Electricity
Topics Covered
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Introduction
Electric Charges
Conductors and insulators
Electric potential and potential difference
Electric current and electrical circuits
Circuit Diagrams
Ohm’s Law
Factors affecting of resistances of a conductor
Resistance of a system of resistors
Heating Effect of current
Applications of heating effect of current
Electric Power
Electricity
Electric Current and Electric Circuit
Electric Current: The flow of electric charge is known as electric current. Electric current is
carried by moving electrons through a conductor.
By convention, electric current flows in opposite direction to the movement of electrons.
Electric circuit: Electric circuit is a continuous and closed path of electric current.
Expression of Electric Current:- Electric current is denoted by letter ‘I’. Electric current is
expressed by the rate of flow of electric charges. Rate of flow means the amount of charge
flowing through a particular area in unit time.
If a net electric charge (Q) flows through a cross section of conductor in time t, Therefore,
Where,I is electric current, Q is net charge and t is time in second.
SI unit:
SI unit of electric charge is coulomb (C).
One coulomb is nearly equal to 6 x 1018 electrons.
SI unit of electric current is ampere (A).
Ampere is the flow of electric charges through a surface at the rate of one coulomb per
second.
This means if 1 coulomb of electric charge flows through a cross section for 1 second, it would
be equal to 1 ampere.
Small quantity of Electric Current: Small quantity of electric current is expressed in milliampere
and microampere. Milliampere is written as mA and microampere as μA
1mA (milliampere)= 10-3A
1μA(microampere)=10-6A
Ammeter: An apparatus to measure electric current in a circuit.
Example: 1:– Find the amount of electric charge flowing through the circuit if an electric
current of 5 A is drawn by an electric appliance for 5 minute.
Solution:
Given,
Electric current (I) = 5 A
Time (t) = 5 minute = 5 X 60 = 300 s
Electric charge (Q) =?
Therefore,
Q = 5 A x 300 s = 1500 C Answer
Example: 2 :– If a current of 2 ampere is drawn for 1 hour through the filament of a bulb, find
the amount of electric charge flowing through the circuit.
Solution:
Given,
Electric current (I) = 2 A
Time (t) = 1 hour = 1 x 60 x 60 s = 3600 s
Electric charge (Q) =?
We know that Q = I x t
Therefore, Q = 2 A x 3600 s = 7200 C Answer
Example: 3 – In how much time 6000 coulomb of electric charge will flow, if an electric current
of 10 A is drawn through an electric motor?
Solution:
Given,
Electric charge (Q) = 6000 C
Electric current (I) = 10 A
Time (t) = ?
Example: 4 – If an electric charge of 900 C flows through an electric bulb for half an hour, find
the electric current drawn by the filament.
Solution:
Given, Electric charge (Q) = 900 C
Time (t) = Half an hour = 30 m = 30 x 60 = 1800 s
Electric current (I) =?
Example: 5 – If an electric charge of 15000 C flows through an electric iron for 5 minute, find
the electric current drawn by filament of electric iron.
Solution:
Given, Electric charge (Q) = 1500 C
Time (t) = 5m = 5 x 60 = 300 s
Electric current (I) =?
Electric Potential and Potential Difference
Electric Potential: The amount of electric potential energy at a point is called electric potential.
Electric Potential difference: The difference in the amount of electric potential energy
between two points in an electric circuit is called ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE.
Electric potential difference is known as voltage, which is equal to the work done per unit
charge to move the charge between two points against static electric field.
Therefore,
Voltage or electric potential difference is denoted by ‘V’.
Therefore,
Where, W = work done and Q = Charge
SI unit of electric potential difference (Voltage): SI unit of electric potential difference is volt and denoted by ‘V’. This is named in honour of
Italian Physicist Alessandro Volta.
Since joule is the unit of work and coulomb is the unit of charge.
1 volt of electric potential difference is equal to the 1 joule of work to be done to move a
charge of 1 coulomb from one point to another in an electric circuit. Therefore,
Voltmeter: An apparatus to measure the potential difference or electric potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit.
