Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus
BI 231 Lab
Supplemental Package
PCC-Sylvania BI 231 Laboratory Supplement
1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and
clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire
blanket, safety kit, and showers.
2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.
3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory
guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind,
store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the
benches.
4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear
of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for
this purpose.
5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties
are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory.
Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or
lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.
6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking
immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes,
immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform
the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform
instructor.
7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.
Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the
dissection of preserved material.
8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when
instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.
9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or
surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts
or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after
removing gloves.
10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your
instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to
water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.
11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how
minor, to the instructor immediately.
12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
will be excluded from the Laboratory
Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials
 Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have
come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for
decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.
 Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10%
bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.
 Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not
replace their covers.
1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.
2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces
soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a
sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.
3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in
Carosafe/Wardsafe.
4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your
instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for
gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used
(MSDS). Ask your instructor.
5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace
and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please
use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.
a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the
models and may take a long time to replace.
6. At the end of an experiment:
a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.
b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!
7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.
8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use
lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been
coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure
it is in assigned cupboard.
9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are
numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in
box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you
instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in
each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.
10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash
container provided.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory
Please Read
You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will
want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be
liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of
terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well.
If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures
under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are
available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the
structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models.
Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on
quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!
Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand
what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions
in the tests.
Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the
beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be
quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only
long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.
Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware
of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.
Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can
only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both
instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be
automatically thrown out.
There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do.
You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare
for the tests.
Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.
If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator
(Marilyn.thomas@pcc.edu) Thank you!
BI 231
Anatomy and Physiology I
Lab 1: Organs, Systems and Organization of the Body: pages
5-14
Today’s Lab Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Be able to identify the organ systems and organs listed on any of the models found in lab
Know the functions of the organ systems
Know the basic organs found in the organ systems
Be able to use directional terms to identify body structures
Be able to determine from illustration or written description planes of the body
Be able to identify major regions of the body
Identify abdominal quadrants and 9 abdominal regions and major organs found in each
Be able to identify the superficial muscles on the muscle men
The Organ Systems
Reproductive
Gonads (testes and ovaries)
Urinary
Kidneys, urinary bladder
Nervous
Brain and spinal cord
Muscular (muscles)
Skeletal (bones)
Respiratory
Nose, larynx, trachea and lungs
Lymphatic
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and tonsils
Integumentary
Skin
Digestive
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver
Endocrine
Thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas
Cardiovascular
Heart, blood and blood vessels
What is Anatomical Position?
Directional Terms:
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Superficial
Deep
Ventral (anterior)
Dorsal (posterior)
Proximal
Distal
