 Most
states are east of the
Mississippi River.
 Western Territories are already
populated by the Native
Americans.
 Boundary
between settled
and the unsettled lands.
 Indians
already living on
the Frontier.
 Closed
in 1890.
 Push
and Pull factors: Events
or conditions that force or
attract people to move.
 Push = force
 Pull = attract
 Civil
War displaces many
people.
 Prices on goods are high.
 Lack of Freedom.
 Freedom
from the Law.
 Second
chance
financially.
 Free/Cheap
land.



Historian Frederick Jackson Turner (1893)
Frontier was essential and central in the
development of the United States.
The true point of view of this nation is not the
Atlantic Coast, it is the Great West.
 Signed
by Lincoln.
 Could have 160 acres of
land for small fee
◦21 years old
◦Citizens or becoming
citizens.
◦Live there five years first.
 Gave
ten square miles of
land on each side of the
track for each mile of track
laid.
 175,000,000 acres of
public land.
 Railroads
sold land at a
profit.
 Railroads were a new way to
move west.
 Less tax money needed to
support the railroads.
 1884
27 nations make an
agreement
 24 time zones created
 Used to this day.
 Adopted by the railroads.
 Trains moved fast enough to
create a problem setting a
schedule.
 Gave
states millions of
acres of land that they
could sell to raise money.
 Money went to the founding
of colleges specializing on
agriculture.
 Old
Immigration: Prior to 1880:
◦ Protestants from Northern and
Western Europe.
◦ Skilled tradesmen, not poor.
 New
Immigration: After 1880:
◦ Southern and Eastern Europe
◦ Poor and unskilled.
 Henry
Bessemer 1850’s England
 Adopted by US factories
 Method of steel production
 Created high grade, light weight
steel production.
 1890’s US was out producing
England
 Steel
allows for
◦ Skyscrapers
◦ Suspension Bridges
◦ Improved rail lines
 Adam
Smith 1776
 Wealth of Nations
 Hands off
 Philosophy from 17761890???
◦ Workers negotiating for wages
and better working conditions.
◦ Thousands of strikes 1880s
1890s
 Labor
Unions begin to form
 Strikes become more and
more common
◦ AFL
◦ Knights of Labor
 Socialism:
Favoring public
ownership of the property and
wealth of a nation rather than
private ownership.
 Communist Manifesto:
◦ 1848 Karl Marx, Friederich
Engels
 Most
Americans reject
socialism and communism
because they threaten:
◦ Free enterprise
◦ Private property
◦ Individual liberty
 New
political party that
demanded radical
changes in federal and
social policies. Strength
of the party lay in the
American Farmer.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Increased circulation of money.
Free silver.
A progressive income tax.
Govt. ownership of
communication and
transportation system.
Eight hour work day.
 The
nation changed from an
agricultural nation to an
industrial nation, and the
silver movement died along
with Populism. Many populist
ideas were revived in the
Progressive Movement.
 Empire
building: having
colonies.
 US
started after 1890.
◦Had been doing it all along,
but not in foreign areas.
 Alfred
Thayer Mahan
 Modern, steel hulled, steam
powered navy.
 Coaling stations around the
world.
 Canal through Panama.
 1898
 United
States v. Spain
 Spanish American War
 Cuban revolt sparked US
interest.
 De Lome Letter critical of Pres.
McKinley.
 Yellow
Journalism helped
Cause the War.
◦ Large headlines
◦ Colored comics
◦ Sensational Stories.
 William
Randolph Hearst:
 “you furnish the pictures and I
will furnish the war.”
 Joseph
Pulitzer
◦Resigned as Asst. Sec. of the
Navy.
◦Organized the Rough Riders.
◦Yellow press made him the
hero of San Juan Hill.
 Spanish
give up Puerto Rico,
and Guam to the United
States.
 Cuba is independent.
 Philippines sold to US $20
million.
 America is an Imperial Power.
 Attempt
to throw the US out.
 Lasted Three Years.
 4,000 Us soldiers dead/
200,000 Filipinos.
 Emilo Aguinaldo led Guerillas.
 Our
treatment of the Filipinos
departed from American
principals. (self govt., majority
rule)
 McKinley was afraid a
European Country might try to
colonize the Philippines.
 Supreme
Court Case
 New possessions are not fully
a part of the US.
 People there are not entitled to
Constitutional Rights.
 Constitution does not follow
the flag.
 Ferdinand
de Lesseps made
the first attempt to build a
canal across the isthmus of
Panama.(1879)
 Had
built the Suez Canal in
1869.
 Tried to build a sea level canal.
 Canal
Zone:
◦10 mile wide strip of land.
◦$10 million paid.
◦$250,000 rent per year.
◦51 miles long.
 51
miles long.
 Saves ships 8,000 miles.
 10 years to build. (19041914)
 Cost $400 million to build.
 Elected
President in 1896.
 Reelected in 1900
 Assassinated September
5,1901
◦Leon Czolosz: Anarchist
◦Roosevelt becomes President.
 Republican
 Hero
of San Juan Hill
 Asst. Sec of the Navy
 Police Commissioner NYC.
 Gov. of New York
 Became
President at age 42.
 Foreign Policy: Big Stick:
Wanted to get the US
involved in world affairs.
Wanted a strong Navy.
 US
will not seek territorial
aggression. We seek peace
with all nations. We may
have to step into countries
to protect our rights.
 Won
the Nobel Peace Prize
for his efforts in helping
end the Russo-Japanese
War.

