A.P. Psychology
1.
Psychology : Behavior/Mental Processes
2.
Nature/Nurture Debate
3.
Monism/Dualism
4.
Socrates/Plato/Aristotle/Descartes
5.
Francis Bacon : Empiricism
6.
Wilhelm Wundt: Structuralism
7.
Edward Titchener : Introspection
8.
William James: Functionalism, Mary Calkins, Margaret Floy Washburn
9.
Charles Darwin: Natural Selection
10.
Basic Research/Applied Research
11.
Clinical v. counseling psychologists
12.
Psychodynamic : Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud
13.
Behavioralism : John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
14.
Humanism : Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
15.
Cognitive : Piaget
16.
Cognitive Neuroscience
17.
Evolutionary
18.
Behavior Genetics
19.
Socio-cultural
20.
Biopsychosocial approach
21.
Critical Thinking
22.
Theory/ Hypothesis
23.
Operational definition
24.
Replication
25.
Case Study : Descriptive Research
26.
Survey : Descriptive Research
27.
Naturalistic Observation : Descriptive Research
28.
Sample Selection : Random sample, random assignment, population
29.
Correlation Coefficient : Scatterplots
30.
Positive/Negative Correlation
31.
Illusory Correlations
32.
Experiment
33.
Single-Blind/ Double Blind Procedure
34.
Independent/Dependent/Extraneous Variable
35.
Experimental/Control Condition
36.
Placebo Effect
37.
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode
38.
Measures of Variance: Range, Standard Deviation
39.
Statistical Significance
40.
Psychiatry
41.
Hindsight bias
42.
Scientific method
43.
False consensus effect

History and Science of Psychology : Guided Reading Questions for Modules 1–3
Module 1: History & Scope of Psychology
1. Describe William Wundt’s first experiment and why is it considered the first experiment in
the field of psychology.
2. Explain how the two early schools of psychology, structuralism and functionalism differed
from each other, and which psychologists pioneered these early schools of psychology.
3. What were the contributions by the two American women psychologists, Mary Calkins,
and Margret Floyd Washburn?
4. Which American school of psychology, and pioneering psychologist led the way from the
1920’s to the 1960’s, and what were the particular criticisms about this particular school of
psychology?
5. Why Humanistic psychology was considered a softer response to Freudian psychology, as
well as behaviorism?
6. Describe the “Cognitive Revolution”.
7. Describe the biopsychosocial approach. How does the biopsychosocial approach
incorporate various levels of analysis?
8. List how psychologists from five current perspectives view anger.
9. Compare and contrast clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Module 2: Thinking critically with psychological science
10.
Provide an example of hindsight bias. Why is it known as the “I knew-it all-along phenomenon”?
11.
What were the results of Ohio State psychologists Phillip Tetlock’s experiment when he collected expert’s predictions of political, economic, and military situations?
12.
Provide four examples of how our shared biological heritage unite us as a universal human family.
13.
How are men and women psychologically as well as biologically similar?
14.
Describe the guidelines established by the British Psychological Society, and the
American Psychological Association for the humane use of animals
15.
How has animal research benefited animals, and how has experimentation on animals improved our understanding of people?
16.
List the four ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society regarding experimentation on people.
Module 3: Research Strategies
17.
Explain and provide an example of how a case study could be misleading.
18. Provide examples of how the wording effect can have major effects on a survey.
19. How is random sampling critical in eliminating the false consensus effect?
20. Why is a survey using smaller representative sample better than a larger unrepresentative
sample?
21. How is naturalistic observation different from case study and survey methods in studying
behavior?
22. Provide two examples of negative correlation and two examples of positive correlation.
23. Describe the difference between a negative correlation coefficient and a positive
Correlation.
24. Provide two other examples of illusory correlation.
25. Describe Alan Lucas’ experiment on infant nutrition and later intelligence.
26. Describe the independent variable, control condition, dependent variable, double-blind
procedure in the research experiment studying Viagra and intercourse.
27. Explain the three measures of central tendency. Provide an example of which measure is
affected by extreme scores.
28. How do comparisons of intelligence test scores among hundreds of thousands of first- born and later-born individuals provide statistical significance but little practical significance.