Medication Safety Lobna AL Juffali Objectives To know Medication Safety Terminology. To Understand the relationship between medication errors, adverse drug events & adverse drug reactions To Know the Types of Medications Errors. To understand Latent Failures & Barriers That Contribute to Medication Errors. Recommendations to Prevent Medication Errors. Monitoring & Managing Medication Errors. the role of pharmacist in medication safety including pharmacovigilance & SFDA pharmacists responsibilities Medication misadventure is a very broad term. It refers to any iatrogenic hazard or incident associated with medications. A medication misadventure may or may not cause an injury to a patient . Medication misadventure Adverse Drug Events (ADEs): An ADE is the next broadest term. It refers to any injury caused by a medicine. An ADE refers to all ADRs, including allergic or idiosyncratic reactions, as well as medication errors that result in harm to a patient. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) :refer to any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medicine. Drug-drug interactions can also fall into the category of ADRs. A MEDICATION ERROR is any preventable event that has the potential to lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm. Medication Misadventure ADEs ADRs Medication errors Medication Misadventure Medication Errors Medication errors cause at least one death every day and injure approximately 1.3 million people annually in the United States. Medication errors can occur anywhere Prescribing Repackaging Administration Dispensing Monitoring Errors are not the result of an individual failure, but of a systems failure. Definition “Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer. Types of Medication Error Types of Medication Error Cont’d Prescribing Error Incorrect drug selection (based on indications, contraindications, known allergies, existing medication therapy, and other factors), dose, dosage form, quantity, route, concentration, rate of administration, or instructions for use of a medication product ordered or authorized by Physician Omission Error The failure to administer an ordered dose to a patient before the next scheduled dose, if any. Types of Medication Error Cont’d Wrong Time Error Administration of medication outside a pre-defined time interval from its scheduled administration time. Improper Dose Error Administration to the patient of a dose that is greater than or less than the amount ordered by the prescriber or administration of duplicate doses to the patient. Example: one or more dosage units in addition to those that were ordered. Types of Medication Error Cont’d Wrong Medication - Preparation Error Medication product incorrectly formulated or manipulated before administration. Wrong Administration Technique Error Inappropriate procedure or improper technique in the administration of a medication. Example: wrong route/site or rate of administration Types of Medication Error Cont’d Monitoring Error Failure to review a prescribed regimen for appropriateness and detection of problems, or failure to use appropriate clinical or laboratory data for adequate assessment of patient response to prescribed therapy. Compliance Error Inappropriate patient behavior regarding adherence to a prescribed medication regimen. Other Medication Error Any medication error that does not fall into one of the above pre-defined categories. Factors that contribute to Medication Errors • Incomplete information about the patient. • Unclear communication of medication order: Example; verbal & telephone order - inherently problematic: Different accents and dialects. - Background noise, interruptions and distractions. - Limited short-term memory capacity. - Unfamiliar terminology and medications. - Spell out 1- 5 for 15 [confused with 50]. No telephone orders for: Chemotherapeutic Medications, Parenteral Nutrition, Initiation of Epidural Medications, Initiation of PCA/Narcotic Drips, Initiation of Parenteral Vasopressor Agents and Initiation of Parenteral Skeletal Muscle Relaxants. Factors that contribute to Medication Errors Cont,d Lack of unit dose system. Lack of independent check before dispensing. Lack of computer warning about excessive dose. Ambiguous medication references. Conflicting requirements for staff competency. Warning not placed prominently on syringe. Environmental factors (stress, noises…etc). Medication storage stock standardization and distribution. Device acquisition and use. Lack of patient education. Barriers: Failure to create a culture to report medication errors. The level of patient education and literacy. Educational support deficit for the staff. Lack of interdisciplinary collaboration and communication. The absence of front-line staff in sharing decisionmaking and system design. Failure to use an effective system and technology (poorly designed: order forms, medication packaging, & storage facility). Most Frequent Serious Medication Errors Occur With: Insulin Infusion Devices Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Parenteral Narcotics Anticoagulants (Heparin, Warfarin) Cancer Chemotherapy Neuromuscular Blockers Conscious (Procedural) Sedation Concentrated Electrolytes (potassium, magnesium and phosphate) Recommendations to Prevent Medication Errors Cont’d Accept that errors will occur; slips, lapses and mistakes will happen. Redesign the system. Focus on the system, not the people. Everyone is involved in safety (individual practitioners & organizational leadership). Make the medication errors visible. Minimize the consequence of medication errors. Report, analyze and share medication error incidents. Promote a Culture– in reporting medication errors. Recommendations to Prevent Medication Errors Adopt a system-oriented approach to medication error reduction such as: (time-out, & technology confirmation). Use technology effectively such as: - Implement Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE). - Use of Automated Dispensing Cabinets. - Use of Pharmacy Dispensing Robotics. - Use of Barcoding in medication