Ass. Wr. Wb.
ECO INDUSTRIAL
PARK
Budi Santoso dan Soemarno 2012
… Research on the Stability of Eco-Industry
Chains
Jingfu Guo, Wenzi Cui
International Journal of Business and Management
Vol 5, No 11 (2010)
.. Eco-industrial chains construct economic activities into the
"resource-product-renewable resource" feedback
processes based on ecology laws, improve resource utilization,
reduce emissions, and improve the quality of
economic activities and environmental benefits. Trust and the
good cooperation relationships between the
enterprises from eco-industrial chains are the prerequisite and
basis for running ecological industry systems. A
trust mechanism between enterprises, an incentive and
punishment system, and a legal system and industrial
policies should be established to promote industrial ecology.
Government should play a good role of "guidance"
and "coordination". There is a smooth linkage between the
upstream and downstream of the industrial ecology
chain so that “upstream supplies and downstream receives”, the
stability of the industrial ecology system can be
achieved.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/view/8070
A New Frontier for Industrial Ecology?
Peter Wells, Clóvis Zapata
Journal of Industrial Ecology
Volume 16, Issue 5, pages 665–668, October 2012
This article reviews the scope of the discipline of industrial
ecology and, in the context of an urgent requirement for
substantial and rapid change in the face of global sustainability
challenges, argues that the discipline could embrace a more
proactive, interventionist stance in the form of renewable ecoindustrial development. Existing eco-industrialism is presented as
flawed, with many cases premised on the use of nonrenewable
resources. Renewable eco-industrial development, while still
nascent, has the potential both to resolve some sustainability
challenges and to offer a new area of endeavor for industrial
ecology, albeit one with its own unique difficulties, such as
conflict with food production. Renewable eco-industrial
development is further argued to bring industrial ecology into a
more socially critical stance as it concerns the future allocation of
scarce resources.
Diunduh dari:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-
…Research on the Stability of Eco-Industry Chains
by Guo Jingfu, Cui Wenzi
International Journal of Business Management (2010)
Volume: 5, Issue: 11, Publisher: Canadian Center of Science &
Education, Pages: 152-155
Eco-industrial chains construct economic activities into the
"resource-product-renewable resource" feedback processes based
on ecology laws, improve resource utilization, reduce emissions,
and improve the quality of economic activities and environmental
benefits. Trust and the good cooperation relationships between
the enterprises from eco-industrial chains are the prerequisite and
basis for running ecological industry systems. A trust mechanism
between enterprises, an incentive and punishment system, and a
legal system and industrial policies should be established to
promote industrial ecology. Government should play a good role
of "guidance" and "coordination". There is a smooth linkage
between the upstream and downstream of the industrial ecology
chain so that "upstream supplies and downstream receives", the
stability of the industrial ecology system can be achieved.
ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR Copyright of International
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version of the material for the full abstract.
Diunduh dari: http://www.mendeley.com/catalog/research-stability-eco-industry-chains/
Environmental Regulation and the EcoIndustry
Maia David and Bernard Sinclair-Desgagné
Journal of Regulatory Economics.Volume
(Year): 28 (2005)
Issue (Month): 2 (09)
This paper re-examines environmental regulation, under the
Pages:
141-155
assumption that pollution abatement technologies and services
are provided by an imperfectly competitive environment industry.
It is shown that each regulatory instrument (emission taxes and
quotas; design standards; and voluntary agreements) has a
specific impact on the price-elasticity of the polluters’ demand
for abatement services, hence on the market power of the ecoindustry and the resulting cost of abatement. This implies that the
optimal pollution tax will be higher than the marginal social cost
of pollution, while a voluntary approach to pollution abatement
may fail unless the eco-industry itself is willing to participate.
Diunduh dari:
http://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/regeco/v28y2005i2p141-
Eco-Industrial Parks – An Opportunity for the Developing
Countries to Achieve Sustainable Development
Ramona Florina Popescu Tiberiu Cristian Avramescu
Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, 2008,
vol. 11, issue Special Conference Issue, pages 21-30
.. Eco-industrial parks are a form of industrial parks that seems to
gain more and more interest in the developed and emerging
countries. In the introduction, the paper presents the reasons that
justify the presence of an eco-industrial park on a territory and
continues stressing their main characteristics and their diversity.
