國情簡介
初譯:2003.7.1
譯者:MG HU
伊拉克
基本資料
人口: 2200萬
首都: 巴格達
主要語言: 阿拉伯語,庫德語
主要宗教: 伊斯蘭
平均壽命: 66 歲(男), 68 歲(女)
貨幣單位: 1 伊拉克 帝拿= 1,000 懷
主要產品: 原油
平均所得: $593美元/每年
網際網路代號: .iq
國際電話首碼: 964
伊拉克大事年表
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1920.4.25 – 伊拉克在英國斡旋下立國.
1921.8.23 – 第一位國王法賽(Faysal) 加冕.
1932.10.3 – 伊拉克正式獨立.
1958.7.14 – 國王遭Abd-al-Karim准將及Abd-al-Salam Muhammad Arif上校
人推翻.宣布成立共合國.由Qasim擔任總理.
1963.2.8 – 阿拉伯社會主義建國黨(Arab Socialist Ba‘th Party )叛亂,推翻
Qasim,由Arif擔任總理.
1963.11.18 – Arif 及一群軍官又推翻ASBP黨政府.
1966.4.17 – 4.13 Arif 死於直昇機空難後,其長兄Abd-al-Rahman Muhammad
Arif 少將,繼任總理.
1968.7.17 – ASBP黨政變, Arif下臺,由 Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr任總理.
伊拉克大事年表
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1970.3.11 – 革命指揮委員會( Revolution Command Council, RCC) 與庫德
族名黨( Kurdistan Democratic Party, KDP),簽訂合約.
1972 – 伊拉克與前蘇聯簽定為期15年之(友好合作條約).
石油公司國營化
1972 – 伊拉克石油公司( Iraq nationalizes the Iraq Petroleum Company ,IPC).
1974 – 為實踐1970年的合約,伊拉克給予庫德族有限自治權,但為PKD所拒.
1975.3 – 伊朗及伊拉克在阿爾吉爾之石油國主義 (OPEC)會議中,簽定條約,終
止兩國邊界爭端.
1979.7.16 – Al-Bakr 辭職,副總統哈珊就職(譯注,哈珊原名為Saddam Hussein,
有意沙達姆.胡笙,接近原音).
1980.4.1 – 親伊朗之達瓦黨(Da‘wah Party)宣稱為行刺副總理 Tariq Aziz負責.
伊拉克大事年表
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兩伊戰爭
1980.9.4 – 伊朗砲擊伊拉克邊境小鎮(伊拉克認為此舉為兩伊戰爭之肇因).
1980.9.17 – 伊拉克廢除1975年與伊朗簽訂之條約.
1980.9.22 – 伊拉克攻擊伊朗空軍基地.
1980.9.23 – 伊朗轟炸伊拉克軍事及經濟中心.
1981.6.7 – 以色列轟炸巴格達近郊Tuwaythah之核能中心.
對庫德族之化武攻擊
1988.3.16 – 據稱伊拉克對庫德族小鎮Halabjah使用化武.
1988.8.20 – 停火協議生效,由聯合國派駐軍事觀察團( Military Observer
Group ,UNIIMOG).
1990.3.15 – 伊朗裔之英國倫敦觀察家據(London Observer newspaper)記者
Farzad Bazoft被控間諜罪,餘巴格達問吊.
伊拉克大事年表
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伊拉克入侵科威特
1990.8.2 – 伊拉克入侵科威特.聯合國安理會隨即以660號決議案譴責並要求全
面撤離科境.
1990.8.6 – 安理會661號決議案,宣布經濟制裁伊拉克.
1990.8.8 – 伊拉克宣布併吞科威特.
1990.11.29 – 安理會678號決議案授權美國與科威特合作採取必要行動以執行
660號決議.
1991.1.16~17 – 聯軍對伊發動空襲(沙漠風暴作戰),波灣戰爭開始.
1991.2.13 – 美軍戰機擊中巴格達近郊Amiriyah 一處闢護所,300餘人死亡. 1991.2.24
伊拉克大事年表
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停火
1991.3.3 – 伊拉克接受停火.
1991.3月中至4月初 – 伊軍鎮壓伊南及伊北叛亂.
1991.4.8 – 歐盟於盧森堡會議中,同意以北韓36為界建立庫德族保護區.4.10日美軍下令
1991.8.26 – 於北韓32以南,設立伊拉克飛機之禁航區.
