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RUNNING HEAD: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Library
The Loss of Democracy or the
Acquirement of Improved Public Service?
Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Libraries
Kaitlin Sagaas
INFO-650-901
Drexel University
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RUNNING HEAD: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Library
Abstract:
In the height of the recession, public libraries are facing extreme budget cuts. In these trying
times, libraries are looking for ways to save their libraries from the cuts that affect staffing,
hours, programming, and materials. Personal observations of the public library have been
recorded, analyzed, and applied into possible solutions that pertain to the current library budget
cuts. Alternative funding has also been considered and applied to the results of the observations
report. This includes an observation of a bookstore, where both observations and
recommendations at the retail business were prepared and applied to public libraries, providing
probable resolutions for public libraries to use instead of relying on alternative funding and
controversial sources and support.
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RUNNING HEAD: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Library
INTRODUCTION:
Paramus, N.J, one of the wealthiest towns in New Jersey is considered the “crossroads of
Bergen County” (Onboard Informatics, 2009). Because of the five shopping malls and highways
that boast hundreds of stores, almost all located in Paramus, it is the most visited area in the
Garden State. In the heart of Paramus, two different buildings, one a public library, one a
bookstore, sit in different areas of this affluent town that offer similar services and attract both
visitors and the residents of Paramus. I visited both these places in hopes I could find noticeable
differences between a public library and a retail business in terms of how the book business is
surviving, per say, in the midst of the recession.
On a hot afternoon in the summer of 2010, I visited the Paramus Public Library. Around
3pm on July 8th, I found the library bustling with noise and patrons. The library’s poignant
mission statement focus solely on services provided to residents and county-wide visitors. They
dutifully follow the visions of the Bergen County Cooperative Library System, for which they
are a part of, and the departments all abide the mission statement “to offer a friendly face to
service the community’s informational and meeting needs while insuring equal access and patron
privacy” (Gandolfini, 2010) and is part of county-wide library system that includes over 70
libraries in Bergen County and also abides by the Bergen County Cooperative Library System
mission statement which states that libraries share and support reciprocal borrowing between
libraries, supports the informational needs of patrons, and supports funding and legislation of all
Bergen County libraries (BCCLS’ Mission Statement, 2001).
My observations were concluded within two hours of my visit there, and I found it
appropriate to visit Barnes & Noble, the biggest bookstore located in Paramus, N.J., two days
later, on a Friday evening, to observe the type of community who uses the bookstore instead of
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RUNNING HEAD: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Library
the library. Overall, I was looking for evident differences between the businesses whose success
is solely funded from revenue vs. a public library, whose success is funded from the government.
Barnes & Noble specifically has a business-oriented vision that is as follows: “Our mission is to
operate the best specialty retail business in America, regardless of the product we sell. Because
the product we sell is books, our aspirations must be consistent with the promise and the ideals of
the volumes which line our shelves” (Our Mission, 2010).
A ninety minute visit to Barnes & Noble as a paying customer portrayed to me the distinction
between a retail bookstore and public library. This variation starts with a simple a lack of support
to the public libraries, which they ultimately depend on. “More than 217 million Americans
agree or strongly agree that the public library improves the quality of life in their community”
(Davis 2006), yet funding is constantly lacking for public libraries. Because the libraries do not
want to dip into the business aspects, such as fees for services, they suffer publicly, whereas the
retail business is thriving because it capitalizes on what people want and what people will pay
for. My observations beg the question as to where the need for funding for public libraries would
cross the line into the territory that it would ultimately show signs of having the characteristics of
a retail industry.
COMMUNITY PROFILES:
A public library is considered free because in the midst of the rich economy and a hot
market, libraries are funded and function solely by the government and taxpayers. Because of the
town where the Paramus Library is located, the influx of businesses in Paramus contributes to the
library’s success and also sets the library up for fierce competition in ways other than profit. The
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RUNNING HEAD: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Library
Paramus Public Library is a one floor building located on a busy street close to many of the
shopping malls in Paramus. With a population of over 27,000 residents (Onboard Informatics,
2009) and the constant flood of people visiting Paramus, one of the biggest shopping capitals of
the world, has unexpectedly made Paramus Public Library a household name. Because of the
town’s geographical size, the Paramus Public Library is one of two libraries in Paramus, the
other located in a small two-room schoolhouse. Because the two libraries run as one public
library statistically, their combined circulation is over 600,000 items that are circulated annually
(Onboard Informatics, 2009). Along with their own items, they also borrow from libraries in
other towns.