The authors try to explain which are the problems that can put off
the development of an eco-industrial park, presenting not only
the advantages but also the risks of eco-industrial parks for their
members and for the hosting community. The paper underlines
the strengths of this type of parks that may contribute to a
sustainable development of developing countries, especially now,
when industrial parks are rising all over their territory without
taking into account the environmental impacts. The authors’
purpose is to emphasize the economic and environmental benefits
for the community and for the firms located on their territory. As
a final issue, the paper shows that for Romania the concept of
eco-industrial park is new and almost unknown, a reason for the
economists to approach it more often in their research.
Diunduh dari:
ReVenture Park: An Eco-Industrial Park
Peter Lowitt, FAICP
Director-Devens Enterprise Commission
33 Andrews Parkway, Devens, MA, USA
“ReVenture Park (“ReVenture”) is an ambitious plan to transform
a former 667 acre Superfund Site along the Catawba River in
Charlotte, NC into the region’s first Renewable Energy EcoIndustrial Park. This project will create one of the most dynamic
and multi-faceted renewable energy developments currently
being developed in the United States. The project is poised to
become a national model for innovative redevelopment of
Brownfield industrial property, and it will serve as a template for
other large projects that are similarly situated.
Featuring multiple clean-energy projects, ReVenture will advance
the region’s environmental goals and economic growth by
attracting a myriad of renewable energy and alternate fuel
projects. The Eco-Industrial Park is designed to leverage
synergies between multiple sustainable components including a
waste to energy power plant, solar fields, incubator labs,
wastewater treatment and reuse, and R&D facilities. When fully
developed, ReVenture is estimated to generate over $900
Million of new investment and create more than 1100 ‘green
collar’ jobs. “
Diunduh dari:
www.cern.org.cn/abstract/067.pdf………….1/1/2013
Strategies and achievements of 1st phase Ulsan EcoIndustrial Park project
Hung-Suck Park and K. B. Shishir
June 2010
In Korea, a total of five industrial cities including Ulsan are
carrying out the 1stphase (2005-2009) Eco-IndustrialPark (EIP)
project initiated by the South Korean Ministry of Knowledge
Economy. The prime target of this project is to transform the
existing industrial complexes into EIPs through developing
extensive waste and by-product symbiotic networks among
tenants in a systematic manner under the coordination of regional
EIP center. In this study, the development of a strategic protocol
for effective implementation of by-product synergy network
derived from two of our maiden attempts, and its successful
application to twelve other cases is presented. Triple bottom line
performance assessment of all the fourteen cases was presented,
and it was envisaged that the strategic protocol helps to facilitate
the transformation of existing industrial complexes into EIPs, and
also improves the economic and social benefits among partners
and community while reducing environmental impacts. Based on
the strategies presented in this study, Ulsan EIP center would
operate a ‘hub and spoke’ model of industrial symbiosis with four
spokes (regional industrial complexes) in the 2ndphase (20102014) of this project, wherein the local knowledge and expertise
can be delivered to the spokes with a simultaneous establishment
of synergy networks between the hub and spokes.
Diunduh dari:
Evaluating the Performance of Eco-Industrial Park
Demonstration Projects in Korea
Yong-Un Ban , Dept. of Urban Engineering, Chungbuk National
University, Chungbuk, South Korea
June 2010
While industrial parks have been playing a role of providing
communities with economic benefits, they have caused social
and environmental problems. To respond to this problem, a
variety of sustainable development-related international
conventions requested each country to find alternatives satisfying
both economic and environmental efficiency. An eco-industrial
park(EIP) derived from the industrial symbiosis research could
be a suitable instrument for sustainable industrial management.
