Arengu-uuringud
6. Arengumõõdikud I
Mati Heidmets
2013 sügissemester
Arengumõõdikud
Välja kujunenud valdkonnad + instrumentide komplekt
hindamaks maailma riikide/ühiskondade arengutaset.
Tuntumad konstruktid, mida hinnatakse:
– Vabadus (poliitilised vabadused, majandusvabadus,
demokraatia)
– Võrdsus (ebavõrdsus, võrdsed võimalused)
– Tervis, haigestumine, eluiga, hälbiv käitumine
– Majanduskeskkond, tehnoloogia, innovatsioon, internet
– Riigi võimekus
– Korruptsioon
– Keskkonnaseisund
– Usaldus, sallivus, rahumeelsus, subjektiivne rahulolu, õnn,
väärtused
Pilk neile, millised läbi löönud - mis see on, kes
mõõdab/hindab ja kuidas, millised andmebaasid olemas,
näited tulemustest
Vabadus: vaatepunktid ja hindajad
• Poliitilised ja kodanikuvabadused:
Freedom House
• Ajakirjandusvabadus: Freedom House
• Demokraatia: The Economist
• Majandusvabadus: Heritage Foundation
Vabadus: Freedom House
Mission Statement
Freedom House is an independent nongovernmental organization that
supports the expansion of freedom in the world. Freedom is possible
only in democratic political systems in which the governments are
accountable to their own people; the rule of law prevails; and
freedoms of expression, association, and belief, as well as respect
for the rights of minorities and women, are guaranteed.
Freedom House is a clear voice for democracy and freedom around the
world. Since its founding in 1941 by prominent Americans
concerned with the mounting threats to peace and democracy,
Freedom House has been a vigorous proponent of democratic
values and a steadfast opponent of dictatorships of the far left and
the far right. Eleanor Roosevelt and Wendell Willkie served as
Freedom House’s first honorary co-chairpersons.
Freedom House
Andmekogumine ja publitseerimine
Beginning with Freedom in the World in 1972, Freedom House has
actively published comparative surveys and special reports focused
on the state of democracy and human rights around the world.
Freedom House's annual publications include Freedom in the World,
an assessment of the state of political rights in 192 countries and 14
related and disputed territories; Freedom of the Press, an annual
report on journalistic independence around the world; Nations in
Transit, which examines 29 countries from Central Europe to
Eurasia; and Countries at the Crossroads, a first-of-its-kind survey
of democratic governance that evaluates performance in 30 key
countries that are at a crossroads in determining their political future.
In addition, Freedom House produces a number of special reports
focusing on issues of import. Freedom House's publications are
widely used by policy-makers, journalists, and scholars, and can be
read for free on this website
Vt: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2008
FH mõõtmisinstrumendid
Survey Methodology
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The 2008 survey, which provides analytical reports and numerical ratings for 195 countries and territories, expands a process conducted
since 1980 by Freedom House. The findings are widely used by governments, international organizations, academics, and the news
media in many countries. Countries are given a total score from 0 (best) to 100 (worst) on the basis of a set of 23 methodology questions
divided into three subcategories. Assigning numerical points allows for comparative analysis among the countries surveyed and facilitates
an examination of trends over time. The degree to which each country permits the free flow of news and information determines the
classification of its media as “Free,” “Partly Free,” or “Not Free.” Countries scoring 0 to 30 are regarded as having “Free” media; 31 to 60,
“Partly Free” media; and 61 to 100, “Not Free” media. The criteria for such judgments and the arithmetic scheme for displaying the
judgments are described in the following section. The ratings and reports included in Freedom of the Press 2008 cover events that took
place between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2007.
Checklist of Methodology Questions
A. LEGAL ENVIRONMENT (0–30 POINTS)
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1. Do the constitution or other basic laws contain provisions designed to protect freedom of the press and of
expression, and are they enforced? (0–6 points)
2. Do the penal code, security laws, or any other laws restrict reporting, and are journalists punished under these laws?
(0–6 points)
