Diversifying Rice-Based Farming Systems in the
Southern Philippines Irrigation Sector Project
with the System of Rice Intensification
(Paper for presentation in the World Rice Research Conference,
Tokyo-Tsukuba, Japan, 4-7 November 2004)
Felipe Rafols Jr., Allan Gayem, Ligaya Belarmino, Flor L. Magbanua,
Rene Q. Nombre, Joel A. Basiao, Carlos S. Salazar, Edgar F. Tagarao,
Elmer T. Nepa, Pacifico E. Calibayan, and Roger C. Lazaro
(SPISP Stakeholders: Farmers, Staff and Consultant)
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Outline of the Presentation
• Information on Philippines Irrigation and
Improvements-Expectations from the
Southern Philippines Irrigation Sector
Project in its revitalized PIM&T.
• Motivation for establishing the Pilot
Techno-Demo Farms with the IAs.
• Some Results todate, Extended Analysis,
and Future Further Plans.
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SPISP SubProject Location Map
Region VI
Visayas West
Region VII
Visayas Central
Region XIII
Caraga
Mindanao
Region XII
ARMM
Mindanao
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Climatic Types and Topography
• In the Visayas
the wetter and
drier months are
quite distinct, and
generally
the
topography
is
quite hilly.
• In Mindanao, in
general, rainfall is
almost uniformly
distributed thru
out the year with
flat topographic
features.
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Innovations Introduced in SPISP
• Watershed Management: Rehabilitation and Protec-
tion to improve water harvesting and reduce (soil
and streambank) erosion as well as sedimentation.
• Proportional weirs, in lieu of steel gates, with an
orifice provided to pass the conveyance loss, and
• a built-in slit, to assure that no standing water
remains within the irrigation canal network and to
keep snails, schistosomiasis host, from thriving.
• Canal lining reduces maintenance cost as well as
speeds up irrigation water flow velocity that will
prevent the snails from hanging around.
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Motivation for SPISP, NIA & IAs
• With water savings, expand the irrigable area,
and eventually convert part of the rice land into
diversified crop land.
• Ultimate Purpose: To produce enough rice for selfsufficiency requirement and to….
• Diversify into high-valued cash crops that may
provide cash to buy rice elsewhere whenever the
production falls below expectation.
• Eventual Goal: Further diversification to include
livestock and/or aquaculture farm for extra incomeassurance/insurance plus resources for composting.
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Options in the Pilot Techno-Demo Farms
• Margate rice production system, popularized in
the Philippines in the 70’s, was simply an
intermittent irrigation and drainage scheme.
• Some similarities with SRI, developed in the 80’s,
at Madagascar, and now being promoted in Asia.
• Total Quality and Production Management
(TQPM) proposed by the Department of
Agriculture’s Agricultural Training Institute (ATI)
• Features: Water savings of up to 50% while crop
yield could be at least double from present yield
with continuously basin flooded irrigation.
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Margate Monument
Dipolog, Zamboanga, Mindanao
30 years ago
Courtesy of Mr. Mike D. Lopez
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SRI from Madagascar
From 1 plant
20 years ago
4-8 Nov. 04
• A Jesuit priest, Father
Henri de Laulanié, in
Madagascar is
considered the SRI
developer helped
launch the not-forprofit organization,
‘Association Tefy
Saina’ meaning "to
improve the mind."
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SRI Yields in Mindanao SPs
• In Mindanao, at a one-ha.
techno-demo farm
established at the
CARAGA Regional
Irrigation Manager’s
personal farm with poultry
waste, used as a major
component of selfproduced, organic matter.
• The Mestizo PSBRC 72H
Hybrid rice variety grown
the SRI way yield 8.90
t/ha on a 40 x 40-cm. grid
plant spacing.
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• In Gibong Right Bank
Subproject at the Caraga
Region of Mindanao the
Farmer-President of the
Federation of IAs joined in
following the first SRI pilot
techno-demo farm.
• The SRI Inbred IR64 rice
variety gave a 7.50 t/ha
yield in a 35 x 35-cm plant
spacing compared to 4.59
t/ha from a hybrid PSB RC
72H rice planted at usual
random spacing.
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SRI Results in SPISP, Mindanao
SubProject
Area
Rice
Variety
Spacing Yield
cm x cm tonsha-1
Net P/ha Water
Income Saved
1st Trial
Caraga
HyB72H 40 x 40
2nd Trial
Gibong HyB72H Random
4-8 Nov. 04
8.90
42,000
~45-73%
4.59
23,500
N.A.