and patient identification. - Use of Smart Infusion Pumps. Recommendations to Prevent Medication Errors Cont’d Implement a unit dose system. Have the Pharmacy supply High-Alert intravenous medications and Do Not store concentrated electrolytes solutions (potassium, magnesium, and phosphate) on patient care units. Use special procedures and written protocols for the use of High-Alert Medications. Ensure the availability of Pharmacist during patient care rounds. Recommendations to Prevent Medication Errors Make relevant patient information available at the point of care. Improve patient knowledge about treatment. separate storage areas, color differentiation, and change products. A New Way of Thinking in Medication Safety: Hierarchy of Effectiveness to Prevent Medication Errors: Monitoring Medication Errors: Ongoing quality improvement programs for monitoring medication errors are needed. Medication errors should be identified and documented and their causes studied in order to develop systems that minimize recurrence. Several error monitoring techniques exist: (e.g. anonymous self-reports, incident reports, critical incident technique and disguised observation audits). High Alert Medications Definition: Medication that have a higher likelihood of causing injury if they are misused. Errors with these medications are not necessarily more frequent – just that their consequences may be more devastating. High Alert Medications Classes/ Categories List: Adrenergenic agonists (e.g., Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Norepinephrine) Adrenergenic antagonists (e.g., Propranolol, Metoprolol, Labetalol) Anesthetic agents, general, inhaled, and IV (e.g., Propofol, Ketamine) Antiarrhythmic, IV (e.g., Lidocaine, Amiodarone) High Alert Medications Classes/ Categories List: Cardioplegic solutions Chemotherapeutic agents, parenteral and oral Dextrose hypertonic, 20% or greater Dialysis solutions, peritoneal and hemodialysis Epidural or Intrathecal medications Hypoglycemics, oral Inotropic medications (e.g., Digoxin, Milrinone) Liposomal forms of drugs (e.g., Liposomal Amphotericin B) High Alert Medications Classes/ Categories List: Moderate sedation agents, IV (e.g., Midazolam) Moderate sedation agents, oral, for children (e.g., Chloral Hydrate) Narcotics / Opiates, IV, transdermal, and oral (including liquid concentrates, immediate and sustained-release formulations) Neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g., Succinylcholine, Rocuronium, Vecuronium) High Alert Medications Classes/ Categories List: Antithrombotic agents (anticoagulants), including Warfarin, Low- Molecular-Weight Heparin, IV Unfractionated Heparin, Factor Xa Inhibitors (Fondaparinux), Direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., Argatroban, Lepirudin, Bivalirudin), Thrombolytics (e.g., Alteplase, Reteplase, Tenecteplase) and Glycoprotein IIb / IIIa Inhibitors (e.g., Eptifibatide) Radiocontrast agents, IV Total parenteral nutrition solutions Look-Alike Medications: These refer to names of medications, which due to their spelling, may look similar to other medications’ names, and the distribution/administration of these medications may be prone to errors. Also refer to product labeling/packaging. Example Prozac ® and Proscar® Sound-Alike Medications: These refer to names of medications, which due to their pronunciation, may sound similar to other medications’ names, and the distribution/administration of these medications may be prone to errors. Example Dianben ® and Diovan® The Impact of the problem: Many medication names can look or sound like other medication names, which may lead to potentially harmful medication errors. Health care providers and organizations need to be aware of the role medication names play in medication safety. Sound-alike, look-alike medications account for an estimated 25- 30% of medication errors. With tens of thousands of medications currently on the market, the potential for error due to confusing medication names is significant. Causes of the problem: ILLEGIBLE handwriting. Incomplete knowledge of medication names, newly available products. Similar clinical use. Similar packaging, labeling or dosage forms. Similar strengths and frequency of administration. The failure of manufacturers and regulatory authorities to recognize the potential for error, both for nonproprietary and brand names, prior to approving new product names. (e.g., LOSEC vs. LASIX). General Recommendations for Preventing Medication Name Mix-ups: Maintain awareness (e.g. FDA). Insure update of IT Systems (e.g, Computer systems, Smart Pumps, Automated Distribution Cabinets, etc.) to incorporate safety measures. Annual review of anything related to medication process. Consider the possibility at time of Formulary addition. General Recommendations for Preventing Medication Name Mix-ups: Several preventative strategies exist to help reduce the chance of these errors, one of which is Tall Man Lettering. - Examples of Tall Man Lettering: Chlorpromazine …ChlorproMAZINE Chlorpropamide ... ChlorproPAMIDE Store in different locations in pharmacies and patient care units. Involve patients and their caregivers. General Recommendations for Preventing Medication Name Mix-ups: Develop strategies to overcome illegible prescribing: - Printing (NOT writing) of medication names and dosages. - Computerize prescribing. - Preprinted orders or prescriptions as appropriate. - Indication for use to be included on the prescription. Encourage reporting of errors. Implement Policies which: Minimize verbal and telephone orders. Continue to employ independent double checks in the dispensing and administration processes. Barcoding, Automated Distribution Cabinets and Robotics. Important Reminder!! Medication Names Should be Written In Full Abbreviations Are Not Permitted The listed recommendations are applied to all orders and all medication related documentation (e.g., handwritten or on preprinted forms). They should never be used in medical documentation. Place adequate space between the full medication name, dose and unit of measure.