INDUSTRY AND URBAN
GROWTH
Chapter 18
A New Industrial Revolution
Section 1
Factors Leading to the Industrial
Boom

Westward expansion
 provided
access to vast deposits of coal, iron, lead,
and copper.
 Pacific Northwest furnished lumber for building

Government policies
 Congress
gave land grants and other subsidies to
railroads and other businesses.
 kept tariffs high, which made foreign goods expensive

Railroads
 Trains
carried people and goods west.
Inventions That Spurred Industry,
Business, and Transportation

Bessemer process
 allowed
people to make stronger steel at a lower cost
 Steel replaced iron as the basic building material of
industry.

Oil refining methods
 Crude
oil refined into lubricants for machines and
gasoline to power engines and automobiles
Inventions That Spurred Industry,
Business, and Transportation

Electrical power plant
 Thomas
Edison opened first one in 1882 in New York
City
 allowed people to use inventions such as the light bulb ,
the phonograph, and the motion picture camera
Inventions That Spurred Industry,
Business, and Transportation

Telegraph
 improved
communication
for American Business

Underwater telegraph
 sped
up communications
with Europe
Inventions That Spurred Industry,
Business, and Transportation

Telephone
 invented
by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
 device that carried human voice
Inventions That Spurred Industry,
Business, and Transportation

Typewriter
 made
office work faster
and cheaper
Inventions That Spurred Industry,
Business, and Transportation

Automobile
•

ushered in an era of freer and faster transportation
Assembly line
•
introduced by Henry Ford in 1913 to mass produce
cars
Inventions That Spurred Industry,
Business, and Transportation

Gas powered airplane
 first
tested by the Wright Brothers in 1903
 later used by the military during WWI (World War 1)
Big Business and Organized Labor
Section 2
Corporation

businesses owned by investors

raised capital by selling stock
run by a board of directors

limited risk for investors

shareholders received share of the profits

Trust

consisted of a group of corporations run by a
board of directors

by 1900, dominated many of the nation’s key

industries
used Social Darwinism to justify efforts to limit
competition
Let’s think:
What is a trust?
What is Social Darwinism?
Monopoly

a company that controls most or all business in
a particular industry
Let’s think:
What are some examples of monopolies in the late 1800s?
Banks

huge loans helped industry grow faster

J. Pierpont Morgan: most powerful force in the
American Economy
Andrew Carnegie


controlled steel
industry
according to
Carnegie’s Gospel of
Wealth philosophy,
the rich had a duty
to improve society

Andrew Carnegie
Video
John D. Rockefeller


used profits from his
first oil refinery to buy
other oil companies
formed the Standard
Oil Trust , which
ended competition
in the oil industry
Debate over big business
Arguments for:

Lowered the price of
goods
Built up the
economy
 Created jobs

Arguments against:
Threat to free
enterprise
 Business leaders
used their wealth to
influence politicians

Let’s think:
What is big business?
What is free enterprise?
Workplace Conditions
Workplace
Labor Unions
Hours: long
Goals: safer working
conditions, higher
Pay: low
Conditions: often
dangerous
employers not required to
pay compensation
for workplace injuries
wages, shorter hours
Early Unions:
 Knights of Labor

AFL –American
Federation of Labor

Let’s think:
 What
were the conditions like for factory workers?
 What is a union?
Strikes become Violent

2 major strikes occurred in or near Chicago

The Haymarket Square
Riot in 1886




At a rally in support of
striking workers a bomb went
off
Killed 7 police officers and
numerous rioters
8 men were tried in
connection with the bombing,
although we still don’t know
who put the bomb there
The Pullman strike in 1894





Pullman made railroad cars
Strikers walked off their jobs
Rail lines were shut down
Federal troops were sent in to
end the strike
*The public typically sided with
the owners not the strikers*
Child Labor and Unions
Cities Grow and Change
Section 3
Urbanization




Urbanization: the rapid growth of City
population
Why people were attracted to cities:
industry provided jobs in cities
To meet the needs of shoppers,
merchants developed the department
store, which sold many kinds of
goods in one store
Kinds of leisure activities cities offered:
shopping, museums, orchestras, art
galleries, theaters, parks, circuses,
sporting events.
Expanding Cities




Public transportation: subways,
streetcars, elevated trains.
Public transportation gave rise to
new living areas called suburbs.
Steel bridges helped speed up
growth of suburbs.
New types of buildings:
 Skyscrapers
 Tenements
Skyscrapers and Steel Bridges
Flat Iron Building: completed 1902
Brooklyn Bridge: completed 1883
Living Patterns

Lived in oldest sections at cities’ centers: poor
families


Lived away from city centers in row houses and
apartments: middle class
Lived in fine homes on outskirts of cities: the rich
Rich
Poor
Problems of Urban Life




Fires endangered
those in
overcrowded
neighborhoods.
Tenement life was
bleak and crowded.
Slum streets were
littered with garbage.
Disease was caused by
poor sanitation.
Many times more than one family would live in a small
tenement apartment
Let’s think:


What are some of the cons, or negatives, to living in the city?
Solutions to Problems

Provided by cities:
Installed street lights
 Setup fire, sanitation, and police departments
 Waged war on disease


Provided by religious groups:
Setup hospitals and clinics for the poor
 Gave food, clothing, and shelter to the homeless


Provided by reformers:

Setup settlement houses, where volunteers helped the
poor by teaching immigrants English, sponsoring music
and sports for young people, and providing nurseries
for children of working mothers
Jane Addams and Hull House




Set up Hull House in Chicago
Hull House became a safe place for the
poor
Taught English to immigrants, opened
day care centers, sponsored music and
dance classes, opened the city’s first
public play ground, served meals
Jane Addams was the 1st American
woman to be awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1931.
Review 18.1
1.
2.
3.
What is an assembly line?
What was the Bessemer process?
What are tariffs?

4.
How did they affect the American Economy in the late
1800s?
Who was Henry Ford? What did he do?
Review 18.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Who was Andrew Carnegie?
How did Rockefeller control the oil industry?
What is a trust?
What were some arguments for and against big
business?
Who were the Knights of Labor? Who were the
American Federation of Labor?
Review 18.3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is Urbanization?
What are some problems with urban life?
What were some solutions to the problems of
urban life?
What were the causes and effects of the rapid
growth of cities?
What leisure activities did people who lived in the
city enjoy?