3. Are there penalties for libeling officials or the state, and are they enforced? (0–3 points)
4. Is the judiciary independent, and do courts judge cases concerning the media impartially? (0–3 points)
5. Is freedom of information legislation in place, and are journalists able to make use of it? (0–2 points)
6. Can individuals or business entities legally establish and operate private media outlets without undue interference?
(0–4 points)
7. Are media regulatory bodies, such as a broadcasting authority or national press or communications council, able to
operate freely and independently? (0–2 points)
8. Is there freedom to become a journalist and to practice journalism, and can professional groups freely support
journalists’ rights and interests? (0–4 points)
FH mõõtmisinstrumendid II
B. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT (0–40 POINTS)
1. To what extent are media outlets’ news and information content determined by the government or a particular partisan interest? (0–10 points)
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2. Is access to official or unofficial sources generally controlled? (0–2 points)
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3. Is there official censorship? (0–4 points)
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4. Do journalists practice self-censorship? (0–4 points)
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5. Do people have access to media coverage that is robust and reflects a diversity of viewpoints? (0–4 points)
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6. Are both local and foreign journalists able to cover the news freely? (0–6 points)
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7. Are journalists or media outlets subject to extralegal intimidation or physical violence by state authorities or any other actor? (0–10
points)
C. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (0–30 POINTS)
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1. To what extent are media owned or controlled by the government, and does this influence their diversity of views? (0–6 points)
2. Is private media ownership transparent, thus allowing consumers to judge the impartiality of the news? (0–3 points)
3. Is private media ownership highly concentrated, and does it influence diversity of content? (0–3 points)
4. Are there restrictions on the means of journalistic production and distribution? (0–4 points)
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5. Does the state place prohibitively high costs on the establishment and operation of media outlets? (0–4 points)
6. Do the state or other actors try to control the media through allocation of advertising or subsidies? (0–3 points)
7. Do journalists receive payment from private or public sources whose design is to influence their journalistic content? (0–3 points)
8. Does the economic situation in a country accentuate media dependency on the state, political parties, big business, or other influential
political actors for funding? (0–4 points)
Legend
Country Status: Free (0–30)/Partly Free (31–60)/Not Free (61–100). Legal Environment: 0–30 points, Political
Environment: 0–40 points, Economic Environment: 0–30 points, Total Score: 0–100 points
Freedom House 1973-2013
Not Free (47)
Partly Free (58)
Free (90)
Ajakirjandusvabadus 1984
• .
Ajakirjandusvabadus 1994
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Ajakirjandusvabadus 2007
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Press freedom in the world, by population, 2008
Source: Freedom House
Press freedom in the world, by country, 2008
Source: Freedom House
Demokraatia: The Economist
The Economist has in a study examined the state of
democracy in 167 countries and attempted to quantify
this with an Economist Intelligence Unit Index of
Democracy which focused on five general categories;
free and fair election process, civil liberties, functioning
of government, political participation and political culture.
Sweden scored a total of 9.88 on a scale from zero to
ten, which was the highest result, North Korea scored
the lowest with 1.03.
"Full Democracies", "Flawed Democracies", and "Hybrid
Regimes" are considered to be democracies and
"Authoritarian Regimes" are considered to be dictatorial.
Demokraatia mõõtmine
The democracy index is a kind of weighted average based on the answers of 60
questions, each one with either two or three permitted alternative answers. Most
answers are "experts' assessments“.
The questions are distributed into the five categories enumerated supra. Each answer is
translated to a mark, either 0 or 1, or for the three answer alternative questions, 0.5.
Likewise, there are a few questions considered so important that a low score on them
yields a penalty on the total score sum for their respective categories, namely
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"Whether national elections are free and fair";
"The security of voters";
"The influence of foreign powers on government";
"The capability of the civil servants to implement policies".
The five category indices, which all are listed in the report, are then averaged to find the
democracy index for a given country. Finally, the democracy index, rounded to one
decimal, decides the classification of the country, as quoted:
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Functioning democracies—scores of 8-10.
Flawed democracies—scores of 6 to 7.9.
Hybrid regimes—scores of 4 to 5.9.
Authoritarian regimes—scores below 4.
Demokraatia levik: The Economist
• .
Democracy Index 2010
(A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit, The Economist)
Democracy Index 2010
(A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit, The Economist)
Democracy Index 2010
(A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit, The Economist)
Majandusvabadus: Heritage
Foundation
Mission
Founded in 1973, The Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institute - a think tank whose mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of
free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong
national defense.
Index of economic freedom: http://www.heritage.org/Index/
The Index's 2008 definition of economic freedom is the following; "The highest form of economic
freedom provides an absolute right of property ownership, fully realized freedoms of movement for
labor, capital, and goods, and an absolute absence of coercion or constraint of economic liberty
beyond the extent necessary for citizens to protect and maintain liberty itself."
The index scores nations on 10 broad factors of economic freedom using statistics from organizations
like the World Bank, the IMF and the Economist Intelligence Unit: Business Freedom,Trade
Freedom, Monetary Freedom, Freedom from Government, Fiscal Freedom,
Property
Rights, Investment Freedom, Financial Freedom, Freedom from Corruption, Labor
Freedom,
The 10 factors are averaged equally into a total score. Each one of the 10 freedoms is graded using a
scale from 0 to 100, where 100 represents the maximum freedom.
Miks vabadus ja demokraatia?
Demokraatia: vähemohtlik kui autokraatia,
kohanemisvõimelisem, kollektiivset tarkust
kasutav …
E. Fromm: põgenemine vabaduse eest?!
Oluline: individuaalse ressursi avanemine,
etteaimatav ühiskond, inimõigused ...
Võrdsus, võrdsed võimalused
Gini indeks, sissetulekute jaotus, mõõdab UNDP
The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a
measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution.
It is defined as a ratio with values between 0 and 1: A low Gini coefficient indicates
more equal income or wealth distribution, while a high Gini coefficient indicates more
unequal distribution. 0 corresponds to perfect equality (everyone having exactly the
same income) and 1 corresponds to perfect inequality (where one person has all the
income, while everyone else has zero income).