An EIP can be defined as an industrial community that considers
both economic and environmental efficiency through cooperation
between companies based on the concept of industrial symbiosis
reusing and recycling byproducts and wastes generated from
companies. In 2005, Korean government has designated five
industrial parks as EIP demonstration projects including BanwolSihwa, Yeosu, Ulsan, Cheongju, Pohang industrial parks. The
first stage of the demonstration project has been running for 5
years to identify symbiotic relationships between companies, to
draw necessary techniques, and to find funding sources .
Researches related to the Korean demonstration projects are as
follows: 1) Park et al (2008) has dealt with the achievements and
challenges of Ulsan EIP, et al. ; 2) Jeon (2008) has found the
strategies to Cheongju EIP; 3) Ban (2010) has developed
performance evaluation indicators of EIP demonstration projects
Diunduh But
dari: so far no studies have
through an expert survey method.
…Journal of Cleaner Production 6 (1998) 181–188
Designing eco-industrial parks: a synthesis of some experiences
Raymond P. Côté a,*, E. Cohen-Rosenthal
.. Sustainability requires a consideration of the social or
community dimension as well as ecological integrity and
economic
efficiency. Further, ecological systems emphasize interaction and
interdependence. Definitions of eco-industrial parks have begun
to address this by referring to them as communities of business.
The paper describes a number of initiatives, particularly in the
United States and Canada. The types of interactions among
businesses and between businesses and the community are
described
and initiatives are categorized as engineering or self-designing.
The paper lists 11 characteristics of eco-industrial parks which
are
emerging from the existing projects.
Diunduh dari: www.umich.edu/~indecol/EIP-cote.pdf ………….1/1/2013
…Journal of Cleaner Production 6 (1998) 181–188
Designing eco-industrial parks: a synthesis of some experiences
Raymond P. Côté a,*, E. Cohen-Rosenthal
.. The essential characteristics of eco-industrial parks
have been proposed by a number of authors including
Research Triangle Institute [26], Côté et al. [14], Lowe
and Warren [7], the President’s Council on Sustainable
Development [8] and Peck and Associates [13], among
others. Compared to a traditional industrial park, an ecoindustrial park would:
1. Define the community of interests and involve that
community in the design of the park.
2. Reduce environmental impact or ecological footprint through substitution of toxic materials, absorption of carbon dioxide, material exchanges and integrated treatment of wastes.
3. Maximize energy efficiency through facility design
and construction, co-generation, and cascading.
4. Conserve materials through facility design and construction, reuse, recovery and recycling.
5. Link or network companies with suppliers and customers in the wider community in which the ecoindustrial park is situated.
6. Continuously improve the environmental performance by the individual businesses and the community as a whole.
Diunduh
dari: www.umich.edu/~indecol/EIP-cote.pdf………….1/1/2013
7. Have
a regulatory
system which permits some
…Technovation 22 (2002) 471–484
Eco-industrial parks: stimulating sustainable development in
mixed industrial parks
A.J.D. Lambert and F.A. Boons
.. In several industrialised countries, there have occurred
initiatives to establish eco-industrial parks. Originally, these were
mainly based upon the exchange of resources between heavy
industries in industrial complexes. These initiatives are generally
referred to with the concepts of industrial symbiosis and ecoindustrial parks. Since then, the concept of eco-industrial parks
has been extended to another relevant type of industrial park, the
so-called mixed industrial park, which consists of various smalland medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), sometimes complemented
by a small number of larger industries. Because of the resulting
growing ambiguity in the significance of eco-industrial park
initiatives, a typology is desirable for entangling the confusion
that is introduced. It is argued that mixed industrial parks are
poorly investigated although they have a major environmental
and spatial impact. Starting from a general consideration of ecoindustrial park initiatives, this paper describes the societal and
environmental problems that are related to the mixed industrial
parks, proposes solutions and discusses the counteracting factors.
While our argument relates strongly to the traditionally
industrialised countries, it is also relevant to newly industrialised
countries, as they are faced with similar problems, or will
encounter them in the near future.
