BEHAVIORISM: a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior Determinism: behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli Skinner: personality is a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations Operant conditioning develops personality Conditioning strengthens or weakens response tendencies Albert Bandura Advocates reciprocal determinism: the idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another Def: when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models Def: refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes Walter Mischel Behavior is characterized by more situational specificity than consistency HUMANISM: theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth People can rise above primitive nature People are conscious and rational beings Phenomenological approach: assumes that one has to appreciate individuals’ personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior Carl Rogers Self-concept: a collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior Incongruence: the degree of disparity btwn one’s selfconcept and one’s actual experience Childhood has a strong effect on the self The self-concept evolves throughout childhood and adolescence Eventually it stabilizes Experiences that threaten people’s personal views of themselves cause anxiety People act defensively to prevent anxiety Hierarchy of needs: a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused Need for selfactualization: the need to fulfill one’s potential; it is the highest need in Maslow’s motivational hierarchy Self-actualizing persons: people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth Hans Eysenck Suggests all aspects of personality emerge from 3 higher-order traits: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism (egocentric, impulsive, cold, antisocial) Def: a generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation 1st described by Marvin Zuckerman Thrill and adventure seeking Experience seeking Disinhibition Susceptibility to boredom Mark Snyder Def: the degrees to which people attend to and control the impression they make on others in social interactions How do you feel you are perceived by others?