Planes:
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Coronal (frontal) plane
Sagittal plane
Midsagittal
Parasagittal
Body Cavities:
Dorsal
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Ventral
Thoracic
Mediastinum
Pleural
Pericardial
Abdominal pelvic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Regions of the body:
Cranial
Cephalic
Facial
Frontal
Orbital
Buccal
Mental
Nasal
Oral
Nuchal (back of neck)
Cervical
Acromial
Axillary
Thoracic
Pectoral
Sternal
Brachial
Abdominal
Umbilical
Cubital (elbow)
Antebrachial
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Coxal
Inguinal
Pubic
Patellar
Digital
Pedal
Tarsal
crural
Femoral
Manual
Calcaneal
Popliteal
Carpal
Abdominal Regions
Nine Regions
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right lumbar
Left lumbar
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Right iliac (inguinal)
Left iliac (inguinal)
Muscles to know:
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
External abdominal oblique
Rectus abdominis
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Tibialis anterior
Gluteus maximus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
Four Quadrants
right upper quadrant
left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant
Lab 2: Tissues (pages 17-36)
Quiz #1: Anatomical Terminology
Today’s Lab Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Be able to identify the various tissues under the microscope
Be able to associate tissues with organs in which they are found
Know the functions of the various tissues
List the three parts of a neuron
Identify the muscle types
Epithelial Tissue
Simple squamous epithelium:
Locations where found:
Functions:
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Locations where found:
Functions:
Simple columnar epithelium
Locations where found:
Functions
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Locations where found:
Functions:
Stratified squamous epithelium
Locations where found:
Functions:
Transitional epithelium
Locations where found:
Functions
Name the 3 types of cell connections:
Muscle Tissues
Skeletal Muscle
Characteristics:
Functions:
Cardiac Muscle
Characteristics:
Functions:
Smooth Muscle
Characteristics:
Functions
Nervous Tissue
Neuron
Dendrites:
Cell body:
Axon:
Function:
Glial cells
Connective Tissues
Fibrous Connective Tissues
Dense regular connective tissue
Characteristics:
Locations where it can be found in the body:
Dense irregular connective tissue
Characteristics:
Locations where it can be found in the body:
Elastic connective tissue
Characteristics:
Locations where it can be found in the body
Loose connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue
Characteristics:
Locations where it can be found in the body
Areolar connective tissue
Characteristics:
Locations where it can be found in the body
Adipose tissue
Description:
Location in the body:
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Description:
Location in the body:
Fibrocartilage
Description:
Location in the body:
Elastic cartilage
Description:
Location in the body:
Bone
Description:
Functions:
Blood
Description:
Functions:
Lab 3: Integumentary System
Quiz #2: Histology
Objectives:
1. List the two layers of the integument
2. List and identify all the layers of the epidermis
3. Describe the structure and function of sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands and be
able to identify them on both models and slides
4. Identify the hair follicle in longitudinal and cross section
5. Be able to identify meissner’s and Pacinian corpuscles on both models and slides
6. Describe the hypodermis
Epidermis- Stratified squamous epithelium hardened with keratin
Stratum basale
Basement membrane
Melanocytes
Stratum spinosum
Desmosomes
Stratum granulosum
Keratohyalin granules (precursors of keratin found in the outer most layer of epidermis)
Stratum lucidum
Only found in the palms of the hand and soles of the feet
Stratum corneum
Dermis – majority of the fibers are irregularly arranged collagenous with lessor numbers of elastic and
reticular fibers
Papillary layer (areolar connective tissue)
Meissner’s (tactile) Corpuscles
Merkel (tactile) discs (also found in lower epidermis)
Reticular layer (Dense irregular connective tissue)
Pacinian (lamellated) Corpuscle
Warm and cool receptors
Pain receptors
Hypodermis (adipose and areolar connective tissues)
Integumentary Glands
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Eccrine (merocrine) glands
Appocrine glands
Lactiferous (milk) glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Sebum
Ceruminous (earwax) glands
Hair
Hair follicles
Hair
Shaft
Root
Hair bulb
Types of hair
Determinate hair
Indeterminate hair
Dermal papilla
Root sheath
Piloerector (arrector pili) muscle
Cross section of hair
Medulla
Cortex
Melanin
Cuticle
Nails
Nail body
Free edge
Eponychium
Nail root
Nail bed
Lunule
Hyponychium
Nail groove
Nail folds
*This is a somewhat short lab. I would use any extra time to review materials from the histology lab
because our first practical is in two weeks
Lab 4: Introduction to skeletal and nervous systems (pages 55-79)
Quiz #3: Integumentary system
Objectives:
Describe the composition if bone tissue
Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone
Be able to identify structures listed on models and under microscope
Describe the 3 parts of the neuron
List the main divisions of the nervous system
Describe the functions of the various neuroglias
Skeletal system
Axial skeleton: skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
Appendicular skeleton:
Pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapula
Upper extremity: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Pelvic girdle: hip bone
Lower extremity: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Composition of Bone Tissue
Organic material
Collagenous fibers
Inorganic material
Hydroxyapatite
Bone Morphology
Epiphyses
Diaphysis
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal line
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Trabeculae
Marrow cavity
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
Diploe
Periosteum
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
Nutient foramina
Perforating (Volksmann’s) canals
Endosteum
Microscopic Structure of Bone
Osteons
Central (haversian) canal
Perforating canals
Lacunae
Osteocytes
Canaliculi
Lamellae
Bone Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteogenic cells
Nervous System
Neuron
Axon
Dendrite
Neurosoma
Neuroplasm
Nissl bodies
Nucleus
Neuron Shapes
Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons
Synapses
Synaptic knob
Neurotransmitters
Electrical synapse
Neuroglia
PNS
Schwann cell
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin
Myelin sheath
Saltatory conduction
CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Specialized Neurons
Pyramidal cells
Purkinje cells
Please use the extra time in lab to review for the practical next week!