Diunduh dari: users.ugent.be/.../Lambert_EIP%20mixed%20industrial%20parks.pdf
The Characters of the Eco-Industrial Park in EU and US and
the Inspiration for the Wuhan Metropolitan Zone
Li Ming
Management and Service Science (MASS), 2011 International
Conference on Date of Conference: 12-14 Aug. 2011
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the eco-industrial park
has become the important carrier for the development of circular
economy in the US and the EU countries. It is also the new
direction and trend for the development of the industrial park.
This paper discusses the main characters of the eco-industrial
park through the analysis of the eco-industrial park in the US and
EU. The Wuhan metropolitan zone is now in the process of its
attempt for the construction of resource-conservation and
environment-protection society under the guidance of the
Chinese Central Government. Based on the detailed discussion
on the development status and main problems of the industrial
parks in the Wuhan metropolitan zone, the author finally points
out some practical suggestion for their future development.
Diunduh dari:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?………….1/1/2013
…Assessment of the National Eco-Industrial Park Standard
for Promoting Industrial Symbiosis in China
Yong Geng , Pan Zhang , Raymond P. Ct , Tsuyoshi Fujita
Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 15-26, 2009
Eco-industrial park (EIP) projects have become more prevalent in
China. In order to evaluate the performance of such innovative
projects, the State Environmental Protection Administration
(SEPA) has set up a new national standard for EIPs, the first of
its kind globally. This article examines the applicability and
feasibility of the indicator system established in the standard. It
first presents the details of this new standard. Then benefits and
challenges in the standard's application are analyzed. The
analysis shows that the new indicators are eco-efficiencyoriented and do not address the essence of the EIP. In the future,
there will be a need to revise this set of indicators by considering
the principles of eco-industrial development and local realities in
order to ensure that the indicators are indeed used to promote
sustainable development of industrial parks.
Diunduh dari:
Using Input-Output Analysis to Measure the Environmental
Pressure of Consumption at Different Spatial Levels
Jesper Munksgaard†,*, Mette Wier‡, Manfred Lenzen§,
Christopher Dey
Journal of Industrial Ecology
Volume 9, Issue 1-2, pages 169–185, January 2005
Input-output modeling is a useful tool for tracing environmental
impacts of consumption. Because it includes impacts originating
from production layers of infinite order (capturing the entire
economy), input-output modeling is highly relevant for studies
operating in a life-cycle context. In this article we show how the
input-output approach can be used to enumerate the problem of
sustainable consumption. Based on a literature survey including
research done by the authors we present measures of the
emissions of carbon dioxide at different spatial levels: nation,
city, and household. Further, we take more environmental effects
into account and introduce the concept of environmental
efficiency by combining input-output modeling and data
envelopment analysis. Finally, we discuss the policy relevance of
the different measures. The article demonstrates that input-output
modeling has a wide range of life-cycle oriented applications
when combined with other data sources such as detailed trade
statistics, foreign input-output and environmental statistics, and
household expenditure data.
Diunduh dari: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1162/1088198054084699/full
Planning and Unfolding Eco-Industrial Parks: Reflections on
Synergy
Paper for the workshops in JinShan Summit, in Zhenjiang City 5
– 7 July and China Europa Forum, Chengbu City July 8 – 11,
Hong Kong, July 12 – 14, 2010
Leo Baas
Industrial Ecology (IE) in industrial estates has a geographic,
resource, and/or industry
sector focus. In such geographic and/or industry sector settings
IE is often labelled as
Industrial Symbiosis (IS), for instance by linking utilities and
waste/by-product exchange,
the organization of a resource chain such as in the case of
biomass, or of linkages around a
key-organization.
The role of industrial symbiosis is analyzed in the planned
industrial symbiosis activities in
the Rotterdam Harbor and Industry complex and the application
process of renewable energy
in the Östergötland region in Sweden.
The objective of this paper is to discuss a synthesis between the
planned activities in
Rotterdam and to unfold current industrial symbiosis activities in
the Östergötland. Such
knowledge can help further developing the application process of
industrial symbiosis in
Eco-Industrial Parks in China.