Located just five miles away from the Paramus Public Library, Barnes & Noble, one of
the town’s biggest bookstores, is three stories in size and is located on an enormous parking lot
to service their customers. On either side of the store are more businesses that line Route 17, one
of the two major highways in Paramus, for miles each way. The bookstore’s other retail
competition are two small bookstores that are the Garden State Plaza mall and the Paramus Park
mall. The business’ vision is to become and stay a successful retail production (Our Mission,
2010).
Both the library and bookstore’s main objective is to provide the best possible services to
the residents of Paramus and other town’s residents who visit their libraries and stores. Most of
Paramus is 75% White/Non-Hispanic. However, 25% of residents who currently live in Paramus
are foreign-born, and the influx of Asian residents as a group has the highest percentage of
residency in Paramus, at 17% of that 25 percent. The town of Paramus is extremely diverse and
the wide-ranging races also include Hispanic, Korean, Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, and
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RUNNING HEAD: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Library
Japanese, who make up fewer than 4% of Paramus (Onboard Informatics, 2009) Many of these
groups can be found in the Paramus Public Library and Barnes & Noble, taking full advantage of
the services both have to off. The library’s annual budget to spend on items such as books, audio
and visual materials, and serial subscriptions is just over one million dollars and directly reflects
trying to please the town of Paramus by including foreign-language collections, new audio and
visual material, and the newest books, both fiction and non-fiction (Onboard Informatics, 2009).
The other remaining pieces of the budget is spent on developing programs for the foreign-born
residents such as ESL classes, and for the children, who are in 83% of the households in
Paramus. Barnes &Noble also offer a wide collection of services and goods, including storytimes
for the wide range of cultural groups in Paramus (Onboard Informatics, 2009).
SCENES/INTERVIEWS:
At my first observation, I was entering the Paramus Public Library with a mindset that I
was an outsider visiting the library. As a current staff member of the second library in Paramus,
the Charles E. Reid Branch, I knew going into the library pretending to be a patron in my own
mind was going to be a challenge. From having insider knowledge, I knew there was an arts and
crafts program going on the children’s area, so that is where I started. I observed that lots of
parents were chatting with each other, and others who were picking out books to check out for
their children. Another busy area of the children’s section was their summer reading club, where
children could report the books they read over the course of the summer and receive prizes as
motivation for reading. There was a staff about five children’s librarians who were all extremely
busy helping parents with books, doing the summer reading club and running the arts & crafts
program.
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After observing the scene in the children’s room, I moved to the reference area, where I
observed that even on a Wednesday afternoon, the computers were completely filled up with
people doing research, searching online, or social networking. The reference desk had a small
line of people waiting for their questions to be answered or looking for a guest pass to get onto a
computer. I observed the impatient looks on many of the patron’s faces, and wondered whether
they thought there should be more staff on the reference desk to help them. My last observation
was the circulation desk, which was bustling with activity. There was a slight line of people
waiting to be checked out and a patron was arguing with a staff member behind the desk about a
book he claims he returned.
In time, I decided to do informal interviews with a few of the staff members. I went back
to the children’s area, and talked to *Maggie (pseudonym, personal communication, July 8th,
2010), who is the supervisor of the children’s department. I first asked her if the children’s
department was always this busy when there was a program going on, and if she had enough
staff to handle the craziness. She told me that “it usually gets busy in the afternoon, with
programs that are geared for elementary-school aged children, who usually brought their brothers
and sisters. With five full time staff members, we are always running around and helping god
knows how many people at one time. With our budget being cut, we have no money to hire
summer staff. We are definitely struggling, yes,” I then asked her if she was lacking materials,
and she told me they weren’t suffering in that aspect, it’s more that “we are busier than ever and
there aren’t enough of us to handle everyone”.