A political belief in which primary emphasis is
placed on securing the freedom of the
individual by limiting the power of the
state. In its economic form, it advocates a
respect for private property and free markets.

A form of liberalism that stems from
progressive ideals. National prosperity
requires government management of the
macroeconomy, to keep unemployment low,
inflation in check, and growth high.
Government intervention and regulation is
necessary to insure equality and public
safety.

1)
2)
Goals and Beliefs:
Govt. Should be more
accountable to the people.
Govt. should curb the
power and influence of
wealthy interests,
3) Govt. Powers should be
expanded so lives of the
citizens would be improved.
4) Govt. should become
more efficient and less
corrupt.
5)This movement wanted to
restore economic
opportunities to the
common man, and want to
end injustice.
6) People should control the
govt.
 Progressives
were not of
one political party.
 They were not a completely
uniform movement.
 Did not believe private
charities were enough.
 Muckrakers
 Socialists
 Women’s
Groups
 Labor
Unions
 Investigative
Journalists:
◦Looked into problems and
corruption and then wrote
books, articles and essays
about it.
 Name
was given to the
group by T. Roosevelt. It
was meant to discourage,
but they wore it like a
badge of honor.
 The
Jungle: 1906
◦Book about the meat packing
industry of the United States.
◦Led to the Pure Food and
Drug Act.
◦T. Roosevelt found it to be
true.
 The
History of the Standard
Oil company.
 Told
of abuses by this big
business.
 Help encourage the trust
busting of TR.
 Wrote
History of
the Standard
Oil
Company.
 Muckraker
 The
Shame of the Cities.
◦ Political corruption
 Muckraker
 Photographer
 Crowded,
dirty, unsafe
conditions of tenements in
large cities.
 Settlement
House Movement:
◦ Provided services and aid to the
urban poor.
◦ Hull House in Chicago.
◦ Nursery schools, child care,
taught English, theater, art,
dance, Social services.

What are they?

How do they work?

Why do they exist?