Diunduh dari:
liu.diva-
Stimulating Sustainable Development in MixedEco-Industrial
Parks
CRISTINA CARRACA, THOMAS PANAGOPOULOS, LUIS
CRUZ
1st WSEAS International Conference on LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE (LA '08), Algarve, Portugal, June 11-13, 2008
Since the world summit on sustainable development in
Johannesburg, discussion on eco-industrial parks has started in
several industrialised countries and many initiatives occurred to
establish eco-industrial parks or to transform existing industrial
parks. Originally, eco-industrial parks were mainly based upon
theexchange of resources among industrial complexes. These
initiatives are generally referred to with the conceptsof industrial
symbiosis. After this initial period, the concept of eco-industrial
parks has been extended toanother type of industrial park, the socalled mixed industrial park, which consists of various small
and medium-sized enterprises some times complemented by a
small number of larger industries. The significance of ecoindustrial park initiatives needs a typology for clarifying the
confusion. It is argued that mixed industrial parks are poorly
investigated although they have a major environmental and
spatial impact. Starting from a casestudy of a mixed ecoindustrial park initiative, this paper describes the related societal
and environmental problems and proposes solutions for the first
stage of the transformation
Diunduh dari:
Eco-Industrial Parks and the Rediscovery of Inter-Firm
Recycling Linkages.
Pierre Desrochers
Senior Research Fellow, Urban Studies. Institute for Policy
Studies. Johns Hopkins University
An eco-industrial park (EIP) is a community of firms in a region
that exchange and make
use of each other’s byproducts, in the process improving their
environmental and
economic performance. The first EIP formally identified as such
was “discovered” in the
Danish coastal city of Kalundborg more than a decade ago, and
similar cases in other
parts of Europe and the United States have been documented
since then. Nowhere,
however, did a planning authority structure the development of
these “localized industrial
symbiosis.” To the contrary, all of these cases were ultimately
triggered by cost
calculations. Could it be then that localized industrial symbiosis
is a widespread, if
neglected, type of industrial linkage? This is indeed the
contention of this article, which
examines the genesis of modern EIP before illustrating that urban
areas have always
exhibited widespread resource recovery between firms. It is then
argued that regulatory
Diunduh
dari: prove
direct.mises.org/journals/scholar/Eco6a.PDF
………….1/1/2013
reform
would
more effective than planning
to replicate the
Reflections on implementing industrial ecology through ecoindustrial park development
David Gibbs and Pauline Deutz
Journal of Cleaner Production
DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.02.003
This paper investigates whether eco-industrial parks (EIPs) offer
possibilities to implement sustainable development policies. EIPs
are based upon industrial ecology principles that suggest
industrial systems can operate in a similar fashion to natural
ecological systems. Drawing upon a survey of all identifiable
EIPs in the USA and Europe and in-depth interview surveys of
16 EIPs, the research discovered few examples of networking
between firms or processes using wastes and materials recycling.
Most EIPs are at a very early stage of development, where
linkages are potential rather than real. The problems encountered
in developing EIPs from scratch suggests that a more fruitful
approach is to build upon existing and potential linkages within a
locality, assisted by a pro-active policy to encourage
interchanges.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/222410669_Reflections_on_implementing_industria
l_ecology_through_eco-industrial_park_development ………….1/1/2013
Eco-Industrial Parks in the Mexico-US Border Region: A
feasibility study
Perez, Saul
This project focuses
on finding the feasibility for Eco-Industrial
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10161/340
Parks (EIPs) in the Mexico-U.S.
Border Region. EIPs are
Date: 2007-05
communities of businesses, from different sectors of industry,
that cooperate with each other to efficiently share resources
(information, materials, water, energy, infrastructure and,
specially, residual materials that would otherwise enter as waste
streams or be released as pollution), leading to economic gains,
improved environmental quality, and enhancement of human
resources for business and local community (PCSD, 1997). The
project analyzes potential opportunities of material exchange
with a variety of wasted resources generated by industrial plants
on the Mexico-US border (maquiladoras), using a by-product
exchange representation of an EIP. It concentrates on the region
of Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, the sister-border town of El Paso,
Texas, one of the most industrialized border cities with high
maquiladora activity. The methods used to gather data for the
study consisted of interviews that identified the most prominent
material flows from different sectors of maquiladoras of Ciudad
Juarez, and a literature search on existing EIPs around the world
to gather data on the most common by-products utilized through
their exchanges. The project then considered the economic and
environmental benefits, and regulatory and industrial issues
surrounding a potential EIP By- Product Station. The study
shows that there is not a good match between current wastestreams and by-product utilization potential of existing plants.