Lab 5 – Practical #1
The practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab

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Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package
Models
Images
Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions)
75 questions
Timed stations
Lab 6 – Axial Skeleton
No Quiz
Lab Objectives:
By the end of today’s lab you should be able to identify the bones and markings listed below on bones of
the skull.
You should be able to identify parts of vertebrae, ribs sternum and hyoid bones
The skull (exercise 11)
Frontal bone
Supraorbital ridge
Parietal bone (2)
Temporal bone (2)
Zygomatic process of temporal bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
External auditory meatus
Internal auditory meatus
Jugular foramen
Carotid canal
Mandibular fossa
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
Superior nuchal line
Inferior nuchal line
External occipital protuberance
Sutures
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Squamous suture
Lambdoidal suture
Sphenoid
Greater wings
Superior orbital fissure
Sella turcica
Hypophyseal fossa
Dorsum sellae
Lesser wings
Optic canal
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum
Foramen spinosum
Pterygoid processes
Medial pterygoid plate
Lateral pterygoid plate
Ethmoid bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Perpendicular plate
Middle nasal conchae
Olfactory foramina
Mandible
Body of mandible
Ramus of mandible
Angle of mandible
Mandibular condyle
Mental foramen
Mental symphysis
Coronoid process
Mandibular notch
Mandibular foramen
Mylohyoid line
Alveolar processes
Maxilla (2)
Alveolar margin
Infraorbital foramen
Paranasal sinuses
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Frontal sinus
Zygomatic bones (2)
Zygomatic arch
Lacrimal (2)
Vomer
Nasal (2)
Palatine (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2)
Wormian (sutural) bones
Hard palate = maxilla + palatine bone
Nasal septum = vomer + perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Fontanels
Anterior (frontal) fontanel
Posterior (occipital) fontanel
Sphenoid (anterolateral) fontanels (2)
Mastoid (posterolateral) fontanels (2)
Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Hyoid (Exercise 10)
Spinal Curvatures
Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar curvature
Sacral (pelvic) curvature
Abnormal curvatures
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Typical Vertebra structures
Intervertebral discs
Vertebral foramen
Body of vertebra
Vertebral arch
Lamina
Transverse processes
Spinous process
Superior articular processes
Superior articular facet
Inferior articular process
Inferior articular facet
Intervertebral foramina
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Atlas (C1) no body
Axis (C2) Dens (odontoid process)
Transverse foramen
Bifid spinous process
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Superior costal facet
Inferior costal facet
Transverse costal facets
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Sacrum (5 fused)
Anterior sacral foramina
Posterior sacral foramina
Sacral promontory
Coccyx
Ribs
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Costal groove
True ribs
False ribs (with floating ribs)
Sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xyphoid process
Hyoid
Lab 7: Appendicular Skeleton
Quiz #4: Axial Skeleton
Lab Objectives:
By the end of today’s lab you should be able to identify the bones and markings from the list below.
