing, don’t you ?
He learns his lessons every day, doesn’t he ?
We saw an accident, didn’t we ?
5.
In the tag you may only use personal pronouns !
Sue is a pretty girl, isn’t she ?
Peter likes ice cream, doesn’t he ?
The weather isn’t nice, is it ?
PASSIVE VOICE ( lijdende vorm ).
Now that we dealt with the most important tenses it is time to deal with the passive
voice. In Dutch this is called ‘de lijdende vorm’. The passive voice is not a tense in
itself, but it is a way of expressing yourself in a different way. Not the person that
does something is important, but the person that “suffers” the action of the verb.
Therefore it is on the first position in the sentence.
e.g. The teacher hits the pupil.
( the person that does the hitting is
most important >> first position ).
The pupil is hit (by the teacher) ( the person that suffers the action is
now on the first position ). The person
that does the hitting is so unimportant
that you may even leave him out!
Note that the first sentence ( also called the active voice ) has exactly the same
meaning as the second sentence ( the passive voice ). But the emphasis is completely turned around.
All the tenses dealt with in this booklet can be put in the passive, and are subject to
the same indicator words and characteristics.
Dutch has two auxiliaries of the passive voice, namely ‘worden’ and ‘zijn’. This is not
so in English. English has only one : to be.
A form of to be is always followed by a past participle ( 3rd form ). So a passive
voice always consists of a form of to be and a past participle.
1.
simple present passive.
Am, are, is + past participle
We are watched ( by the police ).
They are
beaten up ( by hooligans ).
passive
past participle
As said, the ‘by’ adjunct may be left out, therefore it is between brackets.
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2.
simple past passive.
Was, were + past participle
The letter was written ( by my sister ).
The letters
were
typed ( by the secretaries )
passive
past participle
3.
present perfect passive.
Have / has + been + past participle
These books have been borrowed from the library.
The bird
has
been
caught again.
perfect
passive
past participle
4.
past perfect passive
had + been + past participle
The hedge had been trimmed when I came home.
After the dog
had
been
washed, he did not stink anymore.
past perfect
passive
past participle
5.
future passive
shall/will + be + past participle
The parcel will be delivered tomorrow.
Shall I
be
forgiven, when I say I am sorry.
future
passive
past participle
6.
passive continuous
This form is mainly used in the present continuous and the past continuous.
Present continuous passive
( am, are, is ) + being + past participle
We are being followed.
He is being taught a lesson.
The books are
being
Continuous
passive
written.
past participle
Past continuous passive
( was / were ) + being + past participle
I was being followed.
They were
being
Continuous
passive
told off
past participle
by the headmaster.
HOW TO CONVERT AN ACTIVE VOICE INTO A PASSIVE VOICE
For this you must be able to split the sentence up in its grammatical parts.
1.
2.
3.
You look for the direct object. This direct object becomes the subject
in the passive sentence. Verbs that do not take a direct object cannot
be put in the passive.
Look at the tense of the verb ( e.g. present simple or past perfect).
Then decide which form of ‘to be’ should be used ( e.g. are or had
been ). Mind ! Never change the tense of the verb when you
convert an active voice into the passive voice !!
The subject of the active sentence becomes a by – adjunct at the end
of the sentence.
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Active voice:
He
1
writes
2
a book
4
Passive voice :
A book
( 4=1)
is written
( to be +
past part.)
active voice:
He
1
A book
( 4=1)
has written
2
has been written
perfect + to be +
Past participle
in his study.
by him
in his study.
(by adjunct)
a book
in his study.
4
by him
in his study
(by adjunct)
English has a special case in the passive voice. The indirect object may be the
subject of the passive voice. So this sentence can be converted into a passive voice
in 2 ( two ) ways !
Active voice :
He
1
gave
2
me
3
a book
4
yesterday.
Passive voice 1:
A book
( 4=1)
was given
(past to be +)
(past part.)
me
3
by him
yesterday.
( by adjunct)
Passive voice 2 :
He
1
I
(3=1)
gave
me
a book
yesterday.
2
3
4
was given a book by him
yesterday.
(past to be
4? (by adjunct)
+ past part)
How about this one ?
Active voice :
Passive voice :
The boys were looking after their sister.
( split up the sentence correctly ! )
The boys
were looking after
their sister.
1
2
4(?)
Their sister was being looked after
by the boys.
