CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 Islam
SECTION 2 The Arab Empire
SECTION 3 Arab Contributions
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 22 discusses the rise of Islam and
its central role in the creation of the
Arab Empire. 
– Section 1 describes the rise of Islam. 
– Section 2 discusses the formation of
the Arab Empire and the spread
of Islam. 
– Section 3 describes the Arab
contributions to world civilizations.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• explain the teachings of Muhammad.

• discuss the religious beliefs held
by Muslims. 
• describe how Islam spread beyond the
Arabian Peninsula. 
• describe Arab contributions to science,
mathematics, medicine, and the arts.
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Read to Discover
• How Islam developed around the teachings
of Muhammad 
• What religious beliefs are held
by Muslims 
• How Islam spread beyond the Arabian
Peninsula 
• What early Islamic life was like 
• What the Arab Empire contributed to
science, mathematics, medicine, and
the arts
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Terms to Learn
• pillars of faith 
• mosque 
• imam 
• hajj 
• alchemists 
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People to Know
• Muhammad 
• al-Idrisi 
• al-Rāzi 
• Omar Khayyám 
• Ibn Khaldun 
Places to Locate
• Makkah 
• Madina (Yathrib) 
• Damascus 
• Baghdad
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Why It’s Important
Between the northeast coast of Africa and central Asia
lies the Arabian Peninsula. The people who live there
are known as Arabs. At one time, most were Bedouins.
They were herders who roamed the desert in search of
grass and water for their camels, goats, and sheep.
They lived in tents woven from camel or goat hair.
Bedouin warriors during the 600s raided other peoples
and fought one another over pastures and springs.
They valued their camels and swords above all else.
They enjoyed poetry and music. They believed in
many gods.
In the 600s, a religion called Islam began in the
mountainous area of western Arabia known as the
Hejaz. Within 100 years, an Arab empire based on
Islamic beliefs had developed. It controlled an area
larger than that of the Roman Empire.
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Islam
• “Islam” is an Arabic word that means “the
act of submitting, or giving oneself over, to
the will of God.” 
• An Arab merchant named Muhammad,
who came to be known as the prophet of
Allah, founded the Islamic faith. 
• Islam shook the foundations of Byzantium
and Persia, the two most powerful
civilizations of the time.
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Makkah (Mecca)
• By the middle of the 500s, the three major
towns of Yathrib, Ta’ if, and Makkah had
developed in the Hejaz. 
• Arab pilgrims, or travelers to a religious
shrine, came there to worship in Arabia’s
holiest shrine, the Ka’bah.
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Muhammad
• In 570, Muhammad was born to a widow of
a respectable clan in Makkah. 
• The drinking, gambling, and corruption in
Makkah troubled Muhammad, so he spent
much time alone in a cave outside the
city, thinking and fasting. 
• Muhammad concluded that there was
only one God, Allah, the same god as the
God of the Jews and the Christians. 
• The rich leaders of Makkah began to feel
threatened and, as a result, started
persecuting Muhammad and his followers.
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Muhammad (cont.)
• Muhammad and several hundred of his
followers fled from Makkah to Yathrib (later
Madina) in 622. 
• In Madina, Muhammad gave the people a
government that united them and made
them proud of their new faith. 
• But, the people of Makkah invaded
Madina several times.
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Muhammad (cont.)
• In 628, Muhammad signed a peace treaty
with the people of Makkah, which they
violated in 630, leading Muhammad and
his companions to triumphantly enter their
home city, Makkah, for a peaceful
conquest. 
• In 632 Muhammad died.
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The Quran
• The Quran is written in Arabic and
describes the pillars of faith, or the five
duties all Muslims must fulfill. 
• The first duty is the confession of faith. 
• The second duty deals with prayer; some of
which are recited at a mosque and led by a
prayer leader called an imam. 
• The third duty has to do with the giving of
zakah, or charity. 
• The fourth duty deals with fasting. 