Pectoral Girdle
Scapula
acromion process
coracoid process
spine of scapula
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
subscapular fossa
glenoid cavity
lateral border
medial (vertebral) border
superior (axillary) border
inferior angle
superior angle
Clavicle
Sternal end
Acromial end
Conoid tubercle
Upper Extremity
Humerus
Head of humerus
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Olecranon fossa
Capitulum
Trochlea
Ulna
Olecranon process
Coronoid process
Trochlear notch
Radial notch of ulna
Head of ulna
Styloid process of ulna
Radius
Head of radius
Radial tuberosity
Ulnar notch of radius
Styloid process of radius
Carpal bones (from lateral to medial)
Proximal row: scaphoid- lunate-triquetrum-pisiform
Distal row: trapezium-trapezoid-capitate-hamate
Metacarpal bones (I-V)
Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
Pelvic Girdle
Os coxae
Ilium
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Iliac fossa
Arcuate line
Ischium
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial ramus
Pubis
Superior ramus
Inferior ramus
Body of pubis
Pubic symphysis
Pubic crest
Obturator foramen
Acetabulum
Lower Extremity
Femur
Head of femur
Neck of femur
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Pectineal line
Linea aspera
Medial supracondylar line
Lateral supracondylar line
Intertrochanteric crest
Intertrochanteric line
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Patellar surface
Fovea capitis
Adductor tubercle
Patella
Articular facets
Tibia
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar eminence
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Fibula
Head of fibula
Lateral malleolus
Tarsal bones:
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform
Metatarsals
Phalanges
The knee joint
Medial meniscus
Lateral meniscus
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Fibular collateral ligament
Tibial collaterial ligament
Patellar ligament
Tendon of quadriceps
Lab 8: Axial Muscles
Quiz #5: Appendicular Skeleton
____________________________________________________________________________________
Objectives:
1. Locate the muscles listed and be able to identify these muscles on models
2. Also be able to identify the origin, insertion and action of each muscle
3. You will need to know the following terms of movement to be able to properly identify
actions of the muscle
Anatomical terms of movement
FlexionExtension
Abduction
Adduction
SupinationPronationOppositionRepositionEversionInversion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
Circumduction
Lateral flexion
Be able to identify the muscle, action, origin and insertion for each muscle
Muscles
MUSCLES OF THE
HEAD
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Frontalis
Epicranial aponeurosis
Skin over forehead
Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of
forehead
Facial VII
Occipitalis
Nuchal line on occipital bone
Epicranial aponeurosis
Fixes epicranial aponeurosis and pulls
scalp posteriorly
Facial VII
Nasalis
Maxillary bone; cartilage of nose
Bridge of nose
Compresses nostrils; dilates nostrils
Facial VII
Temporalis
Temporal bone
Coronoid process of mandible
Elevates and retracts mandible
Trigeminal V
Masseter
Zygomatic process and arch
Ramus of mandible
Elevates mandible
Trigeminal V
Orbicularis oculi
Medial orbital margin
Skin surrounding eye
Closes eyelids and acts during
squinting and blinking
Facial VII
Orbicularis oris
Maxillary bone; mandible
lips
Closes and purses lips
Facial VII
Zygomaticus major
Zygomatic bone
Corner of mouth
Elevates corner of mouth
Facial VII
Zygomaticus minor
Zygomatic bone
Upper lip
Raises upper lip
Mentalis
Alveolar ridge of incisors of mandible
Skin over chin
Elevates and protrudes lower lip
Facial VII
Risorius
Fascia of masseter
Corner of mouth
Draws corner of mouth laterally
Facial VII
SUPERFICIAL
MUSCULATURE OF
THE NECK
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Omohyoid
Superior belly
Clavicle and first rib
Hyoid bone
Depresses hyoid bone
Ansa cervicalis
Inferior belly
Superior margin of scapula
Clavicle and 1st rib
Thyrohyoid
Thyroid cartilage of the larynx
Hyoid bone
Depresses hyoid bone, elevates
thyroid cartilage
Ansa cervicalis
Sternohyoid
Posterior surface of manubrium, and
medial clavicle
Hyoid bone
Depresses hyoid bone
Ansa cervicalis
Stylohyoid
Styloid process
Hyoid bone
Moves hyoid bone up and back
