Southern Methodist University Fall 2003
EETS 8316/NTU CC745-N
Wireless Networks
Lecture 11: Mobile IP and 3G
Instructor: Jila Seraj
email: jseraj@engr.smu.edu
http://www.engr.smu.edu/~jseraj/
tel: 214-505-6303
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#1
Housekeeping
In Campus final exam date December 4th ,
location in the classroom
Exam will be sent out simultaneously for
distance students. The exam could be taken
anytime before December 11
Distance students please contact your
proctor to set exam date as soon as
possible to avoid delays.
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#2
Session Outline
 Review of last week
More mobile IP
UMTS
EDGE
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#3
Review, Wireless LAN Architecture
Ad Hoc
Laptop
Server
Laptop
DS
Access Point
Access Point
Pager
PDA
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
Laptop
Laptop
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#4
Review, Wireless LAN Protocol
 LAN protocol consists of 3 layers
 LLC = Logical Link Control layer
 MAC = Medium Access Control layer
 PHY = Physical layer, which is divided into two
sub layers:
– PLCP= Physical Layer Convergence
Protocol sub-layer
– PMD = Physical Medium Dependent sublayer
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#5
Review, Wireless LAN Protocol, Cont..
The role of PLCP is to free MAC layer from
the specifics of the physical layer.
MAC layer has error control to compensate
for RF environment.
MAC layer characterizes a wireless LAN
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Review, Wireless LAN Protocol, Cont..
There are many type of LAN protocols:
—LBT
—Integrated CSMA-CA and TDMA
—Polling
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#7
Review, Power Management
Strong need to minimize power usage for
wireless modem
Wireless stations have three states
—Sleep
—Awake
—Transmit
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Review, Power Management, Cont…
AP buffers packets to the sleeping nodes
AP send Traffic Delivery Information Message
(TDIM) that contains the list of nodes that will
receive data in that frame, how much data and
when.
The node is awake only when it is sending
data, receiving data or listening to TDIM.
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#9
Review, Access Point Functions
Access point has three components
—Wireless LAN interface to communicate with
nodes in its service area
—Wireline interface card to connect to the
backbone network
—MAC layer bridge to filter traffic between
sub-networks. This function is essential to
use the radio links efficiently
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Review, Bridge Functions
Speed conversion between different devices,
results in buffering.
Frame format adaptation between different
incompatible LANs
Adding or deleting fields in the frame to convert
between different LAN standards
Creating and maintaining the routing table
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Review, Mobility Management
AP has three components
— WLAN interface
— Backbone LAN interface
— MAC layer bridge function
Backbone Network
Access Point
Access Point
Access Point
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Review, Mobility Management, Cont..
A node can associate when it enters the
coverage area of an AP
A node can disassociate when power down or
leaving the service area
It shall re-associate when it handoffs to another
AP.
AP bridge function keeps track of all nodes
associated with it.
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#13
Review, WLAN Addressing
In wireline LAN, each node has an IP
address that is associated with its physical
location
When a device can move from one location
to another, the association between the
physical location and IP address no longer
holds
The solution is presented in mobile IP
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Review, Mobile IP Principals
Constraints of mobile IP are
—Mobility should be at network layer
—No impact on higher levels
—No impact on the nodes not directly involved
in the mobile IP function
—Uninterrupted operation for mobile devices
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Review, Mobile IP Principals, Cont…
The principle is very simple, use c/o
addressing
For each mobile device, we associate a
Home IP address associated with a Home
Network.
The new LAN is called the Visiting Network
The software that takes care of mobility in
each server (router) is called agent.
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Review, Mobile IP Principals, Cont…
Two types of agents, Home Agent and
Visiting Agent.
Whenever the mobile device connects to a
new network, a c/o address is given to it by
the Visiting Agent.
This c/o address is reported to the Home
Agent.
All packets addressed to the mobile device
are addressed to its Home Address, and
thus sent to its Home Network.
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Review, Mobile IP Principals, Cont…
Upon reception of the packet, the Home
Agent recognized the address belonging to
a mobile device.