InBIR64 25 x 25
6.50
35 x 35
7.50
45 x 45
6.80
Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP
ditto
38,482
ditto
ditto
11
SRI Yields at the Visayas SPs
• In the Visayas Barangay
• Also in the Visayas in
Balicotoc, an originally
Magballo Communal
rainfed area supplied with
Irrigation System, SRI
irrigation pump, the Inbred
growers used registered
C64 rice variety was grown
PSB RC18 rice variety.
the SRI way
• The yields ranged from
• Yield was 7.33 t/ha from
2.83 – 5.50 tons/ha (the
35 x 35-cm plant spacing
highest from 40 x 40-cm
surpassing the 3.67 t/ha
plant spacing), these were
yield from 10 x 30-cm
slightly lower than the first
spacing from the Total
attempt and attributed to
Quality & Productivity
possible toxicity build-up
Management (TQPM)
from long years of chemical
approach with a booster
fertilizer and pesticide use.
chemical fertilizer.
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Total Quality & Productivity
Management (TQPM) vs SRI
• TQPM is similar to SRI with booster
inorganic/chemical fertilizer until the organic
fertilizers has enhanced the micro-organism
population in the soil community.
• The TQPM pilot techno-demo plots did show a
quick initial response from the chemical fertilizer
with very dark green leaves but
• SRI plots with organic fertilizer that initially
showed yellowing leaves eventually prevailed.
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TQPM (left) & SRI (Right)
Booster effect obvious
Lighter color start
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SRI Results in SPISP-Visayas 1/2
Sub-Pro-ject
Area
Variety/
Cooperator
Spacing
cm x cm
Yield
Tonsha-1
Net P/ha
Income
Water
Saved
1st Attempt
Wet Season
Balicotoc
InbredC64
Random
2.66
7,592
Rainfed but
TQPM
10 x 30
3.66
11,130
Pump Assisted
SRI
35 x 35
7.33
26,512
~ 71 %
3rd Attempt
Dry Season
Magballo
PSBRC 18
Random
2.70
6,443
~ 38 %
Communal
Hernanie
35 x 17.5
2.83
6,641
~ 68 %
Irrigation
Domingo
35 x 35
3.04
7,521
~ 68 %
System
J.E. Caldito
35 x 35
4.30
15,972
~ 71%
Anselma
30 x 30
4.73
10,757
~ 61 %
Colendres
40 x 40
5.54
15,931
~ 61 %
2.83-5.54
6.6 –16.0k
Range
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2003
2004
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Soil Test Results at Balicotoc & Magballo
SRI Test Sites
Bacolod City, Negros Occidental: Soil Laboratory Center
Soil Test Results and Fertilizer Recommendation for SRI Trial Participating Rice Farmers
Magballo-Balicotoc-Canlamay Integrated Irrigation Schemes
FarmerLand Crops Soil
Indicative Nutrients Availability in the Soil
Recommendations
Cooperator's Area Grown pH
Nitrogen,N Phosphorous, P
Potassium,K
Org Fer N
P
K
Name
Hectare
Low Med High Low Med High Deficient Sufficient (Bags)
kg/ha
Balicotoc: Site of First Trial on SRI and TQPM in the Visayas, Rainfed and Newly Opened Land for Rice, Pump Irrigated
F. Rafols Jr.
0.70
Rice
6.2
X
A. Gayem
0.27
Rice
7.6
X
X
X
X
X
10
45
40
0
10
60
45
45
Magballo: Site of Second Trial on SRI in the Visayas, Irrigated with Run-of-the-River Diverted Water Since 1985
A. Collendres
0.21
Rice
6.0
X
X
X
10
45
45
45
J. E. Caldito
0.25
Rice
6.0
X
X
X
10
45
45
45
H. Domingo
0.36
Rice
7.6
X
X
X
10
45
45
45
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SRI Results in SPISP-Visayas 2/2
Sub-Project
Area
Season/
Cooperator
Spacing
cm x cm
Yield
Tons/Ha
Net P/ha
Income
May – Jun ’04
4th Attempt
Wet Season
Magballo
J. Tubola
35 x 35
3.46
12,705
Communal
R. Abelida
35 x 35
4.76
21,286
Irrigation
A. Gilvero
30 x 30
5.60
27,878
4.61
20,623
Average
3.46 – 5.60
Range
Dry Season
Jun – Oct ‘04
Magballo
J.E. Caldito
25 x 25
4.92
13,369
Communal
A. Collendres
25 x 25
4.81
15,531
Irrigation
H. Domingo
25 x 25
3.54
6,157
4.24
11,686
Average
4-8 Nov. 04
3.54 – 4.92
Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP
N.A.