Example : 1:- Calculate the work done if a charge of 5 C moving across two point having
potential difference equal to 15 V.
Solution: Given,
Potential difference (V) = 15 V
Charge (Q) = 5 C
Work done (W) =?
Example: 2 :– Calculate the work done to carry a charge of 3 C, if the potential difference
between two points is 10 V.
Solution: Given,
Charge = 3 C
Potential difference between two points = 10V
Work done (W) =?
Example: 3 – What potential difference is required to do 100 J of work to carry a charge of 10
C between two points?
Solution: Given,
Work done (W) = 100J
Charge (Q) = 10C
Potential difference (V) =?
Example: 4 – Calculate the potential difference between two points, if 1500 J of work is done
to carry a charge of 50C from one point to other?
Solution: Given,
Work done (W) = 1500J
Charge (Q) = 50C
Potential difference (V) =?
Example: 5 – 5000 J of work would is done to carry how much charge between two points
having potential difference of 100 V?
Solution:
Given, Potential difference (V) = 100V
Work done (W) = 5000 J
Charge (Q) =?
Example: 6 – To carry how much charge between two points having potential difference equal
to 220 V, 1760 J of work is done?
Solution:
Given, Potential difference (V) = 220V
Work done (W) = 1760 J
Charge (Q) =?
Symbols used in a Circuit diagram
Ohm's Law
Ohm’s Law states that the potential difference between two points is directly proportional to
the electric current.
Where R is constant for the given conductor at a given temperature and called resistance.
Resistance is the property of conductor which resists the flow of electric current through it.
SI Unit of resistance is ohm. Ohm is denoted by Greek letter ‘Ω’.
1 ohm (Ω) of Resistance (R) is equal to the flow of 1 A of current through a conductor between
two points having potential difference equal to 1 V.
From the expression of Ohm’s Law it is obvious that electric current through a resistor is
inversely proportional to resistance. This means electric current will decrease with increase in
resistance and vice versa.
The graph of V (potential difference) versus I (electric current) is always a straight line.
Example: - 1 :- Calculate the resistance if 5 A of electric current flows through a conductor
having potential difference between two points is equal to 15 V.
Solution:
Given, Electric current (I) = 5 A
Potential difference (V) = 15 V
Resistance (R) =?
We know from Ohm’s Law that
Example: - 2 :– If the potential difference between the terminals of an electric motor is 220 V
and an electric current of 5 A is flowing through it what will be the resistance of electric
motor?
Solution:
Given, Electric current (I) = 5 A
Potential difference (V) = 220 V
Resistance (R) =?
We know from Ohm’s Law that
Example:- 3 :– An electric current of 15 A is flowing through an electric fan. If the potential
difference between two terminals of electric fan is 240 V, what will be resistance?
Solution:
Given, Electric current (I) = 15 A
Potential difference (V) = 240 V
Resistance (R) =?
We know from Ohm’s Law that
Example: 4 :– If the resistance of an electric iron is 48 Ω and an electric current of 5 A is
flowing through it, what will be the potential difference between two terminals of electric
iron.
Solution:
Given, Electric current (I) = 5 A
Resistance (R) = 48Ω
Potential difference (V) =?
We know from Ohm’s Law that
Example: 5 :– Calculate the potential difference between two points of a terminal, if an electric
current of 10 A is flowing through it having resistance of 20Ω.
Solution:
Given,
Electric current (I) = 10 A
Resistance (R) = 20Ω
Potential difference (V) =?
We know from Ohm’s Law that
Example: 6 :– If the resistance between two terminals of an electric heater is 15Ω and an
electric current of 15 A is flowing through it then what will be the voltage of electric current?
Solution:
Given,
Electric current (I) = 15 A
Resistance (R) = 15Ω
Voltage, i.e. Potential difference (V) =?
