Chapter 1 and 2
Early America
Native Americans 5000 B.C.
O Hunter gatherers in Northern
Mexico developed wild grass into
corn.
O Size of a penny
O Nomadic hunters began to settle
and raise corn.
Great Early Groups- 1200 B.C.
O 1200 b.c
O The Pueblo People
O Located on the Rio
Grande
O Constructed
irrigation systems
to water cornfields
O Constructed multistoried, terraced
buildings.
100 A.D.
O The Mound
Builders
O Location:
Appalachian
Mountains to the
Mississippi Valley.
O Lived from about
3,000 years ago
until the 1700s.
O Most Native
Americans
O Living in small,
scattered groups.
O Loved the physical
world and did not
want to alter it.
The Great Serpent
Mound
The Serpent Mound, is not haunted in the classical
sense. No vengeful ghost walks there at midnight (as
far as anyone can tell); no axe murders are reenacted
when the moon is full. But to the ancient Indians who
built it, the great effigy mound definitely was a
spiritual place.
Question: How Were Mounds
Made?
O Imagine groups of workers toiling from
dawn to dusk, gathering baskets of dirt. They
carry their burdens to a clearing, dump the
soil, and tamp it down with their feet. As the
days pass they retrace their footsteps time
after time until a shape emerges and begins
to grow. An earthen mound is born.
Question: What did they look
like?
O The shapes of mounds vary.
O They can be flat-topped pyramids, rounded
domes, or barely perceptible rises on the
landscape.
O Mounds can stand alone or be in groups of
as many as 20 or more.
O Some mounds are arranged around broad
plazas, while others are connected by earthen
ridges.
Question: What was the
purpose of the mound?
O The 1st mounds were burial grounds.
O They also found shells from the Gulf of
Mexico and turquoise from the South west.
O Some mounds were used for religious
ceremonies.
O This image was taken
from Henry Clyde
Shetrone's book The
Mound-Builders, 1930.
The figure depicted
here is the first known
attempt to portray the
builders of the ancient
mounds as they
appeared in life.
O What happened to
them?
Mound Builders
O 1700s-Mississippians had
died from disease they
caught from Europeans.
European
Exploration of the
Americas
1492-1700
Question?
The year is 1510. You live in a
European port town and have heard
exciting tales about mysterious lands
across the sea.
Would you join a voyage of
exploration?
Why?
Spain vs. Portugal
O 1493: Spain and
Portugal wanted a
ruling to who
would control the
lands.
O Pope Alexander VI
ruled
O Line of
Demarcation
East: Portugal
West: Spain
Spain vs. Portugal
O King John Mad-
favored Spain
O June 1494: Treaty
of Tordesillas
O Portugal: Eastern
South America
O Spain: Mexico
European Countries
Goals
1. Spread Christianity beyond
Europe.
2. Expand their empires.
3. Become Rich.
Mercantilism
O Goal: Increase
money in the
country’s
treasury by
creating a
balance in
trade.
O Mines: produce
gold/silver
O Crops=CASH
European Explorers
1. Amerigo Vespucci
2. Vasco Nunez Balboa
3. Ferdinand Magellan
Invasion of Mexico
O Conquistador:
Hernando Cortes
O 1519 Mexico
O Aztec Emperor:
Montezuma
O Cortez=Aztec God
O Sent gifts of gold
What do you think
the Spanish
thought of the
gifts?
Invasion of Mexico
O Spanish marched to the Aztec capital
O Received by great ceremonies
O Stayed in the great palaces
O Took Montezuma captive
O Aztecs Rebelled!
O “Sad Night”
Fall of the Aztecs
O 1-year later
Spanish
regrouped
O Small pox
O Aug 1521 Aztecs
were defeated.
O Mexico City
O Inca Empire fall
Seeds of Change
Broken spears lie in the roads;
we have torn our hair in our grief.
The house are roofless now, and their
walls are red with blood. . . We have
pounded our hands in despair against
the adobe walls, for our inheritance,
our city, is lost and dead.
--Aztec
Poet
Why were the Spanish able
to conquer strong empires?