( 4?=1)
( past cont + passive +
( by adjunct)
Past participle)
The numbers in these sentences are not given at random. They reflect the cases ( =
naamvallen ) as they occur in these sentences, and normally their place in the
sentence.
So : 1
=
subject
( nominative )
3
=
indirect object
( dative )
4
=
direct object
( accusative )
Number 2 is given to the verb as it is its common place in the sentence.
_________________
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Modals ( can – may – must ) and their substitutes
( modale hulpwerkwoorden en de vervangvormen).
( Dutch) Kunnen ( in staat zijn ) - ability. Infinitive : to be able to
Present simple
I can
I am able to
Present future
I shall/will be able to
Past simple
I could
I was able to
Past future
I should/would be able to
Present perfect
---------------------------I have been able to
Present perfect future
I shall/will have been able to
Past perfect
I could have ( only in if – sentence)
I had been able to
Past perfect future
I should/would be able to
Pres. simple
Past simple
Pres. perfect
Past perfect
Pres future
Past future
: He can help you.
He is able to help you.
You cannot read.
You are unable to read.
: we could find the mistake.
We were able to find the mistake.
Could they reach the hotel? Were they able to reach the hotel.
: He has always been able to by the things he wanted.
Has he been able to finish his work in time ?
: Had he been able to see the match ?
He had never been able to find time for his hobby.
: He will be able to repair your car.
We will never be able to persuade him to give up smoking.
: They would be able to reach the top of the mountain.
He thought we would never be able to beat them.
Pres. perfect fut: He will not have been able to wait any longer.
She will not have been able to persuade him to marry her.
Past perfect fut : If she should have been able to buy the house, she would not have left her village. =
If she could have bought the house, she would not have left her village.
I would have been able to warn you, if I had known your telephone number. =
I could have warned you, if I had known your telephone number.
Note : could - zou(den) kunnen :
1. polite request or question : could you lend me a pound ?
2. eventuality : I could ask my brother ( if you want me to )
Would have been able to
- zouden hebben kunnen
( unreality, not fact)
Could have
- hadden kunnen
( unreality, not fact)
He could have escaped, if he had wanted to
( but he did not !)
He would have been able to escape, if he had wanted to.( but he did not!)
_______________
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Mogen - permission ( toestemming )
Infinitive : to be allowed to To be permitted to
Present simple
I may
I am allowed to
Present future
I shall/will be allowed to
Past simple
I might
I was allowed to
I should/would be allowed to
Present perfect
Perfect future
I have been allowed to
I shall/will have been allowed to
Past perfect
Past perfect future
I had been allowed to
I should/would have been allowed
Simple present
Simple past
Present perfect
Past perfect
Present future
Past future
Perfect future
Past perfect future
Past future
: You may keep this book.
You are allowed to keep this book.
How many friends may I ask for the party ?
: He said that I might keep the book. ( only in indirect speech )
He was not allowed to see the patient.
Weren’t you allowed to leave ?
: He has always been allowed to go his own way.
I have been allowed to stay as long as I want.
: Had they been allowed to stay up late ?
Why hadn’t they been allowed to buy a moped ?
: Won’t you be allowed to come ?
I will be allowed to accompany him.
: They would be allowed to stay in London for a week.
Would it be allowed to smoke in this compartment ?
: I suppose he won’t have been allowed to come.
: Wouldn’t he have been allowed to play in our team ?
Note : niet mogen ( verbod )
-
must not ( prohibition )
You mustn’t touch these objects !
Misschien wel kunnen
May
Might
May have
Might have
-
possibility ( mogelijkheid )
: This may be the answer. ( dit kan wel eens het antwoord zijn.).
He may not like it.
Jack may remember the address.
: It might be a trap. ( het zou wel eens een val kunnen zijn.).
He might be very angry, if he knew what we have done.
: We may have chosen the wrong person. ( we hebben misschien wel de verkeerde persoon gekozen.).
They may have left through the back-door.
: You might have been killed ! ( je had wel om kunnen komen.).
( but you did not !!!)
They might have been more careful !
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Should = might.
In if – sentences, indicates a supposition ( veronderstelling ).
If he should ( might ) ask, don’t tell him I gave it to you.
If he should ( might ) want more money, let me know at once.
If you should ( might ) decide to sell it, I would like to buy it.
_________________
MUST
1.
command / necessity
2.