I then took my observations to the circulation desk, and asked them if they were busy in
the summer and if they felt overwhelmed. *Betsy (pseudonym, personal communication, July
8th, 2010), the full-time page supervisor, told me that “circulation is absolutely insane during the
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RUNNING HEAD: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Library
summer, and the programs make the circulation go up higher.” She told me that they had enough
staff in circulation, but “not enough computers and space. There is no room for people to work
behind the desk. We are always bumping into each other.” I finally went to the reference area,
where the heart of the library finds their information, and it took me a while to find someone to
talk to. I asked *Anna (pseudonym, personal communication, July 8th, 2010) what types of
questions they were asked on a typical afternoon, and she told me “everything. I get questions
about where to go on vacation, what the weather is like in Hawaii, where to look for a job, and
how to find information on breast cancer. There is no limit to what we can answer,” I then asked
her how long it takes to find the answers for the questions, and she replied that “it could be one
minute, or ten. We have a lot of reference staff, but only two on the desk at one time, simply
because we have other things to do- such as ordering and organizing. The people have to wait.”
Even though I work at the library, I never got to take a first-hand look at each department and see
exactly how much work they have to do each day, all while providing the best customer service.
Along with that foundation, they are answering questions for people free of charge. That’s what I
call a love for the community.
My visit to the library inspired me to have an open mind in my observation of the
bookstore. I started my observation at Barnes & Noble by taking a seat at the café that is located
on the first floor. I had a good look at the entire store downstairs, but felt like I needed to buy
something in order to take a table at the café, so I gave in and bought a donut and tea. I noticed it
was a lot quieter in the store then it was in the library, which is quite ironic, because of the
stigma of how strict librarians are when it comes to being quiet in their place of solace. I noticed
the set up of the bookstore was a lot more organized then the library, and there were a lot more
types of items the bookstore offered. Each sort of item was categorized in a place at the store,
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RUNNING HEAD: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Library
such as magazines, and S.A.T. books, and more choices were offered to the customers. The catch
is though, if you want it, you have to buy it. I watched many of the customers sit comfortably in
chairs and curl up with a book, sort of like the library, and others perused the shelves, not
looking for anything specific, except maybe a good beach read. I then headed upstairs to the
second level to observe the study area. Even on a Friday night, kids and adults alike were taking
advantage of the tables to study and read, and even chat quietly with their study partners and
friends. Upstairs, they sold old records and newspapers you couldn’t necessarily find in the
library.
After taking my time looking through the whole store, I decided to talk to someone who
was at the customer service desk. I told her I was doing a paper for library school and asked her
how they organize their bookstore. She gave me a quick layout and I observed she didn’t really
detail the store, but instead told me what she knew (personal communication, July 10th, 2010).
She asked if I was looking for something and I asked her if she had the ZooBooks magazine. She
went to computer and looked it up! I started to feel that the bookstore felt impersonal to me and
ran like a retail company in which someone has to look up what they carry instead of knowing
their place like the back of their hand. I decided to ask her if they knew what books were being
ordered for Barnes & Noble, and she seemed slightly offended, but then led me to the section
called “Beach Reading” and told me that they order the newest titles; plain and simple. The
service was expected simply because this is a retail store. People do not come to bookstore
looking to find in-depth information about history, unless you know what you want. The books
are the main attraction, whereas at a public library the customer service is one of the main
attractions.
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH:
It is no secret that library funding has been cut within the last few years, even if public
libraries have been used more and more, evidenced by the hustling and bustling in the Paramus
Public Library on a busy summer day. Denise Agosto (2008) comments that “it appears that
there has been an increase in public library usage over the past few decades, coupled with an
aggregate national decrease in public funding since the 1990’s” (p. 120). Because of that, tax
money has also been decreased, which pushes the libraries to reconsider whether they can
depend fully on tax resources in order to keep their libraries running successful. Many options
are available for public libraries to pursue; however, based on the ideas that public libraries are
government-run, any indication that the libraries are drifting away from their direct plans can
become controversial. Public funding for the library is clearly political, and therefore “subject to
local politics, local trends, and local crises” (Agosto, 2008, p. 119). Politicians do this in
response to the economic downturn and the first place to cut is the public library. Many libraries
are looking to find other ways to support their library. Things that are typically cut within the
library are “materials, staffing, electronic access, and hours of business” (Davis, 2006)
Alternative funding can typically mean “fees for services, private donations, and government,
corporate and foundation grants” (Agosto, 2008, p.122). If a library is struggling to the point
where they can no longer afford to stay open, they unfortunately look to privatizing their
libraries.