1993.6.27 – 美軍發動巡弋飛彈,攻擊伊拉克位於Al-Mansur 區之情報總部.巴格達企圖
1994.5.29 – 哈珊連任總統.
1994.11.10 – 伊拉克國明大會承認科伊邊界及科威特的獨立.
伊拉克大事年表
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以油換糧
1995.4.14 – 安理會986決議案,准許伊拉克出口部分原油以購買糧食與醫藥
(油換糧計劃, “oil-for-food program”).但為伊所拒.遲至1996.11.始執行.
1995.8 – 哈珊之女婿,也是工礦部長 Hussein Kamil Hasan al-Majid及其兄,也
是軍事工業署長Saddam,偕期全家逃往約旦要求闢護.
1995.10.15 – 透過公投,哈珊留任總統職七年. 殺害女婿
1996.2.20 – Hussein Kamil Hasan al-Majid及其兄,在哈珊予諾赦免下返回巴格達,卻於
伊拉克大事年表
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1996.8.31 – 為回應庫德族民主黨請求世界援助的呼籲,伊拉克發動北邊禁航區內之攻
1996.9.3 – 美國將南禁航區,擴充至北緯33,逼進巴格達.
1996.12.12 – 哈珊之長子 Uday在巴格達Al-Mansur區遭行刺受傷.
1998.10.31 – 伊拉克中止與聯合國武檢小組,調查伊境內大規模殺傷武器之合作.
1998.11.22 – 革委會 (RCC)副主席Izzat Ibrahim al-Duri訪問Karbala時,逃過行刺.
伊拉克大事年表
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沙漠之狐作戰
1988.12.16~19 – 聯合國官員撤離巴格達後,英美聯軍發動命名為沙漠之狐的轟炸行動
1999.1.4 – 伊拉克要求聯合國撤換英美即在伊官員.
1999.2.19 – 伊什葉派精神領袖Grand Ayatollah Sayyid 於Najaf遇刺.
1999.12.17 – 安理會1284決議案,成立監督檢驗委員會(Monitoring, Verification and In
2000.3.1 – Hans Blix 擔任UNMOVIC執行主席.
2000.8 – 巴格達機場開放.反對禁運國家及團體,以人道援助為名,突破禁運,航向該機場
伊拉克大事年表
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2000.10 – 1991年波灣戰爭後,首度飛航國內班機,並與俄.愛爾蘭及其他中東國家接駁
2001 – 雨林國建立自由貿易區.並自1981以來首度開放至土耳其之鐵路.
2001.2 – 美英聯軍在沒有國際支持下,轟炸伊防空網.
2001.5 – 哈珊之子Qusay當選執政黨黨魁,謠傳其將成為其父之繼承人.
2002.4 – 巴格達呼籲對以色列禁運石油,以懲罰其對巴勒斯坦領土之佔領,但沒有一個
2002.5 – 安理會同意修正案規定,將近韻範圍縮減至只有軍事及軍民兩用物資.
• 武檢人員返伊
• 2002.9 ▬ 美國總統小布希在聯合國大會中，表示「讓伊拉克的威脅惡化」或與美國一
• 2002.11 ▬ 聯合國武檢人員返回伊拉克，執行較前更嚴的安理會決議。伊拉克雖不接受
查獲之物資
•近4噸之vx神經戰劑。2000公
主要地圖
RAQ
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伊拉克多為沙漠形成之平坦地形。與伊朗交界之南段有大型氾濫之沼澤地
QI Bases
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Iraq's army is organized into five corps. Iraq has around 375,000 regular troops and some 2,000 tanks, but much of the arm
issile Range
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Iraq is believed to have a small number of 400-mile range al-Hussein missiles. These could strike Israel, Saudi Arabia, Turke
None of these are very effective at dispersing chemical or biological weapons, according to the International Institute for Str
Iraq does not have the facilities to build long-range missiles and would require several years and foreign assistance to do th
Bases
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A number of military bases in the region would be key to an assault on Iraq – if their governments allowed the US to use the
US and British planes already fly from Incirlik in Turkey to patrol the no-fly zone over Northern Iraq.
The southern no-fly zone is enforced from Prince Sultan airbase in Saudi Arabia, which houses 4,000 US military personnel
ent Areas
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The Kurds in their north of the country and the Shia Muslims in the south are both partly protected by the US-British enforce
The two main Kurdish parties have a total of about 40,000 armed forces.
