Bacterial STDs
• Can be cured with antibiotics, but will not
provide a lifelong protection against rexposure
or reinfection.
– Chlamydia
– Syphilis
– Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
• Cause
– Most common STD in America.
– Bacterium chlamydia trachomatis that produces
inflammation of the reproductive organs.
• Methods of Transmission
– Spread by sexual contact with an infected partner
– Pregnant woman can pass the infection to her
newborn
• Entering the eyes causing blindness
• Entering the lungs causing pneumonia
Chlamydia continued
• Symptoms
– Usually appears 1 to 3 weeks after exposure
– ½ of men show no symptoms, but still infect their partner
• Symptoms: painful urination, discharge from the penis, pain or swelling of the scrotum.
– 1/3 of infected females have no symptoms, but still can pass it on to their partners and
newborn child
– Burning sensation during urination and an unusually discharge from the vagina
• Diagnosis and treatment
– Cotton swab discharge
– Antibiotics must be taken as prescribed
• Complications
– Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Infection of internal reproductive organs causing scar tissue in the fallopian tubes, or oviducts
which cause sterility.
– Ectopic Pregnancy
• Egg implants in the fallopian tube instead of uterus.
Results in death of the fetus and can be fatal to the
pregnant female.
– Sterility
• If left untreated for both male and females
Syphilis
• Cause
– Bactrium Treponema pallidum
– The bacterium enters the body through tiny
breaks in the mucous membranes and then
burrows into the blood stream.
• Methods of Transmission
– Intimate sexual interaction
– From pregnant woman to her fetus
Syphilis continued
• Symptoms
– Primary Syphilis
• 1st symptom is a chancre is a painless, open sore that begins at the site where the
bacteria entered the body.
– Appear with 10 days to thee months after exposure
– Highly contagious
– Chancre will disappear after three weeks treated or untreated. If untreated they will
progress to secondary stage.
– Secondary Syphilis
• Skin rash weeks to months after the chancres appear.
• Fever, tiredness, headache, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, hair loss
may come and go during the next dew years.
• Still highly contagious
• Diagnosis and Treatment
– Blood test will detect syphilis and stage
– Treated with antibiotics, but does not reverse the damage caused in
later stages, and organ damage caused in earlier stages
Syphilis continued
• Complications
– If secondary syphilis goes untreated it goes into the latent
syphilis
• There are no symptoms, but can last for years and eventaully
develop late syphilis
– Late Syphilis
• Bacteria irreversibly damage
– Mental incapacity, blindness, paralysis, heart disease, liver damage and
death may occur
– Pregnant Women
• Miscarriage, or still birth
• Birth defects such as skin sores, rashes, fever, swollen liver and
spleen, yellowish skin, anemia, and a high risk of developing
mental retardation.
Gonorrhea
• Cause
– Highly contagious STD
– Bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
– Infects the lining of the genital and urinary tracts
• Methods of Transmission
– Sexual contact with an infected person
– Baby can be infected by mother during birth
• Bacteria enters the eyes
Gonorrhea continued
• Symptoms
– Males usually have a milky white discharge from penis, burning
sensation during urination (two days after infection)
– Females burning sensation during urination, yellow discharge from the
vagina 10 days after contact
– No symptoms but still highly contagious
• Diagnosis and Treatment
– Microscopic examination is made if discharge and analysis of urination
– Antibiotics
– All newborns eyes are treated with antibiotics or sliver nitrate at birth
• Complications
– Infect joints, heart valves, and the brain
– Permanent sterility
– Newborns can lead to blindness
Viral STDs
• STDs caused by viruses.