We know from Ohm’s Law that
Resistance - Part-II
Resistance Of A System of Resistor:Resistors are joined in two ways, i.e. in series and in parallel.
Resistors in Series: When resistors are joined from end to end, it is called in series. In this case,
the total resistance of the system is equal to the sum of the resistance of all the resistors in the
system.
Let total resistance = R
Resistance of resistors are R1, R2, R3, … Rn
Therefore, R = R1 + R2 + R3 + …………+ Rn
Resistors in parallel:- When resistors are joined in parallel, the reciprocal of total resistance of
the system is equal to the sum of reciprocal of the resistance of resistors.
Let total resistance of the system = R
Resistance of resistors are R1, R2, R3, … Rn
Example: - 1 :– There are three resistors joined in series in a system having resistance equal to
10 Ω, 20 Ω and 30 Ω respectively. If the potential difference of the circuit is 240 V, find the
total resistance and current through the circuit.
Solution:
Given, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω, R3 = 30 Ω and V = 240V
Total resistance (R) =?
Current through the circuit ( I ) =?
According to Ohm’s Law Total resistance in series (R) = Sum of resistance of all resistors
⇒R = 10 Ω + 20 Ω + 30 Ω = 60 Ω
Thus, total resistance (R)= 60 Ω
Current through the circuit = 4 A
Example: 2 :– There are two electric lamps M and N which are joined in a series having
resistance equal to 15 Ω and 20 Ω respectively. If the potential difference between two
terminals of electric circuit is 220V, find the total resistance and electric current through the
circuit. Also find the potential difference across the two lamps separately.
Solution:
Given, resistance (R1) of one electric lamp, M = 15.2Ω
Resistance (R2) of other electric lamp, N = 20Ω
Potential difference (V) through the circuit = 220V
Electric current (I) through the circuit =?
Potential difference through each of the electric lamp =?
We know that,
According to Ohm’s Law; total resistance in series
= Sum of resistance of all resistors = 15.2Ω + 20Ω = 35.2Ω
Thus, electric current through the circuit = 6.25 A
Potential difference through electric lamp M = 2.432 V
Potential difference through electric lamp N = 3.2 V
Example: 3 – There are two resistors R1 and R2 having resistance equal to 20Ω and 30Ω
respectively are connected in parallel in an electric circuit. If the potential difference across
the electric circuit is 5 V, find the electric current flowing through the circuit and the total
resistance of the resistors.
Solution:Given, R1 = 20Ω, R2 = 30Ω, Potential difference (V) = 5V
Total resistance (R) =?
Electric current (I) through the circuit =?
Thus, total resistance R = 12Ω
Electric current (I) through the circuit = 0.416 A
Example: 4 – There are five electric appliances, viz. electric heater and electric lamp, an
electric fan, computer and an exhaust fan are connected in parallel in a household. The
resistance electric appliances are 40Ω, 5 Ω, 8Ω, 20Ω and 10Ω respectively. If an electric current
of 240V is flowing through the circuit then find
(a) Total resistance through the circuit
(b) Total electric current (I) through the circuit and
(c) the current through each of the resistor.
Solution:
Given,Resistance of electric heater (Rheater )= 40Ω
Resistance of electric lamp (Rlamp )=5Ω
Resistance of electric fan (Rfan )=8Ω
Resistance of computer (Rcomp )= 20Ω
Resistance of exhaust (Rexhaust )=10Ω
Potential difference (V)through the circuit= 240V
Total resistance (Rtotal )=?
Total electric current (I)through the circuit=?
Electric current through each of the resistors=?
We know that,if the resistors are connected in parallel,
The total current through the circuit can be calculated also by adding the electric current
through individual resistors.