Home Agents looks up the c/o address in
its table.
The packet is then wrapped in a new packet
with the c/o address on it, called
encapsulation
C/o address causes the packet to be
forwarded to the Visiting Agent.
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Review, Mobile IP Principals, Cont…
Visiting Agent recognizes the received
address as the c/o address, unwrap the
packet; called de-capsulation; and send it
to its intended receiver.
This activity is called tunneling, referring to
the idea creating a tunnel between the
Home Network and Visiting Network and
sending all data to that mobile device on
that tunnel.
Several tunnels can be created between two
networks
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#19
Review, Mobility Management in WLAN
Mobile IP principles are used to take care of
mobility in the wireless LAN.
Every wireless device has an address in its
Home LAN, and gets a c/o address in the
Visiting LAN.
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#20
Review, IEEE 802.11 Architecture
MAC Layer
Physical Layer Convergence
Procedure (PLCP)
Physical Medium Dependent
(PMD) sub layer
MAC provides asynchronous, connectionless service
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Review, Frame type and subtypes
Three type of frames
— Management
— Control
— Asynchronous data
Each type has subtypes
Control
— RTS
— CTS
— ACK
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Review, Frame type and subtypes, Cont..
Management
—Association request/ response
—Re-association request/ response
—Probe request/ response
—privacy request/ response
—Beacon (Time stamp, beacon interval, TDIM
period, TDIM count, channels sync info,
ESS ID, TIM broadcast indicator)
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Review, Frame type and subtypes, Cont..
Management…
—TIM (Traffic Indication Map) indicates traffic
to a dozing node
—dissociation
—Authentication
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Review, Authentication
Three levels of authentication
—Open: AP does not challenge the identity of
the node.
—Password: upon association, the AP
demands a password from the node.
—Public Key: Each node has a public key.
Upon association, the AP sends an
encrypted message using the nodes public
key. The node needs to respond correctly
using it private key.
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Review, IEEE 802.11 LLC Layer
Provides three type of service for
exchanging data between (mobile) devices
connected to the same LAN
—Acknowledged connectionless
—Un-acknowledged connectionless, useful for
broadcasting or multicasting.
—Connection oriented
Higher layers expect error free
transmission
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#26
Review, IEEE 802.11 LLC Layer, Cont..
Destination Source
SAP
SAP
Control Data
Each SAP (Service Access Point) address is
7 bits. One bit is added to it to indicate
whether it is order or response.
Control has three values
—Information, carry user data
—Supervisory, for error control and flow
control
—Unnumbered, other type of control packet
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Review, IEEE 802.11 LLC <-> MAC Primitives
Four types of primitives are
exchanged between LLC and MAC
Layer
Request: order to perform a function
Confirm: response to Request
Indication: inform an event
Response: inform completion of process
began by Indication
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#28
Review, HIPERLAN Characteristics
HIPERLANs with same radio frequencies
might overlap
—Stations have unique node identifiers (NID)
—Stations belonging to same HIPERLAN
share a common HIPERLAN identifier (HID)
—Stations of different HIPERLANs using
same frequencies cause interference and
reduce data transmission capacity of each
HIPERLAN
—Packets with different HIDs are rejected to
avoid confusion of data
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#29
Review, HIPERLAN Protocol
Data link layer = logical link control (LLC) sub
layer + MAC sub layer + channel access
control (CAC) sub layer
network
LLC
data link
MAC
CAC
physical
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Review, HIPERLAN Protocol, Cont..
MAC sub layer:
—Keeps track of HIPERLAN addresses (HID
+ NID) in overlapping HIPERLANs
—Provides lookup service between network
names and HIDs
—Converts IEEE-style MAC addresses to
HIPERLAN addresses
—Provides encryption of data for security
—Priority handling
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Review, HIPERLAN Protocol, Cont..