In the south, Shia Muslims have opposed the regime since the early 1980s, when they were backed by Iran during the Iran-
I Oilfields
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Iraq’s proven oil reserves of 112 billion barrels are the world’s second largest, behind Saudi Arabia. Lack of investment and
The country has only been allowed to export a limited amount of oil under the UN’s oil-for-food program.
ghdad
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With a population of nearly 4 million, Baghdad is by far Iraq's largest city, and is growing rapidly. It is also the nerve centre o
pon Sites
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Iraq is believed to have once had extensive chemical, nuclear and biological weapons programs. But the 1991 Gulf War, sub
Some analysts believe Iraq to have significant stocks of biological and chemical agents. But others suggest that even if it ha
A recent report by the International Institute for Strategic Studies concluded that Iraq would require up to a decade and sign
ntial Palaces
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A key concern has been securing full access for UN inspectors to all the so-called "presidential palaces". In 1998, eight pres
sible Options
ng Saddam Hussein
ack Options
rt Storm-II
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Strategy: This would essentially be a replay of the 1991 Gulf
Some analysts say this is the most likely scenario, but that ele
Forces: Up to 250,000 troops, possibly including 25,000 from
Drawbacks: The presence of a large Western force in the reg
ide Out
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Strategy: This plan, also known as “Baghdad first”, involves a
Bridges and other infrastructure would be avoided to allow inv
Forces: Estimates vary from 25,000 to 100,000 troops.
Drawbacks: Fighting would be likely to centre in and around
ing War
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Strategy: This tactic would see large numbers of troops seize
This scenario would have similarities to the US campaign in A
Allies: The Kurds in the north (whose forces may number ab
Drawbacks: Significant numbers of troops - about 250,000 A
Coup
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Strategy: Another suggested option is a surprise military cou
Drawbacks: Several failed coup attempts by disaffected milit
However, an element of internal dissent – possibly culminatin
IRAQ’S
ed Weapons Sites
or Sites
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Many of Iraq's weapons programs have been halted by UN inspections, sanctions and air rai
RAQ’S
cal & Nuclear Weapons
al Weapons
oduction
• Iraq has admitted to manufacturing the chemic
• However, intelligence estimates that 360 tones
• Iraq says anything that has not been destroyed
GAS
al Weapons
tard Gas
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GAS
Mustard gas: 'Mustard' is liquid at room temperature, but
Absorption: Contact with skin or inhalation
Effects: Mustard gas is a blistering agent, burning eyes a
Symptoms: Conjunctivitis, skin burns, throat pain, cough
Protection: Protective clothing and early decontamination
Iraqi program: Iraq has admitted making 2,850 tonnes of
al Weapons
VX
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GAS
VX: A clear, colorless liquid – technically named methylph
Absorption: Through eyes, lungs and skin
Effects: Like other nerve agents, VX attacks the nervous
Lethal dose: Fraction of a drop
Symptoms: Small doses trigger nasal discharge, chest tig
Protection: Immediate injection of atropine
Iraqi program: Iraq has admitted making 3.9 tonnes, incl
al Weapons
Sarin
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GAS
Sarin: A colorless liquid several times more deadly than c
Effects: Sarin attacks the nervous system when inhaled o
Lethal dose: 0.5 milligrams
Symptoms: Pupils shrink to pinpoints and sweating and t
Protection: Injection of antidote immediately after contac
Iraqi program: Iraq has admitted to manufacturing 795 to
al Weapons
Tabun
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GAS
Tabun: Also known as GB, tabun was discovered in
Effects: If inhaled or absorbed through the eyes or
Symptoms: Similar to VX and sarin.
Protection: Injection of antidote immediately after c
Iraqi program: Iraq has admitted to producing 210
cal Weapons
oduction
• Intelligence says Iraq is currently able to produce
• Iraq has admitted to manufacturing all of these b
• Intelligence services maintain that Iraq could still
BIO
al Weapons
nthrax
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BIO
Anthrax: A disease caused by the bacteria bacillus anthracis,
Spread: Anthrax develops differently depending on whether th
Effects: Inhalation and intestinal anthrax frequently kill their vi
Symptoms: Inhalation anthrax has flu-like symptoms, intestina
Lethal Amount: One billionth of a gram
Protection: Can be treated with antibiotics. A vaccine is availa
Iraq’s program: Iraq has admitted making 8,500 liters and filli
al Weapons
tulism
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BIO
Botulism: A disease caused by botulinum nerve toxin –
Spread: Via wounds on the skin, or through contaminat
Effects: Toxins disrupt nerve system causing muscle pa
Symptoms: Blurred double vision, nausea, vomiting, m
Lethal Amount: One billionth of a gram
Protection: Can be treated with anti-toxin injection.