O Diseases
O Spanish were excellent soldiers and
sailors
O Great weapons
O Made allies
O Acted brutally
Spanish continued to
search for riches told
in Native American
stories.
1492 A.D.
O Christopher Columbus persuaded the King
and Queen of Spain to give him three ships.
O He was trying to find a western route to
India. He sailed for six weeks before sighting
the Bahamas on October 12, 1492.
O
Two Worlds Collide
O The plants and animals of the Old and New World
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
had been separated for thousands of years.
New World Crops
-Tobacco
-Corn
-Beans
-Tomatoes
-Potato
These crops revolutionized the European diet. 3/5 of
the crops grown around the world originated in the
Americas.
1493
O Columbus returned to the Caribbean with 17
ships loaded with Old World animals. The
Horse would completely change many
Native American cultures.
The Ultimate Weapon: Germs
O Europeans brought diseases such as smallpox,
yellow fever, and malaria with them to the
New World.
O These diseases quickly devastated Native
American populations.
O Some Native American slaves would knead
their own infected blood into their master’s
bread to try to infect them.
The Planting of English America
1585
Sir Walter Raleigh and a group of
settlers landed on Roanoke Island
(North Carolina).
O Raleigh established the settlement
then returned to England.
O When Raleigh returned to
Roanoke, the settlers had
disappeared. They became known
as “The Lost Colony.”
O England’s population was growing
explosively. In 1550 the
population was 3 million. In
1600 the population was 4
million.
O
O An economic depression
hit England in the late
1500s and as a result,
English farmers were
unable to pay the rent on
the land they farmed.
Landlords then began to
force farmers off their
land.
O Many began to look to
the New World as an
escape or a refuge.
1606
O The Virginia Company of
London received a charter
from King James I for a
settlement in the New World.
O The company came seeking
gold and the colonists were
threatened with abandonment
if they didn’t strike it rich for
the company.
O Few investors in the
company’s colony were
interested in long-term
settlement.
O The Virginia
Company Charter
guaranteed settlers
the same rights they
would enjoy in
England.
O Other colonies
followed this pattern
as well.
Late 1606
O Three ships of the Virginia
Company land near the mouth of
the Chesapeake Bay. Colonists
moved northward up the James
River and established Jamestown
on May 24, 1607.
Hard Times
O Early years in Jamestown were a nightmare.
O First 40 of the colonists died coming to
America.
O Those who made it:
O Died from Disease, Starvation, Malnutrition
O Wasted a lot of time searching for gold.
O Men were not accustomed to fend for
themselves.
1608
O Captain John Smith
O He was placed in charge of the colony. Smith
had a hardnosed approach to the colonists.
He said,
O “He who shall not work, shall not eat.” The
colonists quickly responded to Smith’s subtle
leadership approach.
Captain John Smith
Real Life
Disney
December 1608
O -Captain Smith was kidnapped and subjected
to a mock execution by Chief Powhatan.
O -Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas, “saved”
Smith from execution. The execution was
done to show Powhatan’s power and also to
show his desire for peace with the English.
O
O Show clips from the movie…..
Sorry Guys!!!
Real Life
Disney
Change in Leadership Tactics
O Lord De La Warr assumed leadership in the
Jamestown colony.
O Had a game plan for dealing with the Indians
O New Policy
O Allow English troops to raid Indian villages, burn
houses, cornfields, and to confiscate provisions.
O First years of this policy caused the First AngloPowhatan war.
O In the end the Indians were banished from their
lands.
Virginia and Tobacco
O John Rolf
O Perfected a method
of raising and
curing tobacco.
O Jamestown began
planting.
O Tobacco was
popular in Europe.
1619
O Virginia colony set
up the House of
Burgesses.
O Its goal was to pass
laws for the colony.
O First step towards
England’s
independence.
1642
O Sir William Berkley
O Came to Virginia to serve as governor.
O Became popular
O Organized a force that ended the Second
Anglo-Powhatan War.
O Tried to protect the Indians.
O Problem was the population growth.
O 1660-40,000
O Pressing further west.