CAC sub layer:
—Non-preemptive priority multiple access
(NPMA) gives high priority traffic preference
over low priority
—Stations gain access to channel through
channel access cycles consisting of 4
phases:
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#32
Mobile IP Registration
FA
HA
Home
Addres
s
FA
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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C/o
Addres
s
#33
Mobile IP Registration, Cont…
A Mobile Host registers with the foreign
agent. Send Home Address
Foreign agent forwards the registration
request to the Home Agent.
If the home agent accepts registration, then
it updates its table associating the home
address of the mobile with its c/o address.
It then informs the foreign agent that the
registration is accepted.
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Mobile IP Registration, Cont…
Foreign agent informs the mobile host that
the registration is accepted.
A tunnel is now created between foreign
agent and home agent.
What if mobile is home? Registration
happens between home agent and the
mobile.
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#35
Mobile IP Registration, Cont…
What if the visiting network does not have a
foreign agent? The registration happened
directly to the home agent, using the
address provided by the visiting network
and the C/O address. This means that the
mobile software should be capable of some
foreign agent functionality
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#36
When to Register?
When entering the new network
When the timer for registration is close to
expire
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#37
Mobile IP Home Agent Options
Home network could be a virtual network
with home agent in the router, a real
network with the home agent in the router
or it can also be a real network with a home
agent as a server connected to the home
network.
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Mobile IP Mobility Management
When moving from one network to another,
a new registration process occurs.
Home agent uses the new C/O address to
forward the packets to the mobile terminal
Packets sent to the old foreign agent has to
be re-transmitted to the new address.
If the mobile moves fast, handling of
mobility becomes difficult.
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#39
Mobile IP, Authentication
Three new authentication is required
—Mobile <-> Home Agent authentication
—Mobile <-> Foreign Agent authentication
—Home Agent <-> Foreign Agent
authentication
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#40
UMTS : History
Research Programs in Europe
—RACE (Research in Advanced
Communications Equipment)
• Air interface
• 1988-1995
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#41
UMTS : History
—ACTS (Advanced Communications
Technology and Services)
• 1995-….
• FRAMES (Future Radio Multiple Access
Systems)
–W-CDMA FDD
–TDMA with and without spreading
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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UMTS Architecture
CN
CN : Enhanced GSM/GPRS CN
Iu
UTRAN
RN: UTRAN
Uu
UE
UTRAN
CN
UE
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Core Network
User Equipment
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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UMTS reference model
Application
services
2G network
Roaming
GW
HLR
IP
CSCF
RAN
Iu
3G
SGSN
3G
GGSN
3G MSC
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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PSTN
GW
PSTN
#44
UMTS reference model
CSCF = Call State Control Function
responsible for call state control functions,
service switching function, address translation,
vocoder negotiation to support VoIP
Call state is a set of states identified in the
process of completing a call. Obvious
examples of call state are: Call attempt, Called
number reception, Called number translation,
Feature Activation, Called party Alert, through
connection, Calling Party Release, etc…
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#45
UTRAN Architecture
Core Network
Iu
Iu
RNS
Iur
RNS
RNC
RNC
Iub
Node B
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
Iub
Iub
Node B
Node B
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Iub
Node B
#46
Functions of UTRAN Components
RNC
— Uplink/downlink signal transfer, mobility,
soft handoff
—Upper outer loop/ downlink power control,
—Common control channels
—Very similar to BSC functions
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Functions of UTRAN Components
Node B:
— Logical node, maintains link with UE
— Responsible for radio transmission for one
or more cells, adds/removes radio links on
demand,
— Mapping logical resources to physical
resources,
— Upper inner loop power control,
— Interconnecting UE from different
manufacturers.
—Similar to BTS function
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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UTRAN Interfaces
Uu: Between Node B and UE (WCDMA)
Iub: Between Node B and RNC (ATM)
Iur: Between various RNCs (ATM)
Iu: Between the Core Network and the
RNC (IP over ATM)
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Protocol Model for UTRAN Interfaces
UTRAN consists of
—Radio Network Layer (specific to UTRAN
itself)
—Transport Network Layer (standard
technology: ATM)
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Protocol Model for UTRAN Interfaces
The UTRAN specific protocols include
—Radio Access Network Application Part:
Radio Network Signaling over the Iu.