Thus,total resistance (R)through the circuit=2Ω
Electric current (Iheater )through electric heater= 6A
Electric current (Ilamp )through electric lamp=48A
Electric current (Ifan )through electric fan=30A
Electric current (Icomp )through computer=2A
Electric current (Iexhaust )through exhaust= 24A
Total current (I)through the circuit=110A
Heating Effect of Electric Current
When electric current is supplied to a purely resistive conductor, the energy of electric current
is dissipated entirely in the form of heat and as a result, resistor gets heated. The heating of
resistor because of dissipation of electrical energy is commonly known as Heating Effect of
Electric Current.
Example:(a) When electric energy is supplied to an electric bulb, the filament gets heated because of
which it gives light. The heating of electric bulb happens because of heating effect of electric
current.
(b) When an electric iron is connected to an electric circuit, the element of electric iron gets
heated because of dissipation of electric energy, which heats the electric iron. The element of
electric iron is a purely resistive conductor. This happens because of heating effect of electric
current.
Cause of heating effect of electric current:- Electric current generates heat to overcome the
resistance offered by the conductor through which it passes. Higher the resistance, the electric
current will generate higher amount of heat. Thus, generation of heat by electric current while
passing through a conductor is an inevitable consequence. This heating effect is used in many
appliances, such as electric iron, electric heater, electric geyser, etc.
Joule’s Law of Heating:
Let
An electric current I is flowing through a resistor having resistance equal to R.
The potential difference through the resistor is equal to V.
The charge Q flows through the circuit for the time t.
Thus, work done in moving of charge Q of potential difference V = VQ
Since, this charge Q flows through the circuit for time t
Since the electric energy is supplied for time t, thus after multiplying both sides of equation (ii)
by time t, we get
The expression (v) is known as Joule’s Law of Heating, which states that heat produced in a
resistor is directly proportional to the square of current given to the resistor, directly
proportional to the resistance for a given current and directly proportional to the time for
which the current is flowing through the resistor.
Example: - 1 – If an electric heater consumes electricity at the rate of 500W and the potential
difference between the two terminals of electric circuit is 250V, calculate the electric current
and resistance through the circuit.
Solution:Given, power input (P) = 500W
Potential difference (V) = 250V
Electric current (I) =?
Resistance (R) through the circuit =?
Example: 2 – An electric geyser consumes electricity at the rate of 1000W. If the potential
difference through the electric circuit is 250 V, find the resistance offer by geyser and electric
current through the circuit.
Solution:Given, power input (P) = 100W
Potential difference (V) = 250V
Electric current (I) =?
Resistance (R) through the circuit =?
Example: - 3 – An electric heater having resistance equal to 5Ω is connected to electric source.
If it produces 180 J of heat in one second, find the potential difference across the electric
heater.
Solution:Given, Resistance (R) = 5Ω, Heat (H) produced per second by heater = 1800 J, time ‘t’ = 1s
Potential difference (V) =?
To calculate the potential difference, we need to calculate electric current (I) first.
Practical Application of Heating Effect of Electric Current & Electric Power
For exploiting the heating effect of electric current, the element of appliances must have high
melting point to retain more heat. The heating effect of electric current is used in the
following applications:
(a) Electric Bulb: In an electric bulb, the filament of bulb gives light because of heating effect of
electricity. The filament of bulb is generally made of tungsten metal; having melting point
equal to 33800C.
(b) Electric iron: The element of electric iron is made of alloys having high melting point.
(c) Electric Kettle: Its element is made of similar to electric iron.
(d) Electric geyser: Electric geyser is used for heating water.
(e) Electric fuse: Electric fuse is used to protect the electric appliances from high voltage; if
any. Electric fuse is made of metal or alloy of metals, such as aluminium, copper, iron, lead,
etc. In the case of flow of higher voltage than specified, fuse wire melts and protects the
electric appliances.
Fuse of 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A, 10A, etc. are used for domestic purpose.
Suppose, if an electric heater consumes 1000W at 220V.
Thus, in this case a fuse of 5A should be used to protect the electric heater in the case of flow
of higher voltage.
Electric Power:
SI unit of electric power is watt (W).
