GE Aircraft Engines
GE Aircraft Engines
Engineering – What You Don’t
Necessarily Learn in School
Dr. David C. Wisler, Manager
University Programs &
Aero Technology Labs
dave.wisler@ae.ge.com
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GE Aircraft Engines
Outline
• Introduction
• Thirteen Insights
• Where we’ve been and
where we’re going
• Conclusions
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Penn State
#3
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Nittany Lions
#4
General Electric Company
GE Aircraft Engines
Eleven Diverse, Boundaryless Businesses …
Aircraft Engines
NBC
Plastics
Power Systems
Industrial Systems
Lighting
Appliances
Information Services
Capital Services
Transportation Systems
Medical Systems
#5
GEAE Advanced/Growth Engines
for the Future
GE Aircraft Engines
High Bypass Turbofans
CF6
GE90
GP7000
CFM56
CF34
Low Bypass Turbofans
Turboshaft/
Turboprop
T700/CT7 Growth
LV100
Stationary Gas Turbines
LM6000 (PC),
LM6000 DLE (PD)
LM6000(PC, PD) Sprint
LM1600 DLE
F120 derivatives for JSF
F110 Derivatives
LM2500+
LM2500+DLE
F414
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GE Aircraft Engines
GEAE Revenue
$11 B Total
IAD
$0.7B
(7%)
International
USA
48%
52%
Commercial
Engines
$2.9B
(27%)
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Engine
Services
$5.1B
(48%)
Military
Engines
$1.9B
(18%)
GE Aircraft Engines
Introduction
I’m often asked –
“How can I succeed in Engineering?”
• No magic formula - but
• Twelve Insights are presented
• Not just “One manager’s opinion”
- paper critiqued by >30 people in industry,
government and academe
- overwhelming support for validity
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GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #1. Learn to be Business Oriented
• Doesn’t mean get an MBA
• Does mean develop a “business mindset”
that understands:
- How business works
- How economics affects engineering decisions
- How economics affects your customer
Operate within this mindset
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GE Aircraft Engines
Key Ideas:
• Understand the “Cost of Doing Business”
• Learn your companies “Business Model”
• Realize that today’s marketplace is “Global”
• Understand the relevance of Profit
• Learn to diagnose & manage marketplace change
• Beware of competition
• Learn the color of money
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1a Understand the Cost of Doing Business
High selling price
Competition fierce
Labor expensive
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1b. Learn Your Company’s Business Model
GEAE’s business model requires competitive
strategies and long term commitment
$
+
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1c. Realize that today’s marketplace is global
• Buy “American” or “European” not reality
• Must think and act multi-culturally with
global brains
- Products designed, manufactured, tested,
serviced globally
- Business partners and customers are global
- Necessary to reduce cost and sell your product
Ready or not you’ll be part of the global business world
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GE Aircraft Engines
GEAE Global Operations
Nearly 200 Locations on 6 Continents
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MTU
GE Aircraft Engines
Aero engines
A DaimlerChrysler Company
Cooperation structures in the aero engines field
RR
Fiat
GE
Volvo
Snecma
P&W
MTU
Yesterday’s competitive “enemies” can be tomorrow’s “partners”
#15
With permission
GE Aircraft Engines
1d. Understand the Relevance of Profit
Your company is in business to make a profit
and can go out of business if it doesn’t,
at which point you will not have a job.
Therefore you will have to:
•
•
Work within a financial budget & time schedule
Adjust to manpower and budget changes needed to
meet profit and other business goals
Profit is a sign of business health
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GE Aircraft Engines
1e. Learn to Diagnose Marketplace Change
Change happens
•
Competition, world economics, disease, war, contracts
won or lost, new technology, etc. force companies to:
– Realign workforce
– Restructure ways of doing business
– Adjust cost of products
•
Failure to recognize & respond to change can kill your
company and your career.
Manage it
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GE Aircraft Engines
1f. Beware of your Competition
“Outside competition, in its eternal efforts
to succeed, wants to snatch your success,
wealth, markets, affirmation, etc”*
•
•
Competition in today’s engine market is absolutely
fierce.