Diunduh dari: http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/340 ………….1/1/2013
RESEARCH ON ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
INDEX OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK DEVELOPMENT IN
CHINA
Binjie Lai 1, Jinping Tian 1, Lujun Chen1,2
1 School of Environment Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084
2 Department of Environmental Technology and Ecology, Yangtze Delta Region
Institute of Tsinghua University, Key Laboratory for Water Science and
Technology of Zhejiang Province
tianjp@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn, chenlj@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn, lbjcola@gmail.com
It has been 10 years since the launching of eco-industrial park
development program in China.
With joint administration by Ministry of Environmental
Protection, Ministry of Commerce and
Ministry of Science and Technology. However, there is a lack of
precise metrics for performance evaluation on eco-industrial
park. The existed evaluation systems in China are not only
inaccurate but also too complex for application on eco-industrial
park. In this article, we use the method of multi-criteria decision
analysis to establish the environmental performance index of ecoindustrial park, then it is used to evaluate the performance of 24
sector-integrate eco-industrial parks in China between 20092010. Suggestions on national demonstrative eco-industrial park
development are also discussed.
Diunduh dari: www.cern.org.cn/poster/034.pdf ………….1/1/2013
Theory and control mechanism of eco-industrial parks
Yuan Zengwei, Bi Jun, Wang Xiyuan, Zhang Bing, Huang Juan
Center of Environmental Mangagement and Poliey, School of
Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing. Jiangsu 210093,
China
Acta Ecologica Sinica [2004, 24(11):2501-2508]
Following the development of Industrial Ecology (IE) and the
widespread promotion of Circular Economy (CE), Eco-Industrial
Parks (EIPs) have been rapidly developed throughout the world.
An EIP is a district where enterprises are organized according to
industrial symbiosis and Circular Economy. It aims to optimize
the integrated benefits of environment, economics, and society in
the park. However, there is a limited understanding of EIP
ecosystematic structure, function and optimized control
mechanism. As a result, almost all the present EIPs are
inappropriately designed as a closed loop or network to merely
recycle waste. This is especially true in China. Unfortunately,
such a narrow thinking of EIPs, deeply embedded in decisionmakers' mind, has already imposed significant impacts in the
development of EIPs in China. This research tries to raise the
question and establish the theory of analyzing and optimizing EIP
ecosystem.
Diunduh dari: http://europepmc.org/abstract/CBA/534978 ………….1/1/2013
Choctaw Eco-Industrial Park: an ecological approach to
industrial land-use planning and design1
Audra J Potts Carr
Landscape and Urban Planning
Volume 42, Issues 2–4, 7 December 1998, Pages 239–257
This project investigates the concepts of industrial ecology and
eco-industrial parks and applies those concepts to the redesign of
an existing industrial park in Choctaw, OK. The opportunity for
developing an eco-industrial park on this site comes from the
availability of waste water for non-potable water needs, and the
abundance of waste tires as raw materials for products to drive a
new set of industrial partnerships. These industrial partnerships
include the City of Choctaw Waste Water Treatment Plant, a tire
shredding company, a tire pyrolysis company, a hydroponics
industry, a hard rubber tire manufacturer, a screen printer, a
plastics manufacturer, a toner manufacturer, and a toner cartridge
manufacturer. The nature of this relationship and the design of
the eco-industrial park is contained within this report. The result
of this investigation is a new, common sense, approach to
industrial land use that combines economic growth and
environmental protection.