1W = 1 volt x 1 ampere = 1V x 1A
1 kilo watt or 1kW = 1000 W
Consumption of electricity (electric energy) is generally measured in kilo watt.
Unit of electric energy is kilo watt hour (kWh)
1 kWh = 1000 watt X 1 hour = 1000 W x 3600 s
⇒ 1kWh = 3.6 x 106 watt second = 3.6 x 106 J
Example: 1 – If the potential difference is 220V and the power of bulb is 110W, what is the
electric current flowing in the circuit?
Given, Potential difference, V = 220V, Power of bulb , P = 110 W
Electric current (I) =?
Example: 2 – If the power of an electric heater is 1000W and electricity of 240 V is flowing
through it, find the electric current in the electric heater.
Solution:
Given, Power (P) = 1000W, Potential difference (V) = 240V, Electric current (I) =?
Example: 3 – What is the electric current through an electric geyser of 500W, if the potential
difference across the electric circuit is 250V?
Solution:
Given, P = 500W, V= 250 V, therefore, Electric current (I) =?
4 – If the electric current is 10A and potential different between two terminals is 240V, find
the power of the electric appliance.
Solution:
Given, Electric current (I) = 10A, Potential difference (V) = 240V, Power (P) =?
Since, P = V x I
Therefore, P = 240V x 10A = 2400 W
Example: 5 – Find the power of electric iron, if electric current through the circuit is 5A and
potential difference is 220V.
Solution:
Given, Electric current (I) = 5A, Potential difference (V) = 220V, therefore, Power(P) =?
We know that, P = V x I
Therefore, P = 220V x 5A = 1100W
Electricity At a Glance: Points to Remember
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Electric Current: The flow of electric charge is known as electric current.
Electric current is carried by moving electrons through a conductor.
Electric current flows in the opposite direction of the movement of electrons.
Electric circuit: Electric circuit is a continuous and closed path of electric current.
Electric current is denoted by letter ‘I’.
Electric current is expressed by the rate of flow of electric charges, i.e. amount of charge
flowing through a particular area in unit time.
SI unit of electric charge is coulomb (C).
One coulomb is nearly equal to 6 x 1018 electrons.
SI unit of electric current is ampere (A).
Ampere is the flow of electric charges through a surface at the rate of one coulomb per
second.
1mA
(milliampere)=
10-3 A
1μA(microampere)=10-6 A
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Ammeter:- An apparatus to measure electric current in a circuit.
Electric Potential:- The amount of electric potential energy at a point is called electric
potential.
Electric Potential difference: The difference in the amount of electric potential energy
between two points in an electric circuit is called electric potential difference.
Electric potential difference is known as voltage, which is equal to the work done per
unit charge to move the charge between two points against static electric field. It is
denoted
by
‘V’.
Where, W = work done and Q = Charge
SI unit of electric potential difference is volt and denoted by ‘V’.
Voltmeter: An apparatus to measure the potential difference or electric potential
difference between two points in an electric circuit.
Ohm’s Law:- The potential difference between two points is directly proportional to the
electric current.
Where R is constant for the given conductor at a given temperature and is called
resistance. Resistance is the property of conductor because of which it resists the flow
of electric current through it.
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SI Unit of resistance is ohm. Ohm is denoted by Greek letter ‘Ω’.
1 ohm (Ω) of Resistance (R) is equal to the flow of 1 A of current through a conductor
between two points having potential difference equal to 1 V.
Component that is used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit is called resistor.
Variable Resistance: The component of an electric circuit which is used to regulate the
current; without changing the voltage from the source; is called variable resistance.
Rheostat: This is a device which is used in a circuit to provide variable resistance.
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Resistance in a conductor depends on nature, length and area of cross section of the
conductor.
Resistance increases with increase in length of the conductor.
Resistance
decreases
with
increase
in
thickness
of
conductor.
Where ρ (rho) is the proportionality constant. It is called the electrical resistivity of the
material of conductors.
SI unit of resistivity (ρ) is Ωm
Resistors in Series: When resistors are joined from end to end, it is called in series.