Facial VII
Mylohyoid
Inferior margin of mandible
Hyoid bone
Elevates hyoid bone and floor of
mouth, depresses mandible
Trigeminal V
Digastric
Anterior: Lower border of mandible
near midline
Hyoid bone
Elevates hyoid bone and base of
tongue, depresses mandible
Ant: Trigeminal V
- Anterior belly
-Posterior belly
Posterior: Mastoid process of temporal
bone
Post: Facial VII
MUSCLES OF THE
NECK & BACK
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Sternocleidomastoid
Manubrium and medial third of clavicle
Mastoid process
Flexion and lateral flexion of neck;
rotates head so face is turned
superiorly and to the opposite side
C2 and C2, spinal
accessory, XI
Trapezius
Posterior surface of occipital bone;
ligamentum nuchae; and spinous
process of thoracic vertebrae
Lateral third of clavicle; acromion
process; spine of scapula
Superior fibers: elevates scapula
Spinal accessory
XI, C3, and C4
Middle fibers: retracts scapula
Inferior fibers: depress scapula
Latissimus dorsi
Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic
vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, crest
of ilium
Intertubercular groove of humerus
Extension, adduction and medial
rotation of arm
Thoracodorsal
Levator scapula
Transverse processes of C1-4
Medial border above spine of
scapula
Elevates scapula; acts with pectoralis
minor to inferiorly rotate scapula
Doral scapular
Rhomboid major
Spinous process of T2-5 and
supraspinous ligament
Medial border below spine of
scapula
Adducts scapula and rotates it
downward; stabilizes scapula
Dorsal scapular
Rhomboid minor
Spinous process of C7-T1
Medial border of scapula at base of
spine
Adducts scapula and rotates it
downward; stabilizes scapula
Dorsal scapular
Serratus anterior
External surface of upper 8 ribs
Medial border of scapula
Abducts scapula and rotates it
upward. Important in horizontal arm
movements (‘boxer’s muscle)
Long thoracic
Erector Spinae
Thoracolumbar fascia; posterior surface
of sacrum; iliac crest; spinous process of
T11-T12 and L1-L5
Transverse processes of thoracic
and cervical vertebrae, tubercles of
inferior nine ribs, and mastoid
process of skull
Extension of vertebral column
Spinal nerves
dorsal rami
Inferior Serratus
Posterior
Spinous processes of the lower two
thoracic and the upper two or three
lumbar vertebrae
Lower borders of the bottom four
ribs
Pulls ribs down, resisting pull of
diaphragm
T9-T12
Splenius
Spinous processes of inferior cervical
and superior thoracic vertebrae
Mastoid process, occipital bone,
and transverse processes of
superior cervical vertebrae
Extension of the head and neck; lateral
flexion and rotation of the head and
neck
Cervical spinal
nerves
1st rib
Cervical spinal
C3-C8.
Transverse processes of C3-C6
Ant. and middle: elevates 1st rib,
flexes neck forward and laterally,
rotates neck
Transverse processes of C2-C7
1st rib
Transverse processes of C4-C6
2nd rib
Scalenes
-
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Post: elevates 2nd rib, flexes neck
laterally, slightly rotates neck
MUSCLES OF
THORACIC WALL
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Diaphragm
Internal surfaces of xiphoid process and
inferior 6 ribs; anterior surfaces of
vertebrae L1, L2 and L3
Centra tendon of the diaphragm
Increases volume of thoracic cavity by
pulling central tendon inferiorly
Phrenic nerves
(C3-C5)
External intercostals
Inferior border of rib above
Superior border of rib below
Elevates rib cage during normal
inspiration
Intercostal
Internal intercostals
Superior border of rib below
Inferior border of rib above
Depresses rib cage during forced
expiration
Intercostal
Pectoralis major
Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal
cartilages, aponeurosis of external
abdominal oblique
Lateral lip of intertubercular groove
of humerus
Flexion, medial rotation and adduction
of the arm
Lateral and
medial pectoral
Pectoralis minor
Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5
Coracoid process of scapula
Depression and inferior rotation of
scapula
Medial pectoral
MUSCLES OF THE
ANTERIOR
ABDOMINAL WALL
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Rectus abdominis
Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis
Xiphoid process and cartilages of
ribs 5 to 7
Flexion of vertebral column; stabilizes
pelvis during walking; compresses
abdomen to aid in defecation,
urination, forced exhalation.