O Will have clashes over the land.
Bacon’s Rebellion
O 1673
O Nathaniel Bacon
O Western Virginia
Farmer.
O Disagreed with Indian
policy.
O Issues:
O Mad at not being
allowed in the
governor’s inner circle.
O Not being granted a
piece of the governor’s
lucrative fur trade.
Bacon’s Rebellion
O 1675
O Band of Indians raided a western plantation
O
O
O
O
and killed a white servant.
Angry whites struck back.
Indians responded with more raids and killed
more white plantation owners.
Bacon and others defied the governor and
began to attack the Indians.
Bacon was dismissed and also his associated
rebels.
Bacon’s Rebellion
O Bacon led his rebellion
into Jamestown.
O Led the army twice
O First time: He won a
temporary pardon from
the governor
O Second time: He burned
the city and drove the
governor into exile.
O Suddenly: Bacon will die of
dysentery.
O Berkley came back and
signed a peace treaty with
the Indians.
Importance of Bacon’s
Rebellion
O It showed the continuing struggle to define the
boundary between Indian and white lands.
O It showed the English settlers were unwilling to
abide by agreements with Indians and that the
Indians were unwilling to allow further white
settlement on their lands.
O Most important:
O It showed the potential for instability in the
colony’s large population of free, landless men.
The West Indies and Sugar
O Mid 1600’s
O England Gained control
of many Caribbean
Islands.
O Foundation of the
Economy was Sugar.
O Very labor intensive
O The use of Slaves
O By 1700
O Blacks outnumbered
white settlers.
O Four to one in the
islands.
O Devised formal law
codes.
The Northern Colonies
O Religion:
O Played a major part in the lives of the colonists who settled in the
northern colonies
O Religious group that led the settlements were Puritans.
O Puritans:
O Were a break off from Protestants.
O Followed reformer John Calvin.
O Beliefs:
O God was all powerful
O Humans were wicked
O God knew who was going to heaven and hell
O Called them “The Elect”
O Good works could not even save you.
O Always sought for signs of conversion.
O They were told to lead sanctified lives
Founding of Plymouth Colony
O Early 1600’s
O King James began to take steps to force the
Puritans to leave England.
O 1608
O Group left England and settled in the Netherlands.
O 12 years the Puritans began to be worried about
the Dutchification of their children.
O ????
O Needed to move
O Children would be thrust down to Hell.
O They set sail in 1620.
Founding of Plymouth Colony
O Group of 120
O Sailed on the Mayflower
O Drew up a Mayflower Compact
O Agreed to strict laws
O One of the earliest constitutions
O First step towards self governments.
O Winter 1620-1621
O More settlers arrived after the Mayflower to settle in Plymouth
colony.
O First winter only 44/102 survived
O Fall 1621
O Enjoyed a plentiful harvest
O Celebrated the first Thanksgiving that year.
O Plymouth later merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691.
Founding of Massachusetts Bay
Colony
O 1629
O Another group of Puritans secured a Royal Charter
O 1630
O 11 ships
O 100 Immigrants
O Massachusetts Bay Colony was begun on a much larger scale
O 75,000 people began to flee from England.
O First Governor
O John Winthrop
O Successful attorney
O Puritan
O Wanted the Colony to be a city upon a hill.
O Wanted to live by strict ideals.
O Some of the ideals were too strict.
Puritan Intolerance
O Many Quakers lived in Massachusetts.
O Quakers resented the Puritan leaders
O Always fined and banished Quakers from the Colony.
O Puritans Beliefs:
O Both men and women were equal in the eyes of God.
O Church was ran by men.
O Anne Hutchinson
O Challenged the male leadership.
O She claimed to have God talk to her and told the
reverend got it wrong in Sundays sermon.
O Put on trial for heresy.
O Convicted and banished from Massachusetts.
Georgia 1733
O Was founded to serve as a
buffer between Spanish
controlled Florida and the
Carolinas.
O Also received cash from the
King to help defend itself.
O Nickname: Charity
Colony
O Roger Williams: popular
Salem minister
O Also was a reformer.