The total resistance of the system is equal to the sum of the resistance of all the
resistors connected in series in the system.
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Resistors in parallel: When resistors are joined in parallel, the reciprocal of total
resistance of the system is equal to the sum of reciprocal of the resistance of resistors.
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When electric current is supplied to a purely resistive conductor, the energy of electric
current is dissipated entirely in the form of heat and as a result, resistor gets heated.
The heating of resistor because of dissipation of electrical energy is commonly known as
Heating Effect of Electric Current.
Joule’s Law of Heating: Heat produced in a resistor is directly proportional to the square
of current given to the resistor, directly proportional to the resistance for a given
current and directly proportional to the time for which the current is flowing through
the resistor.
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Where, H is heat produced, I is electric current to the circuit, R is the resistance, t is the
time.
Heating effect of electric current is used in electric bulb, electric heater, electric iron, etc.
Question: 1. What does an electric current mean?
Answer:- The flow of electric charge is known as electric current. Electric current is carried by
moving electrons through a conductor. Electric current flows in opposite direction to the
movement of electrons.
Question: 2- Define the unit of current.
Answer:- SI unit of electric current is ampere (A).
Ampere is the flow of electric charges through a surface at the rate of one coulomb per
second, i.e. if 1 coulomb of electric charge flows through a cross section for 1 second, it would
be equal to 1 ampere.
Question: 3 - Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge.
Answer:-
Question: 4 - Name a device that helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor.
Answer:- Battery or a cell
Question: 5. What is meant by saying that the potential difference between two points is 1 V?
Answer: This means 1 joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 coulomb between two
points.
Question: 6. How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6 V
battery?
Answer:
Given, Charge Q = 1C, Potential difference, V = 6V
Therefore, Energy i.e. Work done, W =?
Question: 7 - On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend?
Answer: Resistance of a conductor depends upon:
(a) Nature of conductor
(b) Length of conductor
(c) Area of cross section of conductor
Question: 8. Will current flow more easily through a thick wire or a thin wire of the same
material, when connected to the same source? Why?
Answer: Since, resistance is indirectly proportional to the area of cross section, thus current
flows easily through a thick wire compared to a thin wire of the same material.
Question: 9. Let the resistance of an electrical component remain constant while the potential
difference across the two ends of the component decreases to half of its former value. What
change will occur in the current through it?
Answer:
Therefore, if potential difference between two ends of the component will be halved, and
resistance remains constant, then electric current would also be halved.
Question: 10. Why are coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alloy rather than
a pure metal?
Answer: Since, alloys have higher melting point than pure metal so coils of electric toasters
and electric irons are made of an alloy rather than a pure metal to retain more heat without
melting.
Question: 11. Use the data in Table 12.2 to answer the following –
(a) Which among iron and mercury is a better conductor?
Answer: Iron
(b) Which material is the best conductor?
Answer: Silver
Question: 12. Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of three cells of 2 V
each, a 5 Ω resistor, an 8 Ω resistor, and a 12 Ω resistor, and a plug key, all connected in series.
Answer:
Question: 13. Redraw the circuit of Question 1, putting in an ammeter to measure the current
through the resistors and a voltmeter to measure the potential difference across the 12 Ω
resistor. What would be the readings in the ammeter and the voltmeter?
Answer:
The total resistance in the circuit = Sum of the resistances of all resistors
= 5 Ω + 8 Ω + 12 Ω = 25 Ω
We know;
Since, resistances are connected in series, thus electric current remains the same through all
resistors.
Here we have,
Electric current, I = 0.24A
Resistance, R = 12Ω
Thus, potential difference, V through the resistor of 12Ω = I x R
Or, V = 0.24A x 12Ω = 2.88 V
Thus, reading of ammeter = 0.24A
Reading of voltmeter through resistor of 12Ω = 2.88V
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SI unit of electric power is watt (W).