Intercostal 7 to
12
External abdominal
oblique
External surface of lower 8 ribs
Linea alba; pubic crest; pubic
tubercle; iliac crest
Rotation and lateral flexion of trunk;
increases intraabdominal pressure
during forced expiration
Intercostals 8 to
12,
iliohypogastric,
ilioinguinal
Internal abdominal
oblique
Lateral half of inguinal ligament,
anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar
fascia
Lower four ribs, linea alba and by
conjoined tendon to pubis
Compresses abdomen, and flex
vertebral column; acting singly,
laterally flex vertebral column
Intercostals 8 to
12,
iliohypogastric,
ilioinguinal
Transverse abdominis
Lateral third of inguinal ligament,
anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar
fascia
Linea alba, pubis crest
Compresses abdomen and Increases
intraabdominal pressure during forced
expiration
Intercostals 7 to
12,
iliohypogastric,
ilioinguinal
ACTION
NERVE
MUSCLES OF THE
SHOULDER AND
ARM
Deltoid
ORIGIN
lateral third of clavicle, acromion
process and spine of scapula
INSERTION
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Anterior fibers: medial rotation and
flexion of arm
Middle fibers: abduction of arm
Posterior fibers: lateral rotation and
extension of arm
Axillary
Supraspinatus
Supraspinous fossa
Superior portion of greater tubercle
of humerus
Abducts humerus
Suprascapular
Infraspinatus
Infraspinous fossa
Middle portion of greater tubercle
of humerus
Rotates humerus laterally
Suprascapular
Teres minor
Lateral border of scapula
Greater tubercle of humerus
Rotates humerus laterally
Scapular circumflex
Subscapularis
Subscapular fossa
Lesser tubercle of humerus
Rotates humerus medially
Upper and lower
subscapularis
Teres major
Scapula, near inferior angle
Medial lip of intertubercular groove
of humerus
Extends arm at shoulder joint and
assists in adduction and medial
rotation of arm at shoulder joint.
Lower subscapular
Biceps brachii
Long head, supraglenoid tubercle;
Tuberosity of radius
Flexes and supination of forearm;
flexion of arm
Musculocutaneous
Short head, coracoid process scapula
Brachialis
Anterior distal two-thirds of humerus
Coronoid process of ulna
Flexes forearm
Musculocutaneous
and radial
Coracobrachialis
Coracoid process of scapula
Middle third of humerus
Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder
joint
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Triceps brachii
Long head, infraglenoid tubercle;
Olecranon process of ulna
Extension of forearm; long head
extends and adducts arm
Radial
Lateral head, proximal portion of
posterior humerus;
Medial head, distal half of posterior
humerus
Lab 9: Appendicular muscles
Quiz #6: Muscles Group 1
Objectives:
1. Locate the muscles listed and be able to identify these muscles on models
2. Also be able to identify the origin, insertion and action of each muscle
____________________________________________________________________________________
Anconeus
MUSCLES OF ANT.
FOREARM
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
ORIGIN
Olecranon process, posterior
surface of ulna
INSERTION
Weak extensor of ulna, stabilizes
elbow joint in extension
ACTION
Radial
NERVE
Flexor carpi radialis
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Base of second metacarpal
Flexion and abduction of the wrist
Median
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Medial epicondyle of humerus,
olecranon process, & posterior ulna
Pisiform, hamate, and fifth
metacarpal
Flexes and adducts wrist
Ulnar
Pronator teres
Medial epicondyle of humerus and
coronoid process of ulna
Lateral surface of radius
Pronates and flexes forearm
Median
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Medial epicondyle of humerus and
coronoid process of ulna
Middle phalanges of fingers
Flexes fingers and wrist
Median
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna
and interosseous membrane
Distal phalanges of fingers
Flexes fingers and wrist
Median and
Ulnar
Flexor pollicis longus
Middle half of radius, interosseous
membrane, coronoid process of ulna
Distal phalanx of thumb
Flexes thumb and wrist
Median
Palmaris longus
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Palmar aponeurosis
Weak flexion of wrist
Median
MUSCLES OF
POSTEROLATERAL
FOREARM
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Brachioradialis
Lateral supracondylar ridge
Styloid process of radius
Flexes forearm
Radial
Extensor carpi radialis
longus
Lateral supracondylar ridge of
humerus
Second metacarpal
Extends and abducts wrist
Radial
Extensor carpi radialis
brevis
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Third metacarpal
Extends and abducts wrist
Radial