• The fifth duty involves a pilgrimage to
Makkah, called the hajj.
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Section Assessment
According to Muslim tradition,
what caused Muhammad to
begin his preachings?
The angel Gabriel told him to.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What does the Quran say will
happen after death?
All who fulfill their duties will go
to Paradise.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Identifying Cause and Effect
What effect did the rise of Islam
have on Byzantium and Persia?
It shook their foundations.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 336 of
your textbook, and use it to
summarize the five pillars of faith.
The five duties are: confession of faith,
prayers five times a day, giving of zakah,
fasting during daylight hours of Ramadan,
and pilgrimage to Makkah.
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The Arab Empire
• When Muhammad died in 632, a group of
Muslims chose a new leader whom they
called khalifa, or caliph, which means
“successor.”
Section 2 begins on page 336 of your textbook.
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The Rightly Guided Caliphs
• The first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s
father-in-law and close friend. 
• As the next caliphs ruled from Madina and
kept in close touch with the people, they
were called the Rightly Guided Caliphs. 
• The Rightly Guided Caliphs honored
Muhammad’s wish to carry Islam to other
peoples and sent warriors into Palestine,
Syria, Iraq, Persia, Egypt, and North Africa.
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The Rightly Guided Caliphs (cont.)
• Throughout all these places, the Arabs were
victorious because Islam united them in
striving for a common goal, which they
considered holy. 
• The Arab way of treating the people they
conquered also contributed to their
success.
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The Umayyads
• Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law and the last of
the Rightly Guided Caliphs, was killed
in 661. 
• The new caliph moved the capital from
Madina to Damascus and founded the
Umayyad Dynasty. 
• The Umayyads ruled more like kings than
religious leaders. 
• However, the Umayyads had social and
economic troubles that, in the end, led to
their downfall.
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The Umayyads (cont.)
• The Muslims themselves divided into two
groups, the Shi’ah and the Sunni. 
• After a while, war broke out between the
Umayyads and a group of Muslims called
Abbasids. 
• In 750, the Abbasids defeated the
Umayyads and became the new rulers of
the Arab Empire.
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The Abbasids
• The Abbasids ruled the Arab Empire from
750 to 1258; their first 100 years was known
as the Golden Age of Islam. 
• Under the Abbasids, all that remained of
Arab influence was the Arabic language
and the Islamic religion. 
• The Abbasids created the government
post of vizier, or chief adviser between
the throne and the people. 
• The Abbasids made Baghdad one of the
major trading centers of the world.
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The Abbasids (cont.)
• Life in the empire changed as advanced
farming methods were employed. 
• The empire soon became too large for
one caliph, and it began to break up into
independent kingdoms. 
• In 836, the caliph moved to a new capital
city called Samarra. 
• In 945, the Persians took control of
Baghdad.
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The Golden Age of Muslim Spain
• The Muslim Arabs who conquered North
Africa intermarried with the Berbers and
became known as Moors. 
• In 710, they invaded Spain, defeated the
West Goths, who had taken the country
from the Romans, and set up a kingdom
that allowed religious freedom. 
• For the next 400 years, a rich culture
flourished in Spain. 
• During this time, Jews traveled to and
traded in every part of the Arab Empire
and beyond.
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Islamic Life
• Islam was born in a society where men
could have unlimited numbers of wives
and the killing of female children was
common. 
• Islam attempted to correct this situation. 
• Both men and women were obligated to
seek knowledge. 
• Reciting and memorizing the Quran was
an important requirement in education. 
• The mosques served as neighborhood
schools.
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Section Assessment
What were some of the
accomplishments of the
Umayyads?
They reorganized the government,
minted money, set up postal routes,
repaired irrigation canals, and
encouraged the arts.
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Section Assessment
How did the Arab Empire change
under the Abbasids?
Baghdad was built, the post of vizier
was created, trade developed, and
interest in Greek science and
philosophy grew. Arab artisans
produced luxury goods.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Drawing a Conclusion Why were
the years from 710 to around 300
called the Golden Age of Muslim
Spain?