3.
inevitability ( onvermijdelijk)
advisability ( raadzaam)
4.
moral obligation
( morele verplichting )
unfulfilled moral obligation
morele verplichting die niet
is nagekomen )
arrangement ( afspraak )
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
: must ( in present, and in past only in
indirect speech).
To have to ( to be obliged to )
: must / to be bound to
: had better ( moest(en) maar liever / deed
(deden) er beter aan ) – only in past
simple.
: should / ought to ( moest(en) eigenlijk )
: should have / ought to have ( hadden
eigenlijk moeten)
: to be to
You must listen carefully.
He said we didn’t have to wait ( needn’t have to wait )( mustn’t wait) for him.
The boss said we mustn’t be lazy all the time.
The crime must come to light, it cannot remain hidden.
He must have known that secret passage.
They will have to solve that problem first.
Why did you have to ( were you obliged to ) stop playing ?
He had been obliged to clear up the mess.
There must be a way to prevent it.
It is bound to happen again.
That plan was bound to be a failure.
You had better pay more attention to your work !
We had better not wait any longer.
Hadn’t you better wait till the rain has stopped ?
You should be more grateful.
They shouldn’t listen to him.
You should ( ought to ) have paid him a visit when he was in hospital.
Shouldn’t you have tidied up your room, before mother came home.
What time am I to be home tonight ?
When is this parcel to be in Rotterdam ?
DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE
HELMOND
Page 15
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive
past simple
past participle
To be
To bear
To beat
To become
To begin
To bend
To bet
To bind
To bite
To blow
To break
To bring
To broadcast
To build
To burn ( down )
To burn ( down )
To burst
To buy
To catch
To choose
To come
To cost
To creep
To cut
To deal (with)
To dig
To do
To draw
To dream
To dream
To drink
To drive
To eat
To fall
To feed
To feel
To fight
To find
To flee
To fling
To fly
To forbid
To forecast
To forget
To forgive
To freeze
To get
To give
To go
To grind
To grow
To hang
was / were
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bet
bound
bit
blew
broke
brought
broadcast
built
burnt
burned
burst
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt
dreamed
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flung
flew
forbade
forecast
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
ground
grew
hung
been
borne
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bound
bitten
blown
broken
brought
broadcast
built
burnt
burned
burst
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamt
dreamed
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forecast
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung
DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE
HELMOND
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zijn
dragen, verdragen
slaan
worden
beginnen
buigen
wedden
binden
bijten
blazen
breken
brengen
uitzenden
bouwen
(af)branden
(af)branden ( regular!)
barsten
kopen
vangen, vatten, halen
kiezen
komen
kosten
kruipen
snijden
behandelen
graven
doen
tekenen
dromen
dromen (regular)
drinken
rijden
eten
vallen
voeden
voelen
vechten
vinden
vluchten
werpen
vliegen
verbieden
voorspellen
vergeten
vergeven
(be)vriezen
krijgen, worden
geven
gaan
malen
groeien, worden
hangen ( jas)
Page 16
To hang
To have
To hear
To hide
To hit
To hold
To hurt
To keep
To know
To lay
To lead
To leap
To leap
To learn
To learn
To leave
To lend
To let
To lie
To light
To lose
To make
To mean
To meet
To mow
To pay
To put
To read
To ride
To ring
To rise
To run
To say
To see
To sell
To send
To set (off)
To sew
To shake
To shine
To shoot
To show
To shrink
To shut
To sing
To sit
To sleep
To smell
To smell
To sow
To speak
To speed
To spend
To spin
To spit
To split (up)
hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
leapt
leaped
learnt
learned
left
lent
let
lay
lit
lost
made
meant
met
mowed
paid
put
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
shone
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sat
slept
smelt
smelled
sowed
spoke
sped
spent
spun
spat
split
DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE
hanged
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
leapt
leaped
learnt
learned
left
lent
let
lain
lit
lost
made
meant
met
mown
paid
put
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