Extensor digitorum
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Distal and middle phalanges of each
finger
Extends fingers and hand
Radial
Extensor digiti minimi
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Tendon of extensor digitorum on
fifth phalanx
Extends 5th digit and hand
Radial
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Lateral epicondyle of humerus and
posterior border of ulna
Fifth metacarpal
Extends and adducts hand at wrist
joint
Radial
Abductor pollicis longus
Posterior surface of ulna and radius,
and interosseous membrane
First metacarpal
Abducts and extends thumb
Radial
Extensor pollicis brevis
Posterior surface of middle of radius
and interosseous membrane
Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Extends thumb
Radial
Extensor pollicis longus
Posterior surface of middle third of
ulna and interosseous membrane
Base of distal phalanx of thumb
Extends thumb
Radial
Supinator
Lateral epicondyle of humerus,
proximal ulna
Lateral surface and posterior
border of radius
Supinates forearm
Radial
MUSCLES OF THE
PALM
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Abductor pollicis
brevis
Scaphoid and trapezium
Proximal phalanx of thumb
Abduction of thumb; opposition of
thumb
Median
Flexor pollicis brevis
Trapezium
Proximal phalanx of thumb
Flexes thumb; opposition of thumb
Median
Flexor digiti minimi
Hook of hamate
Proximal phalanx of fifth digit
Flexes fifth digit
Ulnar
Abductor digiti
minimi
Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi
ulnaris
Proximal phalanx of fifth digit
Abducts fifth digit
Ulnar
MUSCLES OF DEEP
BACK AND GLUTEAL
REGION
Gluteus maximus
ORIGIN
Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and
coccyx
INSERTION
Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial
tract
ACTION
Principal extensor and lateral rotator
of thigh;
NERVE
Inferior gluteal
Gluteus medius
Lateral surface of ilium
Greater trochanter of femur, lateral
surface
Abduction and medial rotation of
thigh; steadies the pelvis during
walking
Superior gluteal
Piriformis
Anterior surface of sacrum
Greater trochanter of femur
Abducts thigh
Twigs from sacral
one and two
Quadratus femoris
Ischial tuberosity
Elevation superior to mid-portion of
intertrochanteric crest on posterior
femur
Laterally rotates and stabilizes hip joint
Nerve to
quadratus
lumborum
Psoas
Transverse processes of bodies of
lumbar vertebrae
Lesser trochanter of femur with
iliacus
Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh
laterally, and flex trunk at hip as in
sitting up from supine position
Femoral
Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum
Lesser trochanter of femur with
psoas major
Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh
laterally, and flex trunk at hip as in
sitting up from supine position
Femoral
Major
Iliacus
MUSCLES OF THE
POSTERIOR THIGH
Biceps femoris
ORIGIN
Long head, ischial tuberosity;
Short head, lateral supracondylar ridge
of femur
Semimembranosus
Ischial tuberosity
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Head of fibula and lateral condyle
of tibia
Extension of thigh; flexion of leg
Sciatic
Medial condyle of tibia
Extension of thigh; flexion of leg
Sciatic
Semitendinosus
MUSCLES OF
ANTERIOR AND
MEDIAL THIGH
Ischial tuberosity,
Medial condyle of tibia
ORIGIN
Extension of thigh; flexion of leg
INSERTION
ACTION
Sciatic
NERVE
Sartorius
Anterior superior iliac spine
Medial surface of tibia near the
knee joint
Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation
of thigh; flexion of leg
Femoral
Tensor fasciae latae
Anterior superior iliac spine of ilium
Iliotibial tract
Flexes thigh, abducts, and medially
rotates thigh; steadies trunk on thigh
while standing
Superior gluteal
Quadriceps femoris
Anterior inferior iliac spine and
upper margin of acetabulum
Tibial tuberosity
Extension of leg; flexion of thigh
Femoral
Vastus lateralis
Intertrochanteric line and linea
aspera of femur
Tibial tuberosity
Extends leg
Femoral
Vastus medialis
Intertrochanteric line and linea
aspera of femur
Tibial tuberosity
Extends leg
Femoral
Vastus intermedius
Upper shaft of femur
Tibial tuberosity
Extends leg
Femoral
Adductor longus
Body of pubic bone
Middle third of linea aspera
Adduction and flexion of thigh
Obturator
Adductor magnus
Inferior ramus of pubic bone; ramus
of ischium
Linea aspera and adductor tubercle
Adduction and flexion of thigh;
extension of thigh
Obturator &
sciatic
Rectus femoris
Ischial tuberosity of ischium
Gracilis
Body and inferior ramus of pubic
bone
Medial surface of tibia near the
knee joint
Adducts thigh at hip joint, medially
rotates thigh, and flexes leg at knee
joint.