Alternative funding or plural funding is a controversial topic that teeters on the edge of
whether public libraries are acting as businesses in competition and are invading each other’s
territories, so that one library many fail, and the other succeed in a race of who can get the most
funding from gifts, fundraising, sales, and grants (Hennen, 2004, p. 43). This ultimately excludes
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those who can’t afford to support the library with anything other than their taxes (Agosto, 2008,
p. 123). However, small changes such as adding ways to generate revenue inside the libraries
such as cafes and used bookstores, would slightly increase library budgets so much so that they
could once again better their services. Once again, many find this controversial, simply because
“as soon as you put fees between the user and the services, in principle, people are denied those
services.” (Agosto, 2008, p. 123). One such situation occurred in at the Stockton-San Joaquin
County Public Library, in which times got so desperate; they put a request out to privatize their
library (Foster, 2010). Simply put libraries need to cut elsewhere then depend on the economy to
save them from the recession. Libraries have a reputation to better the world, not sell out. ;
“America's public libraries are a cornerstone of our democracy and play an important part in our
nation's commitment to public education.” Thomas Hennen (2004) gives libraries hope by
declaring that “we have weathered the Great Depression and World War II, we can get through
this recession without radically changing the game plan” (p. 44).
THOUGHT/INTERPRETATIONS:
As a librarian, I have been directly affected by the budget cuts to public libraries. Public
libraries, since the beginning of time, have been put in place to educate and provide the best
possible services to everyone. However, those who are looking for other results find that
alternative funding may be the solution to woes of the public library. Steve Coffman (2004),
whose looking for alternative funding to change the future of libraries, sees “the current method
of funding public libraries-which relies almost exclusively on local tax dollars- is not working
well now, nor has it really served us well in the past” (p. 39). He looks towards retail businesses
and National Public Radio as examples that the library can take on, and goads librarians to jump
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in feet first, because “in truth, we still know very little about how these new funding sources
work for us”, (Coffman, 2004, p. 39) but is willing to take a risk. Coffman tends to not look at
the downsides to alternative funding, besides the fear of the unknown, he does not see that
charging fees for services other then the basic fines and look into major alternative funding, the
library is losing respect of the population who believes in the acceptance of everyone and the
enhancement of knowledge. Taking on the role of information professional is accepting that idea
that you are working for the public and are expected to provide them with the best possible
service. To turn towards private funding will ultimately cut the support of local taxes because the
public no longer wants to support a library who is more interested in business then the public
interests (Agosto, 2008, p. 135). Such an example is Barnes & Noble, a retail business, whose
only interest is to be supportive of their product, rather than of the community they are serving.
They are expected to stand behind their products, which is books and other materials, and
provide only what they think is best. On the other hand, a public library is expected to serve the
needs of the community and not lose its objectivity in the town they are working for (Agosto,
2008, p. 135).
Patrons visit the library to seek out information. They are being provided with the basic
services they are not able to find at home, and are given attention by those who are willing to
help them in their time of need, whether that may be to find a title of a book or help looking for a
job. The library’s mission is to serve the community and provide them with different services. In
my observations, the Paramus Public Library is being affected by the budget cuts due to the
recession; “New Jersey has eliminated 2,000 state positions by encouraging early retirement,
leaving vacancies unfilled, and laying off staff” (Johnson, Oliff, & Williams, 2010) In lieu of
the basic material cuts and early retirements, the library has considered alternative funding, and
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looked for, at one time, to build a new library, but overall, the community spoke and was
opposed to something that would raise their taxes. Our director respected the decision of the
community and agrees that “private funding diminishes libraries’ worth as places free, open,
unbiased discussion spaces” (Agosto, 2008, p. 135).
Funding in a place such as Barnes & Noble can be directly seen in terms of what the
recession has done to the economy and people’s personal lives. The retail bookstore sales
declined 5.4 in 2008 and had to make the appropriate cuts. (Riggio, 2009). Places go out of
business simply because they no longer have interest in the product nor can they afford the
products that places like a bookstore is trying to sell. Therefore, those customers eventually turn
to the libraries for their wants and needs. Fortunately, Barnes and Noble survived the swift
economic downturn and business is still booming (Riggio, 2009). In these trying times, when
businesses are being affected by the recession, public libraries become more popular than ever,
and in turn, more pressure is on the libraries to provide the best customer service, and ultimately,
run as smoothly as possible.
RECOMMENDATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:
No matter who uses a public library, and whether they choose to get their books from the
library or a bookstore, their services will be utilized in the right manner. A bookstore’s physical
environment invites people to spend money and purchase things that meet their needs and
interests they can have permanently, whereas a public library’s environment invites people to
seek out information and service. In order to keep true to what each type of place actually is,
these places of business and information need to convey the right message. A bookstore’s
collection is centered on entertainment and interests, having variety for their customers to pick
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from, whereas a library has the information people both need and want, plus. The most important
thing, besides what type of environment a person is walking into, is that the staff provides the
right type of customer service. The reference area has to be open to any type of question and is
willing to seek out information that may not be right at their fingertips. Programs provided by the
library have to be varied, entertaining, and useful, while accommodating the diversifying public
that walks through their doors. In contrast, a bookstore has the options to provide extra programs
and services to the public, all for a price. In the times of struggle, people have to do what is best
for them. The issues of funding were obvious in the Paramus Public Library, as seen by the
advertisement of the hours cut and certain programs that could no longer go on, but the
exceptional customer made up for the fact that the library was losing some of its services If I
were to open a library, my ideal library would include aspects of both a bookstore and a public
library. I would look for the best customer service and a physical environment that would include
a range of technological advances, including computers for the public to use and behind the
circulation desk, multiple rooms to have programs in, a diverse collection of books, audio and
visual materials, and a small café that would generate a small profit to keep the library running in
times of struggle. The two places I observed were heartfelt in the approaches to promote their
business and library, and the environment they work in shows that they are lacking in space, but
making up for it in customer service. It is of the utmost importance to have confidence in your
ability to make the best of your workplace, and provide the best services to both the patrons and
customers who depend on you. The best decisions are always the most thought out, and funding
is a touchy subject that needs to be looked at carefully, from all angles, and need to set in motion
by those who support it.
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REFERENCES:
Agosto, D. E. (2008). Alternative Funding for Public Libraries: Trends, Sources, and the Heated
Arguments that Surround It. Advances in Librarianship , 115-139.
BCCLS' Mission Statement. (2001, February). Retrieved July 15, 2010, from
http://www.bccls.org/buckles/mission.shtml
Coffman, S. (2004). Saving ourselves: Plural funding for public libraries. American Libraries,
35, 37-39
Davis, D.M. (2006). Funding Issues in U.S. Public Libraries, Fiscal Years 2003-2006. Retrieved
from http://www.ala.org/ala/research/librarystats/public/fundingissuesinuspls
Davis, D.M. (2009). The Condition of U.S. Libraries: Public Library Trends, 2002‐2009.
Retrieved from
http://www.ala.org/ala/research/librarystats/public/Condition_of_Libraries_1999.20.pdf
Foster, C. (2010, July 24). Public libraries must be public, not profit machines. Retrieved July
24, 2010, from Recordnet.com:
http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100724/A_OPINION/7240328/1/NEWSMAP
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Gandolfini, P. (2010, June 17). Paramus Library: Managing the library’s ‘circ desk’ . Retrieved
July 15, 2010, from North Jersey.com:
http://www.northjersey.com/arts_entertainment/at_the_library/96538394_Managing_the_
library_s__circ_desk__.html
Hennen, T. J. (2004). Restore our destiny: Full--not plural--funding. American Libraries, 35,
43-45
Johnson, N., Oliff, P., & Williams, E. (2010, May 25). An Update on State Budget Cuts .
Retrieved July 15,
2010, from Center on Budget and Policy Priorities:
http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1214
Onboard Informatics. (2009). Paramus, New Jersey . Retrieved July 15th, 2010 from
http://www.city-data.com/city/Paramus-New-Jersey.html
Our Mission. (2010). Retrieved July 15th, 2010, from Barnes & Noble Booksellers:
http://www.barnesandnobleinc.com/our_company/mission/our_mission.html
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Riggio, L. (2009). Barnes & Noble 2008 Annual Report. New York: Common Stock.