Success can breed failure if complacency sets in.
competition between you and your fellow workers
* Inside
must be handled more deftly and on a different level
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GE Aircraft Engines
1g. Learn the Color of Money
Type of Money
Explanation or Use
 Investment
– Capital improvements
(buildings, equipment)
 Expense
– General & administrative, T&L
developing something you don’t sell,
marketing, management, training
(overhead)
 IR&D
– Advance state of the art (technology)
 Profit (DA)
– What’s left after expenditures
 Contract
– What others give you to do work
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GE Aircraft Engines
You’ll Need to Know This Because:
• Types of monies cannot generally be interchanged
• Penalties can be assessed for mixing types
– Fines
– Company barred from government contracts
– Employee disciplined or dismissed
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GE Aircraft Engines
So Learn to be Business Oriented
Engineering is much more than calculating stuff
scientific term
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GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #2. Expect Tough, Multi-disciplinary Problems
• Problems you’ll encounter are tough and more
multi-disciplinary than those in college
- Will require your utmost technical acumen
- Must draw simultaneously on many disciplines
- Can’t say “This problem isn’t in my field” because
many problems are caused by a “chain of events”
• So broaden yourself technically
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GE Aircraft Engines
BUT… Learn when to stop
There comes a point when further design, further
analysis, and further research does not add value
and drives in unnecessary cost.
• Learn not to:
•
•
•
Over-design things
Over-research things
Over-analyze things
• Listen to the “Voice of the Customer” (VOC)
• Find what is “Critical to Quality” (CTQ’s)
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GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #3. Learn to Work and Network in a
New Environment
• In a new faster-paced time scale
- Shorten concept-to-market time, critical path scheduling
• As a team player
- You can accomplish little by yourself
- Operate in boundaryless manner, form alliances
- Rarely is a non-team player honored or promoted
• In multi-cultural, multi-national environment
- Vastly different cultures, languages, ethnicities, time zones
• With good communication skills
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GE Aircraft Engines
Develop Good Communication Skills
Like it or not, you will have to:
•
•
•
Document your work in
–– reports of all kinds
–– memos
–– Design Record Books
––
––
––
technical papers
PowerPoint
etc, etc.
Make oral presentations
Discuss things with peers, managers, customers, etc.
AND … Learn to give a good “elevator speech”
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GE Aircraft Engines
From operations manual for pilots of a major non-US airline
“There appears to be some confusion over the new Pilot
Role titles. This notice will hopefully clear up any
misunderstandings...
The Landing Pilot is the Non-Handling Pilot until the
decision altitude call, when the Handling Non-Landing Pilot
hands the handling to the Non-Handling Landing Pilot,
unless the latter calls “go-around”, in which case the
Handling Non-Landing Pilot continues handling and the
Non-Handling Landing Pilot continues non-handling until
the next call of ‘land’ or ‘go-around’, as appropriate.”
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GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #4. Understand the Differences between
Academe and Industry
• Both are dedicated, but focus and metrics different
• Academe promotion metrics
- Number of archival publications (freedom to publish)
- Amount of research money brought in
• Industry promotion metrics
- Contribution to the business
- Engineering or managerial excellence
(design, fix problem, beat competition, etc.)
- Archival publications often mean little
(restrictions on publishing)
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Comparison
Academia
• INDIVIDUAL oriented
• Who conceived of the idea?
• Is it ORIGINAL work?
GE Aircraft Engines
Industry
• TEAM oriented
• Where are the results?
•
• Does it contribute to SCIENCE? •
• Is it interesting to do?
•
• Will it make archival
•
PUBLICATION?
Can we “leverage” existing work?
Does it contribute to the BUSINESS?
Is it worthwhile - financially?
Will it make it into
PRODUCTION?
• Don’t limit my scientific inquiry • Does it make physical sense to do?
• Develop the equations, analysis,
etc. from first principles.
• Is it “original” & complete - from
a scientific (physics) perspective?
• Can’t schedule ideas
• Publish, Publish, Publish
• Fit a curve through the data and/or
“anchor” existing analysis.
• Is it institutionalized into “system”
from engineering perspective?
• Are we meeting budget, schedule?