Diunduh dari: http://0-
Emergy evaluation of power plant eco-industrial park
Wang L, Zhang J
The Journal of Applied Ecology. 2004, 15(6):1047-1050]
In this paper, new emergy indices for the material circulation
utilization and energy cascade utilization were presented to
evaluate the emergy of power plant eco-industrial park. The
common contribution of the members in power plant ecoindustrial park should be accounted for emergy yield ratio
(PEYR) and emergy investment ratio (PEIR), namely, PEYR =
sigma(i = 1)6 (Fi + Ri + Ni)/sigma(i = 1)6 Fi and PEIR = sigma(i
= 1)6 Fi/sigma(i = 1)6 (Ni + Ri). Saved renewable and
nonrenewable resources and purchased resources and decreased
environmental load should be accounted for environmental
loading ratio (PELR) and index of sustainability (PESI), namely,
PELR = sigma(i = 1)6 Fi/F' and PESI = PEYR/PELR. Case
analysis on the Shuozhou power plant eco-industrial park showed
that new emergy indices were practical in evaluating the power
plant eco-industrial park.
Diunduh dari: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/15362633 ………….1/1/2013
Study on Driving Forces of Eco-Industries Park towards
Sustainable Development
HE Yunlong
School of Management, Changsha University of Science
Technology, P.R.China, 410076
heyunlong3259@163.com
There are different driving forces to promote eco-industrial
park’s sustainable development. This paper discusses the external
and internal driving forces how to promote eco-industrial park’s
sustainable development. The external and internal driving forces
have different level strength. The external driving forces include
the government’s behavior, regulations and external competition
environment advantage. The internal driving forces include the
circulation use of resource, division of labor and cooperation,
technological innovation and diffusion. The mechanism of
driving forces to eco-industrial park’s sustainable development
means the ways that the driving forces come into being,
transferring and effecting.
Diunduh dari: www.seiofbluemountain.com/search/detail.php?id=3724 ………….1/1/2013
Research on Eco-Industrial Park Planning in China
LI Juan LI Hongwei
College of Urban and Rural Constructions Agricultural
University of Hebei, Baoding , P.R.China 071001
lihongwei@hebau.edu.cn
Establishing Eco-Industrial Park is an important way to achieve
the development of the cycle economics. With the theory of cycle
economics’ wide spread, Eco-Industrial Park planning is being
carried out in all parts of China. Based on the research of EcoIndustrial Park in and out of China, the article points out the
problems in Eco-Industrial Park planning in our China and
provides the solution of these problems. Hope it’s valuable to the
plan of Eco-Industrial Park in country.
www.seiofbluemountain.com/se
arch/detail.php?id=3714
The full-scale definition
of Eco-Industrial Park (EIP for short)
was first put forward by Professor Lowe in America in the year
of 1994. An Eco-Industrial park or estate is a community of
manufacturing and service businesses located together on a
common property. Member businesses seek enhanced
environmental, economic, and social performance through
collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues. By
working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective
benefit that is greater than the sum of individual benefits each
company would realize by only optimizing its individual
performance, Lowe pointed out.
Diunduh dari:
………….1/1/2013
RESEARCH ON ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK PLANNING
IN CHINA
LI Juan LI Hongwei
College of Urban and Rural Constructions Agricultural University of Hebei,
Baoding , P.R.China 071001
lihongwei@hebau.edu.cn
In 1996, the US President’s Council on Sustainable Development
(PCSD) gave EIP two meanings.
First, EIP is “A community of businesses that cooperate with each other
and with the local community to efficiently share resources
(information, materials, water, energy, infrastructure, and natural
habitat), leading to economic gains, gains in environmental quality, and
equitable enhancement of human resources for the business and local
community.” It is also defined as “An industrial system of planned
materials and energy exchanges that seeks to minimize energy and raw
materials use, www.seiofbluemountain.com/se
minimize waste, and build sustainable economic,
arch/detail.php?id=3714
ecological
and social relationships.”
