5
chapter
SOCIALIZATION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
•Factors that influence personality
•The Social Self
•Agents of Socialization
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5-1 Nature v Nurture
4-2
– Interaction of heredity and environment
shape human development
– Parents must concern themselves with
children’s social development as well
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Factors influencing personality
4-3
█Heredity
█Birth Order
█Parents
█Culture
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Factors Influencing Personality
4-4
█Heredity or Environment?
– Studies of Identical Twins
• Intelligence tests show:
Similar scores when twins
are reared apart in roughly
similar social settings
Quite different scores when
twins are reared apart in
dramatically different social
settings
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Parents
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4-5
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Parents
4-6
Hands off or on
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Impact of Isolation
4-7
– Shyness / Introversion / Anti-social
– The “forbidden experiment”
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The story of “Genie”
4-8
What happens when
someone has NO
socialization?
Nature: Wouldn’t matter
Nurture: Serious problems
Video Clip of Genie
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Institutionalization
4-9
█Lack of social interaction in these
facilities have shown to create social
and psychological developmental
delays.
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Isolation
4-10
– Appalachian Mountain regions
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5-2 The Social Self
4-11
█Socialization: interactive process by
which people learn the skills, beliefs,
values, etc of their culture.
█“Self”: distinct identity that sets us
apart from others
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The Social Self - Theories
4-12
█John Locke’s Tabula Rasa
–Human are born with a clean
slate (no personality)
–Their upbringing fills the slate
through socialization
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The Social Self - Theories
4-13
Charles Cooley: Looking-Glass Self
• We learn who we are by interacting
with others
• Our view of ourselves (good & bad)
comes from impressions of how we
think others perceive us
• The self is the product of our social
interactions with other people
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Looking-Glass Self
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4-14
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Looking-Glass Self
4-15
Image
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Looking-Glass Self
4-16
Image
Signals / Messages
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Looking-Glass Self
4-17
Image
Signals / Messages
•Smart
•Dumb
•Ugly
•Pretty
•Weird
•Etc.
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Looking-Glass Self
4-18
OMG !
I’m ugly.
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The Social Self - Theories
4-19
█George Herbert Mead: Role Taking
Role Taking: process of mentally
assuming the perspective of another
• Generalized Others: attitudes, viewpoints,
and expectations of society as a whole that
child takes into account
• Significant Others: Individuals most
important in the development of the self
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The Social Self - Theories
4-20
█ Mead: Role Taking Stages
• Prep/Imitation Stage: children imitate
people around them.
Continued...
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The Social Self - Theories
4-21
█ Mead: Role Taking Stages
• Play Stage: children develop skills in
communicating through symbols and role
taking. (Ex. cops & robbers)
Continued...
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The Social Self - Theories
4-22
█ Mead: Role Taking Stages
• Game Stage: children of about 8 or 9
consider several actual tasks and
relationships simultaneously (Ex. Boss)
Continued...
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5-3 Agents of Socialization
4-23
█Family
– Role of family in socializing a child
cannot be overestimated
– Cultural Influences
– The Impact of Race and Gender
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Agents of Socialization
4-24
█Peer Group
– As children
grow older,
peer groups
increasingly
assume the
role of Mead’s
significant
others.
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Agents of Socialization
4-25
█School
– Schools teach
children values and
customs of the
larger society
– Schools traditionally
socialized children
into conventional
gender roles
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Agents of Socialization
4-26
█Mass Media and Technology
– Changing norms / values
– Sex
– Violence
– Multitasking
– Keep up w/Jones’
– Internet
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Agents of Socialization
4-27
█ Workplace
– Learning to behave appropriately within
occupational setting is fundamental aspect of
human socialization
Level of teenage
employment in U.S. is
highest among industrial
nations
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Agents of Socialization
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4-28
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Agents of Socialization
4-29
█ The Government
– The family’s
protective function
steadily transferred
to outside agencies
in 20th century
– “The state” took
over many of the
traditional family
functions
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Socialization and the Life
Course
4-30
█ReSocialization
– Total Institution: institution—prison,
military, mental hospital, or convent—that
regulates all aspects of a person’s life
under a single authority
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