• Customer, Customer, Customer
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Academia
Comparison, Cont’d.
Industry
GE Aircraft Engines
• Will graduate when problem solved • Be done by _________ !
• Each faculty / student does
• Each person follows design practice,
things their own way (of course
using sound scientific process).
company procedures, templates,
uses accepted tools
• Non-profit institution
• Must make a profit to stay in business
• Informal management process
• Formal management process
• Solve roadblock and schedule
• Identify and manage risks carefully
up front with:
- Risk abatement plan
- Critical path scheduling
• Each manager is agent for higher
manager up to corporate shareholders
issues, etc. as they present
themselves
• PI’s largely in business for
themselves
• Graduate students, publish papers
• Sell the product
You must understand these differences!
#29
Universities
are from Venus
Industries
are from Mars
GE Aircraft Engines
Or so it seems
Mars
Venus
Earth
management, contracts/legal, promotion metrics, goals, focus, etc.
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GE Aircraft Engines
Engineering is the practical application of
science to construct useful things
Get you hands on the product in some meaningful way.
If you haven’t, you probably haven’t “experienced”
the “art of engineering”.
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GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #5. Learn to Differentiate all over again
• Learn a new kind of differentiation
- In manufacturing, the goal is to stamp out variance
- With people, VARIANCE IS EVERYTHING
• Learn to sort out the players
- Top
Your management will do it,
so give yourself edge and
beat them to the game.
- Vital middle
- Bottom
• Identify your strong points, fix your weak ones.
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GE Aircraft Engines
Capture the Four E’s
• Energy - has high energy levels
• Energize - can energize others
• Edge - has discernible characteristics that
separate in meaningful, favorable ways
• Execute - consistently delivers of promises
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GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #6. Understand the Values, Code of
Conduct and Culture of your Company
• Learn them and live by them
- honesty, trustworthiness, diversity
- conflict resolution, safety, etc.
• Improve them if needed
• Move on if you can’t fit in
(or you may be moved on faster than you think)
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GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #7. Be Open to Ideas from Everywhere
• Attitude, Attitude, Attitude
- Nourish a positive, receptive attitude
- A bad attitude hinders you quickly
• No NIH (Not invented here) Attitude
- Often pathological with people & organizations
- Others may have a better idea than you
(even if you are a manager)
Learn to accept right approaches and reject wrong ones
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GE Aircraft Engines
History’s Bold Forecasts
1. “This ‘telephone’ has too many shortcomings to be seriously
considered as a means of communication. The device is
inherently of no value to us.”
Western Union internal memo, 1876
2. “Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible.”
Lord Kelvin, president, Royal Society, 1895
3. “Everything that can be invented has been invented.”
Charles H. Duell, Commissioner, US Office of Patents, 1899
4. “Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value.”
Marshal Ferdinand Foch, Prof. of Strategy,
Ecole Superieure de Guerre
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GE Aircraft Engines
History’s Bold Forecasts, Cont’d
5. “Professor Goddard does not know the relation between
action and reaction and the need to have something better
than a vacuum against which to react. He seems to lack the
basic knowledge ladled out daily in high school.”
New York Times editorial re Goddard’s rocket work, 1921
6. “The wireless music box has no imaginable commercial value.
Who would pay for a message sent to nobody in particular.”
David Sarnoff’s associates, in response to his urgings for
investment in the radio in the 1920’s.
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GE Aircraft Engines
History’s Bold Forecasts, Cont’d
7. “Who the hell wants to hear actors talk.”
Harry M. Warner, Warner Bros., 1927
8. “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.”
Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943.
9. “There is no reason for any individuals to have a computer in
their home.”
Ken Olsen, President, Chairman and founder of
Digital Equipment Corporation, 1977.
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GE Aircraft Engines
So… Persist with your ideas
• Invent Something
• Make Something Work (or happen)
• Be an “Idea” person
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GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #8. Have Unyielding Integrity
– Cheating is wrong whether you get caught or not.
– Character is important and will get you respect.
•
•
Non-technical society is at the mercy of the technical
person, therefore your utmost vigilance is necessary
Hidden flaws, careless science, lazy analysis can cause:
– technical embarrassment
– economic, social, environmental damage to society
– people’s injury or death
Can it pass the “Newspaper Test?”