• There is treatment, but no cures
– Herpes
– HPV
– Viral Hepatitis
• Cause and Complications
Herpes
– Caused by herpes simplex virus that produces sores and fever blisters in the
genital area and mouth
• Herpes simplex virus type 1
– Sores or fever blisters in the mouth or on the lips
• Herpes simplex virus type 2
– Genital sores, but may also cause sores in the mouth
• Methods of Transmission
– Spread by sexual contact with infected person
– Female can infect her baby during pregnancy
• Symptoms
– Two weeks after contact
– itching or burning sensation, pain in legs or buttocks or genital area, vaginal
discharge, or feeling of pressure in the abdominal area
– Clusters of small painful blisters or open sores
– Symptoms disappear after a few weeks, but outbreaks will occur over the
person’s lifetime
• Diagnosis and treatment
– Growing the virus from a swab taken from the ulcer/
– Blood test can detect the antibodies of the HSV
– Antiviral drugs have been used to relieve the symptoms and prevent
reoccurrence, but there is no cure for genital herpes
HPV
• Cause and complications
– Most common viral STD
– HPV or human papillomavirus
– 70 types of HPV some types cause genital warts others have been linked to
cervical cancer
• Methods of transmission
– Genital warts are contagious and spread during sexual contact
– Pregnant female to the baby during a vaginal birth.
• Symptoms
– Genital warts appear for a few weeks or even years
• Soft or hard, are usually flesh colored or white, and resemble a cauliflower and
usually painless.
• Diagnosis and treatment
– Physician can inspects warts
– Pap smear
– No treatment to eradicate the virus, but warts can be frozen, burned, or cut
off.
Viral Hepatitis
•
Cause and Complications
– Infection of the liver
– Several different viruses causes hepatitis
• Hepatitis A, B, C, delta hepatitis, and hepatitis E
•
•
•
Methods of transmission
– Known to spread during sexual contact
– Also sharing through contaminated needles
Symptoms
– Many infected people have no symptoms
– Symptoms include flu-like symptoms, dark urine, abdominal pain and jaundice
Diagnosis and treatment
– Blood tests
– Treatment bed rest, healthy diet, avoidance of alcoholic beverages, drugs
prescribed to improve liver function.
– Vaccines are now available for life long immunity
HIV Infections and AIDS
•
Cause and Complication
– weakens your immune system, making you highly susceptible to all sorts of infections and certain types of cancers
• Infections common to HIV/AIDS:
– Tuberculosis (TB). In resource-poor nations, TB is the most common opportunistic infection associated
with HIV and a leading cause of death among people living with AIDS. Millions of people are currently
infected with both HIV and tuberculosis, and many experts consider the two diseases twin epidemics.
– Salmonellosis. You contract this bacterial infection from contaminated food or water. Symptoms include
severe diarrhea, fever, chills, abdominal pain and, occasionally, vomiting. Although anyone exposed to
salmonella bacteria can become sick, salmonellosis is far more common in people who are HIV-positive.
– Cytomegalovirus (CMV). This common herpes virus is transmitted in body fluids such as saliva, blood,
urine, semen and breast milk. A healthy immune system inactivates the virus, and it remains dormant in
your body. If your immune system weakens, the virus resurfaces — causing damage to your eyes,
digestive tract, lungs or other organs.
– Candidiasis. Candidiasis is a common HIV-related infection. It causes inflammation and a thick white
coating on the mucous membranes of your mouth, tongue, esophagus or vagina. Children may have
especially severe symptoms in the mouth or esophagus, which can make eating painful and difficult.
– Cryptococcal meningitis. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes and fluid surrounding your
brain and spinal cord (meninges). Cryptococcal meningitis is a common central nervous system infection
associated with HIV, caused by a fungus that is present in soil. It may also be associated with bird or bat
droppings.
– Toxoplasmosis. This potentially deadly infection is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite spread
primarily by cats. Infected cats pass the parasites in their stools, and the parasites may then spread to
other animals.
– Cryptosporidiosis. This infection is caused by an intestinal parasite that's commonly found in animals.
You contract cryptosporidiosis when you ingest contaminated food or water. The parasite grows in your
intestines and bile ducts, leading to severe, chronic diarrhea in people with AIDS.
HIV infections and AIDS continued
• Cancers common to HIV/AIDS
– Kaposi's sarcoma. Kaposi's sarcoma is a tumor of the blood vessel walls. Although rare in
people not infected with HIV, it's common in HIV-positive people. Kaposi's sarcoma
usually appears as pink, red or purple lesions on the skin and mouth. In people with
darker skin, the lesions may look dark brown or black. Kaposi's sarcoma can also affect
the internal organs, including the digestive tract and lungs.
– Lymphomas. This type of cancer originates in your white blood cells. Lymphomas usually
begin in your lymph nodes. The most common early sign is painless swelling of the lymph
nodes in your neck, armpit or groin.