Answers will vary. A rich culture
flourished during this period.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 342 of
your textbook, and use it to show
how the teachings of Islam tried to
improve the treatment of women in
Arab society.
Sample answer: before–could not
inherit property from parents, killing
of a female child common, few rights;
after–entitled to half of husband’s
wealth, right to an inheritance,
discouraged practice of marrying
multiple wives
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Arab Contributions
• Between the 770s and the 1300s, Arab
scholars helped preserve much of the
learning of the ancient world and made many
other contributions to the modern world. 
• Many Arab scientists, known as
alchemists, tried to turn base metals,
such as tin, iron, and lead, into gold
and silver. 
• Arab astronomers studied the heavens,
named stars, described solar eclipses,
and proved the moon’s effects on tides
and the oceans.
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Arab Contributions (cont.)
• The astronomer-geographer al-ldrisi drew
the first accurate map of the world. 
• Arab mathematicians invented algebra and
borrowed the numerals 0-9 from Gupta
mathematicians. 
• The Arabs gave much to the field of
medicine, setting up the world’s first school
of pharmacy, opening the world’s first
drugstores, and organizing medical clinics. 
• The Persian doctor al-Razi discovered
differences between measles and smallpox.
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Arab Contributions (cont.)
• The Arabs also made many contributions to
the arts. 
• The Persian poet Omar Khayyám’s
Rubáiyát is considered one of the finest
poems ever written. 
• Islamic art is distinct and full of color. 
• Much of what is known about this time
comes from Arabs, such as Ibn Khaldun,
who wrote down the history of Islam.
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Section Assessment
How did the use of the Arabic
language promote learning?
It helped unite scholars throughout
the Arab Empire.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What are two of the best-known
Arab writings?
Two of the best-known writings are
The Arabian Nights and Rubáiyát.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Drawing Conclusions Do you
think the numerals 0 through 9
should be called Arabic or Gupta
numerals? Explain.
Answers will vary.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page
344 of your textbook, and use it
to show Arab contributions to
science, math, and the arts.
Answers will vary.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• Muhammad was born in Makkah in 570. 
• In 613, Muhammad began to preach that the
only god is Allah. This was the start of the
Islamic religion. 
• In 622, Muhammad and his followers went
from Makkah to Yathrib, where they
organized a new government and army. 
• In 630, Muhammad led his followers into
Makkah and dedicated the Ka’ bah to Allah.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• In 631, delegates throughout Arabia
declared their loyalty to Muhammad and
their belief in teachings such as the
five pillars. 
• After Muhammad’s death in 632, his
followers chose a new leader, known as a
caliph, and began building a huge empire. 
• In 661, the capital of the Arab Empire was
moved to Damascus and the Umayyad
Dynasty began.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• In 750, the Abbasids took control of the Arab
Empire and concentrated on trade rather
than war. 
• The Moors in Spain combined Arab and
Jewish cultures and allowed religious
freedom. 
• The Arabs made many contributions to
modern civilization, especially in science,
math, and the arts.
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Understanding the Main Idea
How did Bedouins earn a living?
They earned their living as herders
and traders.
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Understanding the Main Idea
Why did Muhammad begin to
spend time alone in a cave
outside Makkah?
He began to spend time in a cave
because he was troubled by the
corruption in Makkah.
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Understanding the Main Idea
Why did Makkah’s leaders
persecute Muhammad and
his followers?
They were afraid of losing money
because fewer pilgrims would come
to Makkah.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What is the Islamic Creed?
The Islamic Creed is a confession of
faith stating “There is no God but Allah,
and Muhammad is His prophet.”
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Understanding the Main Idea
In what direction do Muslims face
when they pray?
They pray in the direction that points
them toward Makkah.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What does the Quran promise all
believers who fulfill their duties?