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GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #9. Make Your Manager a Success
Your manager:
• Recommends people to promote
• Determines salary actions
• Writes performance appraisals
• Assigns work projects
• Recommends who to downsize
Regarding your manager as an antagonist is a sure way to fail.
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GE Aircraft Engines
• If you don’t like, respect, admire your boss, then
move on to another job. You’re wasting your time
… BUT the problem may be YOU.
• Handle your job so it doesn’t need your manager’s
attention. Be a “Can Do” person.
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GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #10. Support Your University & Technical Society
• You owe a great deal to your college / university
- give seminars, talk to students
- visit the campus, dialogue with the faculty
• Technical societies provide many benefits
- Education
- Technical journals
- Professional development
- Conferences (attendance may be tough)
- Scholarships
- Government relations
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Have “Lion Pride”
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Insight #11.
Have fun
Love your work
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GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #12. Learn about your Heritage
and Build Upon It
• What are the accomplishments of the engineers
in your field who have gone before you?
- Benefit to improving standard of living, safety, etc.
- Benefit to society
• How will you contribute to and build upon
this heritage?
Do you understand the “Big Picture”?
#46
GE Aircraft Engines
Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed our Lives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Electrification
Automobile
Airplane
Water Purification
& Distribution
5. Electronics
6. Radio & Television
7. Agricultural Mechanization
8. Computers
9. Telephony
10. Air Conditioning &
Refrigeration
#47
11. Highways
12. Spacecraft
13. Internet
14. Imaging
15. Household Appliances
16. Health Technologies
17. Petroleum and
Petrochemical Technology
18 Lasers & Fiber Optics
19. Nuclear Technologies
20. High Performance
Materials
GE Aircraft Engines
Insight #13. Manage Your Career
Primary responsibility rests with
YOU
Because only you know:
-What do you want?
- Where are you going?
- What you are willing to sacrifice?
- What you are willing to do to get there?
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GE Aircraft Engines
Myths about Career Development
• Myth #1. Do a good job and the company will
take care of you (even for life).
- Nonsense –
You must take care of yourself
• Myth #2. It’s not what you know but who you
know that counts
- Baloney –
-What you know counts a lot
-Who you know and what they know
about you does count, but your
accomplishments count even more
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GE Aircraft Engines
Myths about Career Development
• Myth #3. Career planning is my manager’s job.
- No! –
-Your manager’s job is to lead
- May not have time, skill or inclination
• Myth #4. Nobody reads performance appraisals
- Not True –
- Read closely
- Ticket to interview
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Myths about Career Development
• Myth #5. Can only get ahead in high visibility area.
- May or may not help you –
diversity in experience can count a lot
• Myth #6. I’d rather be lucky than good
- NO, NO, NO –
- Be excellent
- The harder I work, the luckier I get
• Myth #7. Just tell me the career path to be on.
- Sorry, no magic formula –
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GE Aircraft Engines
In managing your career:
• Face today’s realities
- Organizations tend to be much flatter
- Fewer managerial positions
- Fewer promotional grades from top to bottom
- Good News - previously impotent “dual career
path” now working better in some companies
• You’ll likely need a mentor and a champion
- Mentor – wise counselor
- Champion – one who can promote your career
in management circles
• Never stop learning
#52
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Remember
• There are no magic formulas to success
BUT…
• In evaluating you, there are three overarching
attributes that manager’s look for:
#53
GE Aircraft Engines
There are three overarching attributes of an engineer
#1. Technical knowledge and engineering skill
- How well do you apply these to provide
creative ideas in support of the business?
#2. Teamwork and leadership
- How well do you maintain flexible and
effective team relationships?
#3. Execution and productivity
- How well do you apply knowledge,
understanding and judgment in planning
and executing programs?
#54
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So were have we been
and where are we going?
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Summer 1918 - Moss tests Turbosupercharger - Pikes Peak
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#57
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Top Secret Meeting with GE in Washington, DC
Sept 4, 1941
General Arnold says:
“Gentlemen, I give you the Whittle engine”
#58
GE Aircraft Engines
GE90-115B 115,000 lbs. Thrust (max = 122,965 lbs.)