12.7 – 27.9 k
5th Attempt
Range
Water
Saved
N.A.
6.1 –15.5 k
17
1st SRI Results Pilot Techno-Demo Farms
at Balicotoc, the Visayas Schemes 1/2
Practices
Spacing
cm x cm
Land
Area
Farmers
Practice
Random
1 Ha.
66.30
2.65
TQPM
TechnoDemo
10 x 30
200 m²
0.02 Ha.
91.50
3.66
10 x 40
200 m²
0.02 Ha.
25 x 25
SRI
TechnoDemo
4-8 Nov. 04
Gross
Income
Expenses
PhP/Ha.
Net
Income
18,540
10,948
(1.69)
7,592
27,450
16,320
(1.68)
11,130
75.00
3.00
22,500
15,436
(1.46)
7,064
133 m²
0.013 Ha.
125.00
5.00
37,500
29,865
(1.26)
7,634
35 x 35
133 m²
0.013 Ha.
183.33
7.33
54,999
28,487
(1.93)
26,512
45 x 45
133 m²
0.013 Ha.
154.18
6.17
46,254
26,645
(1.74)
19,609
Production
(Sacks:Tons)
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Profitability (*.**) = Gross Income/Expenses)
2nd SRI Results at Magballo CIS, the Visayas SPs 2004 2/2
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Productivity/ProfitabilityAnalysis:
SRI & TQPM in SPISP
Pa rticipa nt
Va rie ty
Caraga, Minda na o
RIM Mindanao
Hybrid PSBR72H
Traditional Practice
Hybrid PSBR72H
Gibong SP, Minda na o
SRI
Inbred IR 64
Traditional Practice
Hybrid PSBR72H
Balocotoc, Visa ya s
Mr. Felipe Rafols, Jr.
Inbred C64, SRI
Mr. Felipe Rafols, Jr.
Inbrid C64, TQPM
Balicotoc, Visayas
Inbrid C64, Trad
Magballo, The Visa ya s
Ms. A. Colendres
Reg. PSBRC 18, SRI
Mr. J.E. Caldito
Reg. PSBRC 18, SRI
Mr. H. Domingo
Reg. PSBRC 18, Trad.
4-8 Nov. 04
Productivity/Profita bility a nd Cost pe r Kg. Ana lysis
The Visa ya s a nd Minda na o, The Philippine s
Spa cing
Gross
Gross
Ne t Fa rm Profita biity Cost, Pe sos
(cm x cm) Income Ex pe nse Income Gross In/Ex
pe r Kg.
/Yie ld (t/ha )
Ph Pe sos/Ha .
40 x 40 cm
8.90 t/ha.
Random
4.00 t/ha.
35 x 35 cm
7.50 t/ha.
Random
4.59 t/ha
35 x 35 xm
7.33 t/ha
10 x 30 cm
3.66 t/ha.
Random
2.65 t/ha.
40 x 40 cm
5.50 t/ha.
35 x 35 cm
4.30 t/ha.
Random
2.70 t/ha.
71,200
29,412
41,788
2.42
3.30
32,000
19,770
12,230
1.62
4.94
63,683
25,200
38,482
2.53
3.36
42,228
18,695
23,532
2.26
4.07
54,999
28,487
26,512
1.93
3.62
27,450
16,320
11,130
1.68
4.15
18,540
10,948
7,592
1.69
3.84
45,200
29,270
15,930
1.54
5.32
38,260
22,258
15,972
1.72
5.18
23,460
17,017
6,423
1.38
6.30
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Productivity & Profitability Comparative
Analysis with SRI in Sri Lanka
Productivity/Profitability and Cost per Kg. Analysis
Kalhota and Kurunegala Districts, Sri Lanka
Enterprise Budgets
Practice
Season
(2000-2002)
SRI
Yala (Minor Season)
Maha (Major Season)
Conventional
Yala
Maha
Yield
(kg./ha.)
mean
Gross
Gross Net Farm Profitability Production
Income Expense Income Gross In/Ex
Cost
Sri Lanka Rupees/Ha. (Farm Wage) Rupees/Kg.