Iraq: Iraq has admitted making 19,000 liters of botulinum
al Weapons
Ricin
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BIO
Ricin: Natural toxin derived from castor beans.
Spread: By inhalation or ingestion
Effects: When inhaled, ricin breaks down lung tissue an
Symptoms: Fever, chest tightness, cough, nausea and
Protection: No vaccine or anti-toxin available
Iraqi development: Unscom inspectors say they have
al Weapons
atoxin
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BIO
Aflatoxin: Fungal toxins, sometimes found in grai
Spread: Food contamination or inhalation of aeros
Effects: Aflatoxin is generally considered non-leth
Iraqi development: Iraq has admitted producing 2
apons Related Facilities
Nuclear Weapons-Related Facilities
• Al Furat Manufacturing Facility, Ira
• Construction of the building depicted
• The building was originally intended
ATOM
apons Related Facilities
Nuclear Weapons-Related Facilities
• Nassr Engineering Establishment
• The graphics illustrate the 1998 dest
• This machine plant produced centrifu
ATOM
apons Related Facilities
Nuclear Weapons-Related Facilities
• Fallujah II
• Fallujah II -- located just northwest o
ATOM
c Missiles
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Iraq is believed to be developing ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 kilo
ary Balance
ecember, 2002
IRAQ
r Force
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Iraq has few modern aircraft an
Its pilots are poorly trained.
It has a range of missiles with w
However analysts suggest thes
IRAQ
Army
• Iraq has around 375,000 regul
• Iraq has some 2,000 tanks and
• Years of war, US and British bo
RAQ
ican Guard
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The 60,000-strong Republican Guard
Considered Iraq’s best fighting force it
Recruits receive bonuses and are usu
The force's equipment includes T-72 ta
egional Bases
Around 13,000 US personnel are based in Kuwait. Washington is
also building up its forces in Djibouti, Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
UNITED STATES
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Naval Forces
Turkey
Kuwait
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
Saudi Arabia
Oman
Djibouti
Diego Garcia
Click on the hyperlinks in the list to learn more
US Naval Forces
• Three aircraft carrier battle groups are within striking r
• The USS Constellation is in the Indian Ocean, and the
• Around 25,000 personnel and 75 warplanes are statio
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Turkey
• The US wants to position large numbers of ground for
• Turkey would also be vital to any air campaign.
• About 1,700 air force personnel and some 60 aircraft
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Kuwait
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Around 10,000 US troops are already in the country.
A new $200bn state-of the art army base, Camp Arifjan, is bein
Tanks and equipment for two armored brigades are already in K
About 80 aircraft are stationed at the Ali Salem air base as well
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Qatar
• Around 1,000 military personnel, including senior Ge
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United Arab Emirates
• There are about 500 mostly air force personnel
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Saudi Arabia
• Around 6,600 personnel, mainly from the air for
• Prince Sultan base in Riyadh serves as an air o
• Two US Patriot missile batteries are also based
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Oman
• Some 2,000 air force personnel and 24 aircraft
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Djibouti
• Around 3,000 US Special Forces, Marines and Air For
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o Garcia
• The British-owned Indian Ocean island is home to a fl
• A number of older B-52 bombers, fitted with laser-guid
• Seventeen ships loaded with tanks and other equipme
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an Rights
dam’s IRAQ
Shi'a prisoners executed during the 1991
insurrection in southern Iraq.
Iraqi child
victims of one
of Saddam's
chemical
weapons
attacks.
An Iraqi Kurdish refugee
carries his daughter
across a footbridge over
the Tigris River to Turkey,
1991.
Resolve
ush
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Americans seek peace in the world. War is the last option for confronti
A United States Marine watches the sun set, during an exercise in
the Kuwaiti desert, near the western border with Iraq, Thursday,
December 19, 2002.