1W = 1 volt x 1 ampere = 1V x 1A
1 kilo watt or 1kW = 1000 W
Consumption of electricity (electric energy) is measures generally in kilo watt.
Unit of electric energy is kilo watt hour (kWh)
1 kWh = 1000 watt X 1 hour = 1000 W x 3600 s ⇒ 1kWh = 3.6 x 106 watt second = 3.6 x
106 J
Question: 14:- Judge the equivalent resistance when the following are connected in parallel –
(a) 1 Ω and 106 Ω, (b) 1 Ω and 103 Ω, and 106 Ω.
Question: 15:- An electric lamp of 100 Ω, a toaster of resistance 50 Ω, and a water filter of
resistance 500 Ω are connected in parallel to a 220 V source.
What is the resistance of an electric iron connected to the same source that takes as much
current as all three appliances, and what is the current through it?
Answer:-
Given:
R1 = 100Ω, R2 = 50 Ω, R3 = 500 Ω all are connected in parallel
Potential difference = 220V
For electric iron Since it takes as well current as three appliances, thus electric current through
it = 7.04A
The electric current = 7.04 A and potential difference = 220 V
Thus, Resistance of electric iron = Total resistance of three appliances = 31.25 Ω
Thus, electric current through the electric iron = 7.04A
Resistance of electric iron = 31.25 Ω
Question: 16:- What are the advantages of connecting electrical devices in parallel with the
battery instead of connecting them in series?
Answer:- Advantages of connecting electrical appliances in parallel instead of connecting in
series:
(a) Voltage remains same in all the appliances.
(b) Lower total effective resistance
Question: 17. How can three resistors of resistances 2 Ω, 3 Ω, and 6 Ω be connected to give a
total resistance of (a) 4 Ω, (b) 1 Ω?
Answer:(a) When resistors having resistance equal to 3 Ω and 6 Ω are connected in parallel and one
having resistance equal to 2 Ω is connected in series
Let total resistance due to resistors having resistance equal to 6 Ω and 3 Ω = R1
Now, total effective resistance in the circuit = R1 + 2 Ω = 2 Ω + 2 Ω = 4 Ω
Hence, when resistors having resistance equal to 3 Ω and 6 Ω are connected in parallel and
one having resistance equal to 2 Ω is connected in series, then the total effective resistance in
the circuit = 4 Ω
(b) When all the three resistance is connected in parallel then
When all the three resistance will be connected in parallel, then the total effective resistance
in the circuit = 1 Ω
Question: 18. What is (a) the highest, (b) the lowest total resistance that can be secured by
combinations of four coils of resistance 4 Ω, 8 Ω, 12 Ω, 24 Ω?
Answer: When all the resistors are connected in series
Thus, R = 2 Ω
(b) When all the resistors are connected in series
Thus, total resistance = 4 Ω + 8 Ω + 12 Ω + 24 Ω = 48 Ω
Thus, highest resistance = 48 Ω
Lowest resistance = 2 Ω
Question: 19. Why does the cord of an electric heater not glow while the heating element
does?
Answer: The resistance of heating element is very high compared to the cord of an electric
heater. Since, heat produced is directly proportional to the resistance, thus element of electric
heater glows because of production of more heat and cord does not.
Question: 20. Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulomb of charge in one
hour through a potential difference of 50 V.
Answer: Given, Potential difference (V) = 50V,
Charge (Q) = 96000 coulomb
Time, t = 1 hour = 60 X 60 s = 3600 s
Question: 21. An electric iron of resistance 20 Ω takes a current of 5 A. Calculate the heat
developed in 30 s.
Answer: Given, Electric current (I) = 5A, Resistance (R) = 20 Ω, Time (t) = 30s
Therefore, Heat produced (H) =?
Question: 22. What determines the rate at which energy is delivered by a current?
Answer: Since electric power is the rate of consumption of electric energy in any electrical
appliance. Hence, rate at which energy is delivered by a current is the power of electric
appliance.
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