5,299 34,899
5,763 36,720
18,907
20,436
15,992
16,285
1.85
1.80
11.10
8.70
3,910 27,017
3,757 23,871
18,600
16,381
8,417
7,490
1.45
1.46
13.30
11.90
Namara, R. E, et.al. (2003) Prospects for Adopting System of Rice
Intensification in Sri Lanka: A Socioeconomic Assessment. International
Water Management Institute, Kandy, Sri Lanka,. Report No. 75
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Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP
Profitability=
Gross Income/GrossExpense
21
Updated Summary of Results:Oct.04 1/2
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Updated Summary of Results:Oct.04 2/2
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What is Next in the Immediate Future?
• SPISP is already at the System Management and
Agricultural Development Plan Implementation
Phase in the three core subprojects.
• The plan to extend the experiences of SRI to other
Visayas SubProjects is expected soonest and a
wider application of the Pilot Techno-Demo results
is already on the drawing board.
• The socio-institutional aspects would also then be
considered, focusing on adoption and dis-adoption
rates cited in Namara, et. al. (2003) and
• Maybe a randomized complete block research if
only to convince the unbelieving partners.
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That is all Folks!
Thank you for your patience.
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Effective Rain vs Evapotranspiration
Eff Rain and ETo-Luzon
Water Balances in the Major Islands
of the Philippines and at SPISP’s
Sub-Projects
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
ep
O
ct
N
ov
D
ec
S
Ju
l
A
ug
Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
A
pr
M
ay
Ju
n
0.00
Month
Eto, mm/m
Eff, Rain, mm/m
Obtained with FAO’s WATPOW
& CLIMWAT Computer Program
Eff Rain and ETo-Visayas
Eff Rain and ETo-Mindanao
200.00
150.00
200.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
100.00
150.00
50.00
Month
Eto, mm/m
4-8 Nov. 04
Ju
l
A
ug
S
ep
O
ct
N
o
v
D
e
c
Ja
n
F
eb
M
ar
A
pr
M
ay
Ju
n
Ju
l
A
ug
S
ep
O
ct
N
ov
D
ec
Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
A
pr
M
ay
Ju
n
0.00
Month
Eff, Rain, mm/m
Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP
Eto, mm/m
Eff, Rain, mm/m
26
Philippine Irrigation Statistics-2003 est.
Irrigation Number Area, ha. Per Cent Tons/ha % Crop
System Counted Served Of Total Yield Intensity
National
192
690,000
51
137
Communal
6,700
490,000
36
104
Pump Lift
4,000
147,000
13
10,892
1,354,000
100 ( 43%) 3.70 ave.
3,130,000
(100%) 2.00 ave.
Total
Irrigable
Potentially
Irrigable
Hectare
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SRI Subproject(SP) Sites’ Statistics
Initial
Pilot SRI
Sites
Service
Area
Ha.
Mindanao:
Gibong RB,
SP, Caraga
2,583
4,786
380
200
Visayas:
Magballo
SP, NeOcc
737
458
872
181
Can-asujan
SRIP, Cebu
Island
772
738
806
197
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Rice
Crop
Ha.
Diversified Cropping
Crops
Intensity
Ha.
%
Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP
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Proportional Weirs with an Orifice to pass on Conveyance Loss
and a Slit to avoid standing water collecting upstream
Gibong RB Core SP, Mindanao
Proportionate
Share
Schistosomiasis
Unfriendly
Maintain Uniform
Water Levels
Can-asujan SP Cebu, The Visayas
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Comparative Mean Values of ET, P
and Total Water Requirements (WR)
Irrigation
technique
Conventional
Flooding
Water
Saving (SRI)
Difference
EvapoTranspiration, mm
Percolation, Totals
P, mm
WR, mm
765
515
1,280
689
169
858
67
346
(67%)
422
Mao Zhi. (1996) Environmental impact of water saving irrigation for rice. In: M.Smith, L. S.Pereira, Eds,
Irrigation scheduling: From theory to practice. Proc. of the ICID/FAO workshop on irrigation scheduling. 1213 Sep. 1995; Rome (Italy). P141-146.
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