—Radio Network Subsystem Application Part:
Radio Network Signaling over the Iur.
—Iub interface uses node B application
protocol (NBAP).
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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UTRAN Interfaces
Iur Interface (RNC <-> RNC)
—point-to-point open interface,
—macro-diversity support,
—transport signaling for mobility and radio
resource allocation.
Node
B
Iub
RNC
Node
B
Node
B
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Iu
Iur
RNC
#52
UTRAN Interfaces
Iub Interface (RNC <-> Node B)
— interconnection of equipment from different
manufacturers,
— allows Abis (GSM/GPRS transmission
sharing),
— transports DCH, RACH, FACH and DSCH
data,
— enables negotiation of radio resources
between node B and RNC
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Protocol Model for UTRAN Interfaces
Control Data (Control Domain)
RNSAP
SCCP
NBAP
RANAP
MTP3
SCCF-NNI
SCCP
SCCF- NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
ATM
Physical
MTP3-B
SSCOP
AAL5
ATM
Physical
Iub
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
AAL5
ATM
Physical
Iur
Iu
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Useful Links
http://www.protocols.com/pbook/atmcell.ht
m, has definition for all ATM cell layers
http://www.protocols.com/protocols.htm,
contains a long list of protocols and their
definitions.
http://www.openss7.org/, contains detailed
information about different SS7
applications and layers. Strongly
recommended
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Useful Links
http://www.3gpp.org/, contains information
about partners in 3GPP and their activities.
Protocol information etc.
http://www.3gpp.org/TB/GERAN/GERAN.ht
m, follows up on GERAN development
activities
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Basic ATM definition
ATM relies on cell-switching technology.
ATM cells have a fixed length of 53 bytes
which allows for very fast switching. ATM
creates pathways between end nodes
called virtual circuits which are identified by
the VPI/VCI values.
VPI = Virtual Path Identifier
VCI = Virtual Circuit Identifier
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Basic ATM definition
The structure of the AAL5 CS PDU is as
follows:
Information 1-48 bytes
 PAD 0-47 bytes
 CRC-32 4 bytes
Length 2 bytes
1 byte to indicate one byte transfer
1 byte reserved
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Abbreviations
NBAP = Node B Application Party
RNSAP= Radio Network Subsystem
Application Part
RANAP = Radio Access Network
Application Part
SSCOP = Service Specific Connection Oriented
Protocol
SSCP = Service Specific Convergence
Protocol
NNI = Network to Network Interface
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Abbreviations
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AAL
ATM Adaptation Layer
SCCF-NNI
Service Specific Coordination
Function-Network Node
Interface
MTP3b Message Transfer Part level 3 for
Q.2140
NSAP
Network Service Access Point
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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Abbreviations
RNC
Radio Network Controller
PDU
Protocol Data Unit
SAR
Segmentation and Reassembly
SSCS
Service Specific Convergence
Sublayer
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
GTP
GPRS Tunnelling Protocol
PDCP
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
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Protocol Model for UTRAN Interfaces
Traffic Data (User Domain)
IP dataA
Logical
channel.
data
AAL2
ATM
Physical
Iub
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
GTP-U
UDP
IP
AAL2/5
Iur Data
AAL2/5
ATM
ATM
Physical
Iur
SMU
Physical
Iu
ENGINEERING
#62
Radio Interface
Radio Interface is divided into 3 layers:L1 physical layer, L2- link layer and L3 control.