sewn
shaken
shone
shot
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sat
slept
smelt
smelled
sown
spoken
sped
spent
spun
spat
split
HELMOND
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(op)hangen (galg)
hebben
horen
(zich) verbergen
raken, slaan
vasthouden
pijn doen
houden
weten
leggen
leiden
springen
springen ( regular )
leren
leren (regular)
verlaten, achterlaten
uitlenen
laten
liggen
aansteken
verliezen
maken
bedoelen, betekenen
ontmoeten, afhalen
maaien
betalen
(ergens in) doen
lezen
rijden (paard, fiets)
opbellen
rijzen, opkomen (zon)
lopen, rennen
zeggen
zien
verkopen
sturen, zenden
vertrekken
naaien
schudden
schijnen
schieten
tonen
krimpen
sluiten
zingen
zitten
slapen
ruiken
ruiken (regular)
zaaien
spreken
snel rijden
doorbrengen, uitgeven
draaien
spugen
uit elkaar gaan
Page 17
To spoil
To spread
To stand
To steal
To stick
To stride
To strike
To swear
To sweep
To swell (up)
To swim
To swing
To take
To teach
To tear
To tell
To think
To throw
To understand
To wake
To wear
To weep
To win
To write
spoilt
spread
stood
stole
stuck
strode
struck
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
wept
won
wrote
spoilt
spread
stood
stolen
stuck
stridden
struck
sworn
swept
swollen
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
waken
worn
wept
won
written
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bederven, verwennen
(zich) verspreiden
staan, verdragen
stelen, pakken
plakken, steken
stappen, schrijden
treffen, staken
zweren, vloeken
vegen
(op)zwellen
zwemmen
zwaaien
nemen
leren, onderwijzen
scheuren, afbreken
vertellen
denken, vinden
gooien
begrijpen
wakker worden
dragen (van kleding)
huilen
winnen
schrijven
___________________
DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE
HELMOND
Page 18
DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE
HELMOND
Page 19
LIST OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS AND DUTCH TRANSLATION
Sentence ( clause )
Sub clause ( e.g. relative sub clause )
zin
bijzin ( b.v. betrekkelijke bijzin )
Subject
Indirect object
Direct object
Attributive adjunct
Adverbial adjunct
Case
Noun
Article
Adjective
Adverb
Singular
Plural
Verb
Predicate
Nominal predicate
Auxiliary
Linking verb
Modals
Wordorder
Verb
Regular verb
Irregular verb
Past participle
onderwerp
meewerkend voorwerp
lijdend voorwerp
bijvoeglijke bepaling
bijwoordelijke bepaling
naamval
zelfstandig naamwoord
lidwoord
bijvoeglijk naam woord
bijwoord
enkelvoud
meervoud
gezegde
werkwoordelijk gezegde
naamwoordelijk gezegde
hulpwerkwoord
koppelwerkwoord
modale hulpwerkwoorden ( kunnen - mogen
– moeten )
woordvolgorde
werkwoord
regelmatig ( zwak ) werkwoord
onregelmatig ( sterk )werkwoord
voltooid deelwoord
Tenses of the verb
tijden van het werkwoord
Simple present
Simple past ( preterite )
Simple present future
Simple past future
Present perfect
Past perfect ( pluperfect )
Present future perfect
Past future perfect
onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd
onvoltooid verleden tijd
onvoltooid tegenwoordige toekomende tijd
onvoltooid verleden toekomende tijd
voltooid tegenwoordige tijd
voltooid verleden tijd
voltooid tegenwoordig toekomende tijd
voltooid verleden toekomende tijd
Personal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Relative pronoun
persoonlijk voornaamwoord
bezittelijk voornaamwoord
aanwijzend voornaamwoord
wederkerend voornaamwoord
vragend voornaamwoord
betrekkelijk voornaamwoord
Cardinal
Ordinal
hoofdtelwoord
rangtelwoord
DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE
HELMOND
Page 20
Degrees of comparison
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
trappen van vergelijking
stellende trap
vergrotende trap
overtreffende trap
Common abbreviations
veelgebruikte afkortingen
e.g.
i.e.
vid
( exempli gratia)
( id est )
( videlicet)
Punctuation
.
,
:
;
/
\
*
()
[]
““
‘‘
?
!
DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE
( for example, for instance):
( that is )
:
( namely )
:
b.v. bij voorbeeld
dat wil zeggen
namelijk
interpunctie / leestekens
full stop
comma
colon
semicolon
hyphen
forward slash
back slash
asterisk
brackets
square brackets
double quotation marks
single quotation marks
quotation mark
exclamation mark
HELMOND
punt
komma
dubbele punt
punt komma
verbindingsteken
schuine streep vooruit
schuine streep achteruit
sterretje
haakjes
vierkante haakjes
aanhalingstekens
aanhalingstekens
vraagteken
uitroepteken
Page 21