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APPENDIX:
I don’t have a scanner nor does my library, so I had to retype my notes, and recreated my map with the
program called Smartdraw:
Paramus Library: July 15th, 3pm
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Parking Lot full
Arts & Crafts starts at 3pm, lasts an hour
Signs on door saying that library is closing a couple of Saturdays and Sundays in August due to
budgetary constraints
Children’s room is full, parents chatting,
8 tables- filled with parents
Computers filled with children, on Club Penguin, game websites
Very loud, staff looks stressed out
See a list, lots of names, think it is for the summer reading club
Interview Annie, ask what they are making for arts & crafts
She says they are making a paper fish
Ask how many people are in there, one full time person, two volunteers
Is it always this busy? I ask. “it usually got busy in the afternoon, with programs that are
geared for elementary-school aged children, who usually brought their brothers and
sisters.”
How many staff members? I ask: direct quote from Annie- “With five full time staff
members, we are always running around and helping god knows how many people at one
time. With our budget being cut, we have no money to hire summer staff. We are
definitely struggling, yes”
Reference area- tables are full, not quiet
Line by reference desk, about 4 people waiting- people look impatient
People are on facebook, emails, some bank websites etc.
Circulation desk- about 7 people waiting in a single line to be helped by the people
behind the circulation desk, three girls working on three computers
Girls looked stressed, lots going on- phones ringing, lots of books to be shelved
Line is moving quickly- girls know what they are doing, also juggling phone calls
Man by discharge desk is saying he returned a book and it is still on his card
Girl behind desk talks to him quietly- he looks mad
Talk to Hanna behind reference desk- ask what things she asked on an afternoon like
today. Direct quote from Hanna- “everything. I get questions about where to go on
vacation, what the weather is like in Hawaii, where to look for a job, and how to find
information on breast cancer. There is no limit to what we can answer”
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She looks preoccupied. I ask how long it takes to answer everyone’s question. She looks
slightly annoyed “it could be one minute, or ten. We have a lot of reference staff, but only
two on the desk at one time, simply because we have other things to do- such as ordering
and organizing. The people have to wait.”
Talk to Beth on circulation- asked her how the circulation desk handles the business of
the summer. Direct quote “circulation is absolutely insane during the summer, and the
programs make the circulation go up higher.”
I ask her since it’s the summer, do they have enough circulation, and if they were lacking
anything in circulation that makes it more stressful. “We have enough staff- fulltime and
part time, but not enough computers and space. There is no room for people to work
behind the desk. We are always bumping into each other.”
library newsletter- talks about the budget cuts, summer programs in the summer, and
information about becoming a Friend of the Library
Barnes and Noble: Friday, July 10th 7pm:
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Parking lot is pretty full
Front entrance feels like a hotel
Many people on laptops sitting at café
Dark, feels like a coffee shop
Huge downstairs, can see people in all sections
Sections are very organized- however, too many sections
Not by non-fiction and fiction, but by subject
Lots of children’s books, many young adults novels to pick from
Huge magazine section
S.A.T books and test books are in the section together
In back there are used books to buy
Up front by cashier lots of different things to purchase- chocolate, bookmarks, pens, many
novelties.
Upstairs, very quiet, many tables, feels like a comfortable living room
One or two people at each table, studying and reading?
Records, CDS, Books on CD located next to each other
Asked random girl, looked about 20, where Zoobooks were. She had to look it up on the
computer! Slightly appalled that she didn’t know what magazines they carried. She took me to
the magazine section
Asked her about who ordered books for Barnes & Noble. Facial expression acted like I was
asking for too much personal information, and told me “we order the newest titles” I asked if
she could recommend one for me. She took me to a display called “Beach Reading” and left me
there.
Wasn’t rude, but didn’t go out of her way to help me.
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RUNNING HEAD: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Library
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Titles were all fluff reading, most of the stuff you could find at the library
Left without purchasing anything
MAPS ON NEXT TWO PAGES
Sagaas 21
RUNNING HEAD: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Library
Paramus Public Library:
Buy SmartDraw!- purchased copies print this
document without a watermark .
Visit www.smartdraw.com or call 1-800-768-3729.
Sagaas 22
RUNNING HEAD: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Funding For Public Library
Barnes & Noble:
Buy SmartDraw !- purchased copies print this
document without a watermark .
Visit www.smartdraw.com or call 1-800-768-3729.