L2: is divided into MAC and RLC
— MAC (Media access control) is responsible
for multiplexing data from multiple sources
onto physical channel
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#63
UMTS Protocol Stack, User Domain
IP
PDCP
IP
IP relay
GTP-U GTP-U
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
AAL5/2
AAL5/2
ATM
ATM
IP relay
GTP-U
PDCP
UDP
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
Physical
Physical Physical
MS
Node B + RNC
IP
GTP-U
UDP
IP
IP
L2
L2
Physical Physical
SGSN
L2
Physical Physical
GGSN
Iu
UTRAN
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#64
UMTS Protocol Stack, Control Domain
Iu
RRC
AAL5/2
AAL5/2 AAL5/2
ATM
ATM
Physical Physical
AAL5/2 AAL5/2
ATM
ATM
Physical Physical
SGSN
GGSN
RLC
MAC
MAC
Physical
Physical Physical
MS
SCCP
SCCP
RLC
ATM
Node B + RNC
SCCP
SCCP
SCCP
UTRAN
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#65
Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
Each block represents an instance of the
respective protocol.
Service Access Points (SAP) for peer-to-peer
communication are marked with circles at the
interface between sub layers.
The SAP between MAC and the physical layer
provides the logical channels
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Radio Interface
—RLC (Radio link control) segments the data
streams into frames that are small enough to
be transmitted over the radio link. It provides
ARQ functionality
—L3 is divided into several sub layers: The
lowest is RRC (radio resource control)
controls radio resources for access network.
And the PDCP (similar to SNDCP of GPRS)
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#67
EDGE
EDGE= Enhanced Data rates for Global
Evolution
EGPRS = Enhanced General Packet Radio
Services
EDGE is an enhancement to GPRS
Maximum of 473 kbps if all 8 time slots are
used
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EDGE
 Introduces concept of “Link Adaptation”
in wireless for maximum throughput in
variable radio conditions
 The data rates are tripled. The magic is in
introduction of 8-PSK modulation that can
carry 3 bits per symbols
 8-PSK = Octagonal Phase Shift Keying
EGPRS impact is mainly in RF and MAC
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#69
Useful Links
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#70
GERAN
GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
for easy transition between 2G and full 3G
(UMTS) and align with the UMTS
SERVICES
Motivation
—All IP Network
—Low cost of operation
—One platform
—support of new services
—Support for different access networks
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Requirements GERAN
Spectrum efficient support for VoIP, (endto-end IP-based voice service), Quality 
TDMA
Support of new IP multimedia services,
Future proof
Alignment with UMTS/UTRAN service
classes and QoS
Common GPRS and GSM Core Network for
EDGE and UTRAN
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#72
Requirements on GERAN ..
Integration of all services over IP
infrastructure
Support of EDGE/GPRS R97 and R99
terminals
Software upgrade to EDGE R99 base
stations
Support for COMPACT and
VoIP/COMPACT
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#73
EDGE R4,5 features
Channel coding
Interleaving (variable length)
Voice over 8PSK AMR half rate R5
Wideband codec AMR R5
all IP (RT application)
PDCP
enhanced cell reselection R4
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
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#74
GERAN
GERAN connects to PS CN through:
Iu-ps for R4, R5 terminals
New protocols
Core Network
3G SGSN
SGSN server
Iu-ps'
Gb for R97 and R99 terminals
LLC and SNDCP protocols
MGW
Gb
GERAN
SGSN
BSS
TE
MT
R
Um
Iu-cs'
3G MSC
MSC server
MGW
GERAN connects to CS CN through:
A
Iu-cs or A
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
MSC
SMU
ENGINEERING
#75
GERAN Interfaces
Gb
—GPRS interface not suitable for RT
transmission
—LLC+RLC both ARQ protocols
—IP instead of FR
 Iu-PS
—UTRAN PS, IP, QoS, AAL2/ATM , possibly
IP over SDH
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
SMU
ENGINEERING
#76
UMTS 3GPP
3GPP 99
— Introduction of UTRAN with separate CS & PS
domains
— no change in GPRS CN ( protocol stack)
3GPP R4
— change in CN ( Server “MM, VLR,..” and
Media GW “ Transcoder, echo canceller, ..)
— signaling use IP based SIP “ session initiation
protocol” RFC 2543
— Mix PS & CS between CN and RAN
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
SMU
ENGINEERING
#77
UMTS 3GPP
3GPP R5
— introduce GERAN. Traffic mainly PS, no
change in CN
EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003
SMU
ENGINEERING
#78