AP Biology
Chp 32, 40-42, 44 Homework
Chp 32: An Introduction to Animal Diversity
1.
Focus on figures 32.2, .7, .8, .9, .10 and their vocabulary.
Make a vocab list with definitions and/or sketches related to these figures
Chp 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
1.
Describe at least two obstacles and solutions that animals have experienced/developed in their move onto land and the
world of multicellularity in a dry environment.
2.
Create a table that categorizes the four main types of tissues, provides examples of each and describe for each at least one
example of how the tissue’s structure relates directly to its function in an animal.
3.
Relate Figures 40.7 & 40.10 to the concepts of ectotherm vs. endotherm & to basal metabolic rate (BMR) vs. standard
metabolic rate (SMR).
4.
Describe the difference between positive and negative feedback and their relationship to homeostasis using examples from
animal systems throughout the chapter.
Chp 41: Animal Nutrition
1.
Compare the 4 types of feeders and 3 main diet types.
2.
How does figure 41.3 demonstrate feedback? Is it positive or negative?
3.
How do hormones regulate appetite (fig 41. 5)? How may this relate to obesity?
4.
a. What are the 6 main nutrient needs of the body (3 are described – what are the other 3) & what are they used for?
b. What are essential amino acids?
c. Know the importance of vitamins: B1, folic acid, C, A, D
d. Know the importance of minerals: Ca, P, S, K, Fe, I
5.
Complete the chart below – use it as a study guide for the process of enzymatic digestion and the respective enzymes.
6.
What are the accessory glands of the digestive system and why are they considered “accessory” organs? Describe their
functions (check out fig. 41.19)
7.
Explain the roles of the hormones listed below on digestive activity – note whether each are a case of stimulation or
inhibition. Why is this level of control an advantage to the organism? (see fig. 41.22)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Enterogastrone
Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
8. Compare the digestive tracts of herbivores and carnivores – what adaptations, symbiotic relationships, etc. account for their
specific types of digestion?
9. Describe two structure function relationships of the digestive systems of animals – ie. The brush border of small intestine,
stomach folds/secretions/smooth muscle, teeth, etc.
Chp 42: Circulatory & Gas Exchange
1. a. Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems. Be certain to focus on advantages of each.
b. In looking at the various designs of closed circulatory systems shown in Figure 42.4, describe one advantage and one
disadvantage of each.
2.
Create a visual to show the path a red blood cell would take through the mammalian circulatory system starting at the
capillaries in the body tissue. (include structures and describe what the RBC is experiencing at each point that you feel is
important to note).
3.
Explain the role of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes in maintaining heart rate. (see Figure 42.8)
4.
How does the law of continuity relate to the velocity of blood flow and what is the relationship between blood pressure,
velocity and total cross-sectional area? This is a key concept – why would blood flow slow in a capillary just when you think
it will speed up because the capillary is narrow? Look at Figure 42.11 for help.
5.
How are capillaries able to perform their function of fluid/nutrient exchange (see Fig. 42.14)? How about O2/CO2 exchange
(see figure 42.27)?
6.
a. What are the major components of plasma and what are their functions?
b. What are the three cell types in blood and what are their relative amounts and functions?
c. Describe the process of blood clotting.
d. What are pluripotent stem cells and where do they come from? What role does erythropoietin play?
7.
What is the difference between the LDL’s and HDL’s? How do these relate to cardiovascular diseases?
8.
Compare the methods of breathing – gills, tracheal systems and lungs – what advantages and limitations do each posses?
9.
Using Figures 42.29 - What is the relationship between oxygen releasing from hemoglobin and the pH of the blood – why
does this make it critical that humans maintain pH within a very strict range?
10. How is carbon dioxide transported? Write the equation of respiration that should be ingrained in your head and relate figure
42.30 to this.
11. How would the concepts of oxygen release and CO2 transport relate to the control of breathing described in figure 42.26?
Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion
1. a. Define osmolarity.
b. How does the term hyperosmotic compare to hypertonic?
c. Describe how marine (salt water) fishes’ kidneys and gills work differently from the fresh
water fishes’ kidneys and gills.
2. Why does it work for aquatic animals to excrete ammonia and not for terrestrial animals?
3. Using figures 44.9, 44.13 - 44.14 to fill in the following table
Excretory system
functions
Definition
Where is the location of this process
within the body
(Figs 44.13 & 44.14 may help)
1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion
4. excretion
You are not responsible for the survey of excretory systems on pages 929-930.
4. (Know the anatomy of fig. 44.13 at all levels. Nothing to answer on paper for this ‘question’ #4)
5. Carefully read pages 933-934 and then sketch (largely) the nephron figure, fig.44.14. At stages 1-5 of the figure 44.14 write in
a few sentences of what is really happening at each of these 5 stages.
6. Now looking at figure 44.15, using what you have just learned in question #5 above: explain, as the filtrate descends the loop
of Henle,
(a.) Why the filtrate becomes more and more concentrated, up to 1200 mosm/L and then
(b.) As the filtrate ascends the loop of Henle why does the filtrate become less and less
concentrated, eventually reaching 100 mosm/L?
(c.) What happens to the filtrate as it descends the collecting duct?
(d.) How does this movement of water and salt from the nephron’s filtrate contribute to
the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis?
7. How does ADH enhance fluid retention in the kidneys?
8. How do the JGA, Renin, Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin II and Aldosterone work to maintain blood pressure and blood volume?
(Mention each of the 5 terms above in your answer.)