What is the problem?
 17th
Amendment: Direct
election of senators by the
people, rather than by state
legislature.
 Referendum:
proposing a
law by popular vote, or
overriding a legislative
body. Can be done at any
level of govt.
 Governor
of
Wisconsin
 Used College
Professors to
help create
policies.
 Recall:
Special election to
remove an elected official
from public office before
his/her terms has expired.
 Initiative:
Petition by
citizens to introduce a new
bill.
 Nickname
for the Domestic
Policy of Teddy Roosevelt.
 Big
Stick was the name of
his Foreign Policy.
 Coal
Strike of 1902:
◦TR forces arbitration on both
sides.
◦Govt. could intervene in a
strike if public welfare was at
stake. (national security)
◦Set a precedent.
 Enforced
Sherman Anti
Trust Law of 1890.
◦Over forty lawsuits filed.
◦Won most of them.
◦Actions of a trust more
important than size.
 Monopoly:
 Trust:
 Hepburn
Act of 1906
◦Created first regulatory
agency.
◦ICC can set maximum RR
rates.
 Federal
Meat Inspection Act
◦A result of The Jungle.
◦Required sanitary packing
conditions and created a
rating system for meat.
 Pure
Food and Drug Act
◦Require accurate labeling of
ingredients.
 Doubled
the number of
National Parks.
 Many of TR’s reforms are
still impacting society and
were felt by the majority of
Americans.
 Nurse
 Opened
first birth control
clinic in the nation.
 Thought families would be
better off financially with
fewer children.
 Activist
for Women’s Suffrage.
 Founded the National
Woman’s Party.
 Creates
a split of the
Republican Party.
 Wilson wins election of 1912
but not with majority of
popular vote.
 (see page 577)
 Southerner
 Democrat
 Professor
 Son
of a preacher
 More freedom for small
business
 Domestic
Policy = New
freedom
 Strict Govt. control on
corporations.
 Similar to New Nationalism of
TR
 Clayton
1914
Anti-Trust Law of
◦ Spelled out violations of the trust
laws.
◦ Made the managers of
companies accountable for their
coporations.
 Federal
Reserve Act of 1913
◦ Created a new national system of
banks.
◦ Gold Standard is gone.
◦ Elastic currency is provided.
 Prohibition
on the manufacture,
sale and transportation of
alcoholic beverages.
 Volstead Act: defined what was
an alcoholic beverage. (0.5% or
greater)
 1920
 1873
 Ohio
 Working
for a constitutional
amendment against alcohol.
 Amendment would mean
permanent.
 1895
 Ohio
 “The”
single issue
organization.
 Minority group that leveraged
its power well in close
elections.
 Result
of:
◦ Emergency War Measure
◦ Progressivism
◦ Temperance Movement
 WCTU
 ASL
 1914-1918
 Fought
Primarily in France
 A very modern war.
 Casualities very high.
 $33 billion in damage.
 Franco-Prussian
War : 1870
◦Between France and Germany.
◦Germany won
◦Alsace-Lorraine taken
◦Triple Alliance formed by
Germany (fear of retaliation)
 Alliance
System
 Creates a “Balance of Power”
 Neither side is willing to go to
war because they are not sure
they can win.
 Made a minor war a large one.
 Imperialism:
Building
Empire
◦Creates competition between
nations for land and power.
◦Causes the war to be global
because of Colonies
participate.
 Nationalism
◦Intense love for one’s country
that ignores faults.
(Patriotism taken to an
extreme)
◦Movement for independence.
 Franz
Ferdinand shot June
28, 1914.
 Sarajevo
by a Serb
Nationalist.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Austria-Hungary prepares to
invade Serbia.
Russia comes to Serbia’s aid.
France joins Russia.
Germany declares war on
France in support of Austria.
5) Great Britain joins the war.
So the Alliance System made
a small regional war a
larger world war.
 Unrestricted
Submarine
Warfare.
 Zimmerman Note
 US Economy dependent on
war materials
 John
J Pershing
Commanding
 Segregated troops
 North
Sea Mine Barrage
 Convoy System
 Shortage
of labor in war
industry draws blacks to
urban centers in the north.
 Urban League:
 Women:
 Political Power:
 1-5
removed the causes of
the war.
◦No secret alliances
◦Freedom of the seas
◦Removal of tariffs and trade
barriers
◦Arms reduction
◦Reduction of imperialism
 6-13
boundary changes
consistent with selfdetermination:
 14
League of Nations:
 US
– Wilson – 14 points
 France – Clemenceau –
Prevent another German
invasion
 GB - George – reparations
 Italy – Orlando - Land
1
Punished Germany
 2 Germany Blamed for the
War
 3 Saar Valley given to
France
 4 G. army limited 100,000
 Rhineland made a DMZ
 No
German air force
 No German U-boats
 Ottoman Empire broken
into mandates.
 League of Nations formed
 Treaty
of Versailles causes:
◦ Economic hardship in Germany.
◦ Desire for revenge by Germany.
◦ Distaste in Germany for
democracy.
◦ Germany had not really been
defeated.