They will go to Paradise.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What brought about the downfall of
the Umayyad Dynasty?
The downfall of the Umayyad
Dynasty was caused by conquered
people who became Muslim who felt
they were unfairly treated, and by the
division of Muslims into the Shi’ ah
and the Sunni.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What did the name “Arab” mean
under the Abbasids?
The name referred to any subject
who spoke Arabic.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What discoveries did Arab
doctors make?
They discovered the circulation of the
blood, the differences between
measles and small pox, and that
tuberculosis is contagious.
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Critical Thinking
What role did religion play in
Arab life?
Religion brought pilgrims to Makkah
(which helped its economy), united
Muslims, and set guidelines for the
way Muslims lived.
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Critical Thinking
How did the Moorish kingdom in
Spain show it had been influenced
by different cultures?
Many groups lived there; and Muslims,
Jews, and Christians studied medicine
and philosophy together.
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Critical Thinking
Which Arab contribution do you
think has most affected other
civilizations? Explain your choice.
Answers will vary.
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Critical Thinking
What parts of life in the Arab Empire
would you have liked? What parts
would you have disliked?
Answers will vary.
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Geography in History
Location Islam spread across a wide
area, as seen on the map on page 337 of
your textbook. It included most of the
area from the western edge of the
Mediterranean Sea to the eastern shores
of the Arabian Sea. What longitude and
latitude lines mark the approximate
location of this area?
The area spanned from about 45° N to
25° N and 5° W to 65° E.
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What is false about the following: A
man and woman move to Madina in
613, the year Muhammad began
preaching. That year, called the Anno
Hijrah, they joined the thousands who
supported Muhammad.
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710 A.D.
570 A.D.
Muhammad born
63
1290 A.D.
Moors invade
Spain
Ottoman Dynasty
founded in Asia
Minor
622 A.D.
750 A.D.
Muhammad flees
from Makkah to
Yathrib
Abbasids become
rulers of Arab
Empire
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Muhammad
570 A.D.-632 A.D.
Prophet of Islam
Muhammad is one of the great figures
in world history. His revelations and
teachings form the basis of Islam, a
faith that now claims more than one
billion followers. While living in Yathrib
(Madina), he established a model for
future Islamic states in which religious
leaders oversee government. His
appeal for Islamic unity helped
Muhammad to extend his Islamic state
to the entire Arabian Peninsula.
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Arabic Numerals
Europeans resisted the use of Arabic
numerals well into the 1400s. An
Italian bookkeeping manual insisted
that roman numerals “cannot be
falsified as easily as those of the new
art of computation, of which one can,
with ease, make one out of another,
such as turning the zero into a 6
or a 9.”
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Calendars
The Quran
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Calendars
The Islamic calendar, started in 622, is
a lunar calendar with 354 days divided
into 12 months. The Muslim Era, which
counts years from the Hijrah, is used
officially in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and
the Persian Gulf states. Even in
Muslim countries that officially use the
Gregorian calendar, many people
follow the Muslim calendar at home.
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The Quran
As Muhammad preached, his followers
wrote down or memorized his
teachings. After Muhammad’s death,
his successor Abu Bakr ordered
Muslims to retrieve those teachings
wherever they could be found. It took
20 years to compile the teachings into
the Quran, the Muslim scriptures
followed today.
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The Bazaar
Cordoba
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The Bazaar
Muslim merchants traded their wares
in the bazaar, originally the term for
Persian public markets. The name
came to be used for colorful outdoor
marketplaces throughout the Middle
East and North Africa. In English
today, bazaar means a store that sells
many kinds of goods.
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Cordoba
By the 900s, Cordoba,the capital of
Muslim Spain, was the largest city in
Europe and a cultural center for
scholars, musicians, and artisans.
Cordoba was known especially for its
fine leatherwork, woven silk and
brocades, and gold and silver jewelry.
Visitors to Cordoba today can still see
the Great Mosque, completed
about 976.
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