Scott Bruno
Chapter 2 Questions
2/8/12
1. Chemistry- considers the composition of substances and how they change
2. The difference between chemistry and biochemistry is that chemistry deals with
more physiology aspects and biochemistry deals with methods and diseases.
3. Matter- anything that has weight and takes up space
4. Compound- chemical combinations
5. The four most abundant elements in the human body are, oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, and nitrogen
6. The relationships between elements and atoms are very similar because elements
are composed of particles known as atoms
7. The major parts of the atom consist of protons, electrons and neutrons. These
three items are found in the nucleus of the atom.
8. Protons have a positive charge as where neutrons have a neutral charge.
9. A complete atom is electrically neutral because, when the number of protons and
electrons is equal.
10. Atomic number is the number of protons in the atoms of a particular element. The
atomic weight is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
11. Isotope- atoms that have the same atomic numbers but different atomic weights
12. Atomic Radiation- includes three common forms called alpha, betta, and gamma
13. When two or more molecules form they create a compound.
14. Electrons are distributed in a certain way throughout the electron shell. The first
shell consists of 2 electrons, the second shell consists of 8 electrons, and the third
shell consists of 8 electrons as well
15. Some atoms are chemically inert because their outermost shells are completely
filled.
16. Ionic bonds form when opposite electrical charges attract
17. A covalent bond forms when atoms share electrons
18. A single covalent bond consists of a depicted single line where as a double
covalent bond has 2 lines.
19. Molecular formula is the abbreviation for the number of atoms of each element in
a compound. Structural formula represents the way atoms bond in a molecule.
20. Hydrogen bonds form when the attraction between a positive hydrogen end of a
polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule.
21. Two types of macromolecules in which hydrogen bonds are important are, water
molecules and polar molecules.
22. Three major types of chemical reactions are, decomposition, exchange and
reversible
23. Reversible Reaction- when products can change back to the reactant
24. Catalyst- molecules that influence the rates of chemical reactions but are not
consumed in the process
25. Electrolyte- substances that release ions in water
Acid- electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water
Bases- substances that combine with hydrogen ions
Salts- bases can react with acids to neutralize them forming water and electrolytes
26. PH scale is a system that tracks the number of decimal places in a hydrogen ion
27. Buffer- chemicals that resists ph change
28. Organic compounds have carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic are all other chemicals
29. Electrolytes are inorganic substances that usually dissociate in water forming
ions. Organic compounds that dissolve in water usually do not release ions
30. Water is the most abundant compound in living material and accounts for about
two-thirds of the weight of an adult human. Having a continuing supply of oxygen
is necessary for cell survival and survival of a person because it is transported
throughout our bloodstream
31. Water, which is the most abundant compound in living material. Oxygen, which
is used to release energy from nutrient molecules. Carbon dioxide, which is
produced as a waste product when energy is released during certain metabolic
reactions. Inorganic salts, which are abundant in body fluids.
32. Electrolyte Balance- our bodies regularly gain and lose electrolytes to maintain
homeostasis
33. Carbohydrates are water soluble molecules that include atoms of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
34. Simple carbohydrates are sugars that include monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Complex carbohydrates are also called polysaccharides are built of simple
carbohydrates
35. Lipids are a group of organic chemicals that are insoluble in water but soluble in
organic solvents, such as ether and chloroform
36. The three main types of lipids found in cells are fats, phospholipids, and steroids
37. Saturated fats are when each carbon atom binds as many hydrogen atoms as
possible. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between carbon bonds
38. A hydrophilic molecule dissolves in water but not lipids
39. Proteins are structural materials, energy sources, and chemical messengers
40. Enzyme that protein catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction
41. The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary
42. Because of reversible changes in conformation it can have a affect on protein’s
normal function
43. The general characteristics of nucleic acids include, carrying the instructions that
control a cell’s activities by encoding the amino acid sequences of proteins.
44. The general functions of nucleic acids include, nucleotides, which are building
blocks that consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one several
nitrogen containing organic bases. RNA is composed of nucleotides that have
ribose sugar. DNA has deoxyribose sugar