• Other complications
– Wasting syndrome. Aggressive treatment regimens have reduced the number of cases of
wasting syndrome, but it does still affect many people with AIDS. It is defined as a loss of
at least 10 percent of body weight and is often accompanied by diarrhea, chronic
weakness and fever.
– Neurological complications. Although AIDS doesn't appear to infect the nerve cells, it
can still cause neurological symptoms such as confusion, forgetfulness, depression,
anxiety and trouble walking. One of the most common neurological complications is AIDS
dementia complex, which leads to behavioral changes and diminished mental
functioning.
HIV infections and AIDS continued
• Methods of Transmission
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sexual contact
open-mouth kissing
sharing needles or syringes for injectable drugs
Having a tissue implant (organ donation)
Being born to an infected mother
sharing needles for tattoos or piercings
contact with blood or other bodily fluids
• Only specific fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk)
from an HIV-infected person can transmit HIV.
• These specific fluids must come in contact with a mucous membrane
or damaged tissue or be directly injected into the blood-stream (from
a needle or syringe) for transmission to possibly occur.
HIV infections and AIDS continued
• Symptoms
– When first infected with HIV, you may have no signs or symptoms at all, although you're
still able to transmit the virus to others. Many people develop a brief flu-like illness two
to four weeks after becoming infected. Signs and symptoms may include:
• Fever, Headache, Sore throat, Swollen lymph glands, Rash
– You may remain symptom-free for years. But as the virus continues to multiply and
destroy immune cells, you may develop mild infections or chronic symptoms such as:
• Swollen lymph nodes — often one of the first signs of HIV infection, Diarrhea, Weight loss,
Fever, Cough and shortness of breath
– Progression to AIDS: If you receive no treatment for your HIV infection, the disease
typically progresses to AIDS in about 10 years. By the time AIDS develops, your immune
system has been severely damaged, making you susceptible to opportunistic infections
— diseases that wouldn't trouble a person with a healthy immune system. The signs and
symptoms of some of these infections may include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soaking night sweats
Shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F (38 C) for several weeks
Cough and shortness of breath
Chronic diarrhea
Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth
Headaches
Persistent, unexplained fatigue
Blurred and distorted vision
Weight loss
Skin rashes or bumps
HIV infections and AIDS continued
• Diagnosis
– The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved tests that detect
HIV antibodies in urine, fluid from the mouth (oral fluid), or blood. If a test on
urine or oral fluid shows that you are infected with HIV, you will probably need
a blood test to confirm the results. If you have been exposed to HIV, your
immune system will make antibodies to try to destroy the virus. Blood tests
can find these antibodies in your blood.
• Most doctors use two blood tests, called the ELISA and the Western blot assay. If the first
ELISA is positive (meaning that HIV antibodies are found), the blood sample is tested
again. If the second test is positive, the doctor will do a Western blot to be sure.
• It may take as long as 6 months for HIV antibodies to show up in a blood
sample. If you think you have been exposed to HIV but you test negative
for it:
– Get tested again in 6 months to be sure you are not infected.
– Meanwhile, take steps to prevent the spread of the virus. If you are infected,
you can still pass HIV to another person during this time.
HIV infections and AIDS continued
• Treatment
– The classes of anti-HIV drugs include:
• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). NNRTIs disable a
protein needed by HIV to make copies of itself. Examples include efavirenz
(Sustiva), etravirine (Intelence) and nevirapine (Viramune).
• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). NRTIs are faulty versions
of building blocks that HIV needs to make copies of itself. Examples include
Abacavir (Ziagen), and the combination drugs emtricitabine and tenofovir
(Truvada), and lamivudine and zidovudine (Combivir).
• Protease inhibitors (PIs). PIs disable protease, another protein that HIV needs
to make copies of itself. Examples include atazanavir (Reyataz), darunavir
(Prezista), fosamprenavir (Lexiva) and ritonavir (Norvir).
• Entry or fusion inhibitors. These drugs block HIV's entry into CD4 cells.
Examples include enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) and maraviroc (Selzentry).
• Integrase inhibitors. Raltegravir (Isentress) works by disabling integrase, a
protein that HIV uses to insert its genetic material into CD4 cells.