O Wanted a complete
break from the Church
of England.
O Argued about the
legality of the Mass Bay
Colony’s Charter.
O Argued that the
Indians were not fully
paid for.
O Got in trouble again
when he said that civil
government had no
authority to regulate
religious behavior.
1635
O Williams was banished from the colony and went
O
O
O
O
O
to Rhode Island.
In Rhode Island he built the first Baptist Church.
Still fought for religious freedom.
Anne Hutchinson eventually settled in Rhode
Island.
Puritans called Rhode Island- Rouges Island or
the Sewer.
They became independent for many years.
Maryland
O Founded by Lord
Baltimore
O Catholic
O Wanted to gain
wealth.
O Create a refuge for
persecuted English
Catholics.
O He awarded huge
estates to his catholic
relatives.
O Catholics were always
O
O
O
O
outnumbered by
protestants.
Planted Tobacco
Used indentured
servants
Later slaves were
imported.
Lord Baltimore
permitted freedom of
worship.
The Carolinas- 1670
O English King Charles II
O The Carolinas formed
after granting lands to
eight of his friends.
O Prospered due to a
close relationship with
the West Indies.
O Many emigrated from
Barbados and brought
their slaves with them.
O Rice was their main
export.
O Early settlers did not
know how to grow
rice effectively.
O Relied heavily on
slaves.
O 1710- African Slaves
outnumbered white
settlers.
1712
O Many colonists had settled in the northern
portion of Carolina colony.
O Northern colonists were treated badly by the
Southern colonists.
O Decided to separate
O Due to mistreatment
O Colonists worked to establish a colony that
became one of the most democratic,
independent of the original 13 colonies.
The Seeds of Colonial Unity
1643
O Four Colonies:
O Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Haven, and Hartford
joined to form New England.
O Reason:
O Wanted to get better prices for their goods.
O Puritans refused to let Rhode Island and Maine into the
confederation.
O Places had undesirable characters.
O First time they allied themselves for a common purpose.
O Elected reps made decisions for the colonies.
O The English Crown, was allowing the colonies to
become independent commonwealths.
1660/1686
O 1660
O Charles II took the English throne.
O Began to take an active role in governing and
managing colonies.
O 1686
O Creation of Dominion of New England
O IT promoted the interests of the king rather than the
colonies.
O Aimed at improving colonial defense.
O English Navigation Laws/Acts
O Forbade colonies from trading with any nation except
England.
O Bring them closer economically and restore proper colonial
relationship.
1686
O Sir Edmond Andros
O Head of the Dominion of New England.
O He was a tactless military man.
O Offended many colonists.
O Boston complaints: the English soldiers were teaching
O
O
O
O
people to drink, blaspheme, and curse.
Curbed town meetings.
Placed restrictions on the courts, press, and schools.
Revoked land titles
Decided to raise taxes
O Colonists were on the verge of revolt.
Change in England -1689
O English dethroned King James II
O Replaced with William II.
O News broke out- people of New England rose
up against the Dominion.
O Andros attempted to flee
O Disguised as a woman
O Boots gave him away
O Later returned to England
Dutch America: 1623-1624
O Colony of New Netherland was established near
the Hudson River
O Company called the Dutch East India bought the
Manhattan Island for almost nothing.
O English viewed the Dutch Colony as a threat to
their growing American colonies.
O 1664- English took New Amsterdam by force.
O New Amsterdam was renamed New York.
O Haarlem=Harlem
O Breuckelen=Brooklyn
Pennsylvania
O
Quakers- were a people of deep convictions
O
O
William Penn
O
O
O
O
Activated passive resistance.
1681
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Well born (rich) Englishman
Attracted to Quaker faith at the age of 16.
Father was not pleased with this choice.
Penn secured land from the King, and named it Pennsylvania.
Most advertised colony
All of the ads were truthful.
They welcomed everyone
Many immigrants choose to settle there.
Philadelphia became the most important city.
Penn was fair to Indian Tribes
Became very liberal
Catholics and Jews could not vote or hold office in the colony.