IP (booster) compressor
LP turbine
Fan
HP turbine
HP (core) compressor
Same scale
GE I-A 1,250 pounds of thrust
#59
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World’s First jet flight - Aug. 27, 1939
Heinkel He 178
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First American Jet Flight
Oct. 2, 1942
Bell XP - 59
An army officer who saw no propeller said:
“How does the damn thing go?”
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GE F110 powered
F-14 Tomcat
#62
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GE J47-powered Boeing B47 Bomber
Note engine smoke
and JATO rockets
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GE CF6 powered MD-11
#64
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GE90 Powered Boeing 777
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GE Aircraft Engines
Specific Fuel Consumption Advancement
0.9
SFC 35K/0.8Mn Uninstalled
0.8
JT3C
Turbojet
Low Bypass
Turbofan
2nd Gen High Bypass
Turbofan
High Bypass
Turbofan
JT3D-1
CJ805
JT8D-9
JT8D-217
0.7
TAY 620
JT9D-7A
JT9D-3A
CFM56-2
CF6-6D
RB-211-524D
JT9D-7R4G2
CF6-80A
0.6
V2500 A1
CFM56-5A
BR 715
RB-211-535E4 CF6-80C2-B6F
CFM56-5C4
CF6-80E1-A2
PW4168
PW4098
PW2037 PW4056
PW4084
TRENT 895
GE90-85B
0.5
GE90-115B
0.4
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
#66
Certification Date
2000
2010
2020
GE Aircraft Engines
Noise Reduction Advancements
120
Turbojet
• Normalized to 100,000-lb. thrust
• Noise levels are for airplane/engine
configurations at time of initial service
707-100
110
Noise
Level,
EPNdB
(1500-ft.
sidelines)
100
DC-9-10
737-200
727-200
737-200
747-200
First Generation
Turbofan
90
1950
Second Generation
Turbofan
1960
A321
A310
747-400
DC-10-30
A330
737-300
1970
1980
#67 of Initial Service
Year
1990
2000
GE Aircraft Engines
Thrust-to-Weight Trend
GE Engines Fn/Wt
9
F414
8
Thrust-to-Weight Ratio
J85
F404
F110
Military
7
CF700
F101
TF34
CF6-50
6
CFM56-5B
CFM56-5C
J93
5
TF39
CF6-6
CF6-80
CFM56-7B
J79
GE90-115B
GE90-94B
GE90-85B
CJ805
4
Commercial
3
2
J53
J73
J33
J47-E
J31
J47-C
I-A
J35
1
0
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
#68
Introduction
1990
2000
2010
GE Aircraft Engines
GENY – The Next Step
Goals
CO2
Ultra Clean: NOX and CO2
• 20% reduction in engine CO2 (fuel burn)
relative to current (GE90) technology
Ultra Quiet
• 85% reduction relative to
1996 ICAO
• 55% Reduction in noise
relative to today’s aircraft
• 33 EPNdB below Stage 3
Ultra Intelligent
• 50% reduction in engine
in-flight failures
• 50% reduction in delays and
cancellations
• On-condition maintenance
21st Century Aeropropulsion
Preeminence
#69
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Hybrid PDE Engine Concept
Traditional Engine Configuration
Combustor
Fan
LP
HP
HP
LP
Compr Comp.
Turb Turb
.
High Pressure Core
Pulse Detonation
Engine Core
Hybrid (PDE) Engine Configuration
#70
GE Aircraft Engines
Have you noticed that we have a new name?
We are now GE Transportation which brings
together GE Aircraft Engines and GE Locomotives
So look for our exciting new product!
Coming Soon
#71
GE Aircraft Engines
The Next Generation of Transportation
#72
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How are we going to make
“Where we’re going” happen?
You
the students in this room, and those
like you are the future leaders
who will make it happen.
#73
GE Aircraft Engines
You’ve chosen an exciting career and
I wish you good success
But remember…
Those bright-eyed, bushy-tailed young engineers
will continue to nip at your heels.
Thank you for listening
Go Lions
#74