Sooline võrdõiguslikkus, mõõdavad paljud
UNDP - The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is a measure of inequalities
between men's and women's opportunities in a country. It combines inequalities in
three areas: political participation and decision making, economic participation
and decision making, and power over economic resources. It is one of the five
indicators used by the United Nations Development Programme in its annual HDR
OECD - The OECD Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base (GID-DB) is a
tool to determine and analyse obstacles to women’s social and economic
development. The data base, which was introduced by the OECD Development
Centre on International Women's Day 2006, covers a total of 160 countries and
comprises an array of 60 indicators on gender discrimination.
Vt: http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=GID&lang=en
Sooline ebavõrdsus
Allikas: OECD: http://www.oecd.org/document/11/0,3343,en_2649_33935_38205899_1_1_1_1,00.html
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The Global Gender Gap Report
World Economic Forum, 2010
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Sooline palgalõhe Euroopas
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Miks võrdsus?
• Sama mis vabadus: individuaalse ressursi
avanemine, surve demokraatiale ja
inimõigustele …
• Eriline surve soolisele võrdõiguslikkusele –
MDG!?
• Võrdsuse pahupool?
Tervis, haigused, eluiga
World Health Organization
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WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations
system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping
the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidencebased policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and
assessing health trends.
In the 21st century, health is a shared responsibility, involving equitable access to
essential care and collective defence against transnational threats.
Vt: http://www.who.int/research/en/
WHOSIS, the WHO Statistical Information System, is an interactive
database bringing together core health statistics for the 193 WHO Member
States. It comprises more than 70 indicators, which can be accessed by
way of a quick search, by major categories, or through user-defined tables.
The data can be further filtered, tabulated, charted and downloaded. The
data are also published annually in the World Health Statistics Report
Hälbiv käitumine
Normi eiramine
Deviance describes actions or behaviors that violate cultural norms
including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal
violations of social norms (e.g., nose-picking). It is the remit of
sociologists and criminologists to study how these norms are
created; how they change over time; and how they are enforced.
Anomie, in contemporary English language is a sociological term that
signifies in individuals, an erosion, diminution or absence of
personal norms, standards or values, and increased states of
psychological normlessness. When applied to a government or
society, anomie implies a social unrest. Emile Durkheim described
anomie as a state of relative normlessness or a state in which
norms have been eroded. A norm is an expectation of how people
will behave, and it takes the form of a rule that is socially rather than
formally enforced.
Arengukontekstis: kuritegevus, alkoholism, tapmised, narkomaania …
AIDS’i levik maailmas
(allikas: WHO)
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Hindajad
• Vangid: Kings College, UK
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/schools/law/research/icps
• Alkoholitarbimine: WHO,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Alcohol_consumption_per_capita_
world_map.PNG
• Tapmised: Jeandre du Toit:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Map-world-murderrate.svg
• Enesetapud: WHO,
http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/country_reports
/en/index.html
• AIDS: WHO
Vange 100 000 elaniku kohta, 2006
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Prison population: Europe
Allikas: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/schools/law/research/icps
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Tapmiste arv
(100 000 elaniku kohta, 200)
(Allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Map-world-murder-rate-red.svg)
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World alcohol consumption - litres per capita
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Alcohol_consumption_per_capita_world_map.PNG
Enesetappude arv
100 000 elaniku kohta
(Allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SuicideRates.PNG)
Tähelepanekuid
Soolised erinevused: Within the Western world, nearly 90% of all murders are
committed by males, with males also being the victims of 74.6% of murders
(according the US Department of Justice). .
According to official statistics, about a million people die by suicide annually,
more than those murdered or killed in war. Worldwide suicide rates have
increased by 60% in the past 50 years, mainly in the developing countries. Most
suicides in the world occur in Asia, which is estimated to account for up to 60% of all
suicides. According to the World Health Organization, China, India and Japan may
account for 40% of all world suicides.
In the Western world, males die much more often by means of suicide than do
females, although females attempt suicide more often. This pattern has held for
at least a century. Some medical professionals believe this stems from the fact that
males are more likely to end their lives through effective violent means (guns, knives,
hanging, etc.), while women primarily use more failure-prone methods such as
overdosing on medications; again, this has been the case for at least a century
Rahumeelsus
The Institute for Economics and Peace - global non-profit research
organization headquartered in Sydney, Australia with a branch in
New York
The Global Peace Index (GPI) is an attempt to measure the relative
position of nations' and regions' peacefulness.
Globaalse rahuindeksi koostamisel võetakse arvesse vaadeldud
maade militariseeritust, kaitsevõimet, kuritegevuse ja vägivaldsete
konfliktide taset, relvade levikut elanikkonnas ning maa enda
relvastatuse taset, terrorismi ja välise agressiooni ohtu, osalemist
rahuoperatsioonides, väliskonfliktides surmasaanute arvu.
Lisaks nn positiivne rahumeelsus.
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