Obturator
Pectineus
Superior ramus of pubis
Just inferior to the lesser trochanter
Adducts and flexes thigh, assists with
medial rotation of thigh
Femoral
MUSCLES OF THE
POSTERIOR LEG
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Tibialis posterior
Posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula;
interosseous membrane
Navicular, with slips to cuneiform;
cuboid; metatarsals 2-4
Plantar flexion and inversion of foot
Tibial
Flexor digitorum
longus
Posterior surface of tibia
Distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of toes
Tibial
Flexor hallucis longus
Posterior surface of fibula;
interosseous membrane
Distal phalanx of great toe
Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of great
toe
Tibial
Soleus
Head of fibula; posterior surface of
fibula; medial aspect of tibia
With gastrocnemius into calcaneus
via calcaneal tendon
Plantar flexion of foot
Tibial
Gastrocnemius
Medial and lateral condyles of femur
With soleus into calcaneus via
calcaneal tendon
Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of the
leg
Tibial
Popliteus
Lateral surface of lateral condyle
Posterior surface of tibia just below
condyles
Flexion of leg; medial rotation of leg to
unlock knee prior to leg flexion
Tibial
Plantaris
Lateral supracondylar line of femur
Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal
tendon
Assists in plantar flexion of foot and
flexion of leg
Tibial
MUSCLES OF THE
ANTEROLATERAL LEG
AND DORSUM OF
THE FOOT
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Tibialis anterior
Lateral condyle and lateral surface of
tibia and interosseous membrane
Base of first cuneiform and first
metatarsal
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Deep fibular
Extensor hallucis
longus
Anterior surface of fibula and
interosseous membrane
Distal phalanx of great toe
Dorsiflexes foot and extends great toe
Deep fibular
Extensor digitorum
longus
Lateral condyle of tibia; medial surface
of fibula & interosseous membrane
Middle and distal phalanges of
digits 2-5
Dorsiflexes foot and extends toes
Deep fibular
Fibularis longus
Head and lateral surface of fibula
First metatarsal and first cuneiform
and
Eversion of foot
Superficial fibular
Fibularis brevis
Lateral surface of fibula
Fifth metatarsal
Eversion of foot
Superficial fibular
Extensor digitorum
brevis
Dorsal surface of calcaneus
By four tendons into extensor
expansion
Extends toes
Deep fibular
Extensor hallucis
brevis
Medial surface of calcaneus
Proximal phalanx of great toe
Extends toes
Deep fibular
MUSCLES OF THE
SOLE OF THE FOOT
Abductor hallucis
ORIGIN
Tuberosity of calcaneus
INSERTION
Medial aspect of proximal phalanx
of great toe
ACTION
Abducts and flexes great toe; supports
medial longitudinal arch
NERVE
Medial plantar
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Tuberosity of calcaneus
By four tendons into middle
phalanx of lateral four toes
Flexes lateral four toes
Medial plantar
Abductor digiti
minimi
Tuberosisty of calcaneus
Lateral side of proximal 5th phalanx
Abducts 5th Toe
Lateral plantar
Flexor hallucis brevis
Cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones
Base of proximal phalanx of 1st toe
Flexes great toe
Medial plantar
Flexor digiti minimi
brevis
Base of 5th Metatarsal
Base of proximal 5th phalanx
Flexes 5th toe
Lateral plantar
The final practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab (bones and muscles)
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Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package
Models
Images
75 questions
Timed stations