Pennsylvania
O By 1700
O Only Virginia and Massachusetts had more wealth
O William Penn only spent four years total in
Pennsylvania.
O Other Quaker Settlements
O 1664- New Jersey was created and in 1702 was
made a Royal colony.
O 1703- Delaware colony was created and granted its
own assembly.
O Colony was name after Lord De La Warr.
Society and Culture
Early English Population
O
Majority of the population were laborers.
O
O
O
O
English Government
O
O
1670
O
O
Some paid for own passage.
Some came as indentured servants
Nearly ¾ of the population were indentured servants.
Sent convicts, orphans, paupers, and Pow’s
The flow of indentured servants began to decline.
New arrivals:
O
Could anticipate great hardships
O
O
O
O
Inadequate food
Frequent epidemics
Early Death
Life Expectancy
O
O
O
White Men- just over 40
Women- less than 40
¼ of the children died, those who lived died before 20
Women in the Chesapeake
O Average married age: 20-21
O Women’s life was about childbearing.
O Wives were pregnant every two years and bore eight
children.
O Few women lived to see children grow up.
O Women in the South
O Enjoyed more power and freedom
O Men were plentiful and women were scarce.
O Women had great freedom choosing a husband.
O Economic Power
O Widows were left with many children to care for and
a large plantation or farm to run.
New England Women
O Families were more stable
O Children most likely to survive childhood.
O Young Women had less control on who they
married.
O Parents lived to see their children grow to
maturity.
O Status of Women:
O Defined by their religious beliefs.
O Religious authority remained with the men.
Other European Immigrants
O English immigration declined:
O French
O German
O Swiss
O Irish
O Welsh
O Scottish
O Scandinavian
O French
O 1685- Huguenots began to leave France
O German
O Suffered wars
O 3000 came to America
O Most settled in Pennsylvania and North Carolina
Other European Immigrants
O Scottish-Irish
O Were Presbyterians
O They tripled rent in Ireland
O This led to many immigrating to America.
O Most numerous group of people
O Would settle on the outskirts of towns.
O Scottish Highlanders and Irish Catholics
O Many immigrated in 1745
O Settled in North Carolina
Colonial Commerce
O Elaborate trade with the colonies and West
Indies.
O Traded:
O Rum. Agricultural products, meat fish, sugar,
molasses and slaves.
O Transatlantic Trade
O Colonial Education
O Placed a high value on education
O Home schooled.
1647
O Old Deluder Satan Law
O Required communities to establish and support local
schools.
O Quakers
O Established church run schools
O Widows and unmarried operated the schools
O Master craftsmen
O Set up evening schools for apprentices.
O 100 trade schools- 1723-1770
O Small number of children received education beyond
primary level.
O White males were the most literate.
O 1776- well over half of all white men could read and write.
1647
O Women
O Were not as literate as men and there were
fewer educational opportunities for women
until the 19th century.
O Slaves
O Received no education and very few Native
Americans were literate.
College
O Most colleges were founded by religious groups.
O Training of Preachers
O Harvard
O Established in 1636 by Puritans
O College of William and Mary
O Established in 1693 in Williamsburg, VA by Anglicans
O Yale- established in 1701 by Conservative
Congregationalists
O Princeton- Established in 1746 by the Great Awakening
O Columbia- established in 1754 had no religious ties.
O University of Pennsylvania- Established in 1755, inspired
by Ben Franklin.
American Law and Politics
O
Early colonists
O
Tried to recreate old world practices in the new world.
O
Changes to Law:
O
Royal Government
O
O
O
O
O
Was far away, Americans created a group of their own self government.
English Crown imposed Common Law
Never worked because the colonies were running their own affairs.
American Legal System
O
O
O
O
Occurred because the scarcity of English trained lawyers in the colonies.
Similar to English system
Court procedures were simplified, crimes were redefined, and punishments were
changed.
Whipping, Branding, or the Stocks instead of hanging.
The Colonial Government
O
O
O
Became accustomed to acting independently of Parliament
Few problems in 1760
In 1763- English Government began to tighten its control.