In 1997, the US Environmental Protect Agency (EPA) defined EIP as
follows. “An Eco-Industrial Park is a community of manufacturing and
service businesses seeking enhanced environmental and economic
performance through collaboration in managing environmental and
resource issues, including energy, water, and materials. By working
together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is
greater than the sum of the individual benefits each company would
realize if it optimized its individual performance only.” EPA emphasized
on the cooperation in the parks.
Diunduh dari:
………….1/1/2013
RESEARCH ON ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK PLANNING
IN CHINA
LI Juan LI Hongwei
College of Urban and Rural Constructions Agricultural University of Hebei,
Baoding , P.R.China 071001
lihongwei@hebau.edu.cn
At present, the common definition of EIP is “a new industrial
conformation, which is designed and built according to the idea
of circular economy and the theory of industrial ecology.
Through trade, different plants or companies are connected to
form a complex, which can share the resources and exchange
products. In another word, the products or waste of one company
can become the raw material or resources of another company.
This can make the connected companies be similar to a natural
www.seiofbluemountain.com/se
system, establish
the circular industrial path of “producerarch/detail.php?id=3714
customer- decomposer”,
and realize the sustainable development
of regional society, economy and environment through the closed
circulation of material, circular use of energy and minimization
of waste.”
Diunduh dari:
………….1/1/2013
RESEARCH ON ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK PLANNING
IN CHINA
LI Juan LI Hongwei
College of Urban and Rural Constructions Agricultural University of Hebei,
Baoding , P.R.China 071001
lihongwei@hebau.edu.cn
As an efficient mean of solving environmental problems, EIP has
been thought highly of in the following main characteristics.
1.
2.
3.
4.
EIP is a complex of nature, industry and society.
Achieving the maximum use of resources and minimum
discharge of waste through the exchange of by-products and
wastes, circular use of energy and waste water and the
sharable use of infrastructure among the processing units of
the industrialwww.seiofbluemountain.com/se
park.
Ensuring thearch/detail.php?id=3714
steady and sustainable development of the
industrial park through the application of modern
administration, policy and new technology such as sharing
information, saving water and energy, re-circulation and
reuse, environment monitoring and sustainable
transportation technique.
Through constructing and operating park’s infrastructures,
the environmental conditions of companies, the park and the
whole community will reach a sustainable improvement.
Diunduh dari:
………….1/1/2013
RESEARCH ON ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK PLANNING IN
CHINA
LI Juan LI Hongwei
College of Urban and Rural Constructions Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding ,
P.R.China 071001. lihongwei@hebau.edu.cn
Problems in Eco-Industrial Park Planning
1. Less Concern on Environmental Capacity
In all the data, people give much attention to the construction of the EIP’s industry
chains. These chains are stretched to form closed cycle. However, people don’t pay
enough attention to the Environmental capacity. In certain areas, the environment can’t
afford without limit. Too long industry chains and too many items in the park would go
beyond the environmental capacity. What’s worse, because of too many industries, the
whole environment would crash sooner or later.
2. The Uncertainty among the Relationship of Industry Chains
Nowadays, our country’s EIP planning is just on the way, far behind those developed
countries. Instead of playing only one role, each industry in a well-developed EIP is the
producer, customer, decomposer and restorer. Junior EIP operating mode is easy:
Environment—producer—customer— decomposer—environment. Like National EcoIndustrial Demonstration Park in Guigang, Guangxi, its cycle is Cane—sugar making—
alcohol made from waste molasses—compound fertilizer made from waste alcohol—
cane. Because the waste things can only be used in one way, the cycling would break if
any chain doesn’t work well. As a result, the EIP would no long exist.
3. Basis Construction’s Lagging Far behind
Building EIP needs good basis construction’s support. Except for common equipment,
we should consider the design and circuit of the pipeline in the waste cycling, water
reusing and things like that. But lots of EIP aren’t doing well on this. Requested by the
EIP plan, much money is needed.
4. Vague Definition and Indistinctive Construction
Successfully operated parks have clear definition, like Silicon Valley for its leading
industry and another kinds of parks for their related industries. Items are parks’ life and
characteristics are parks’ soul.[4] some domestic parks are indistinctive. They’re just a
combination of several related companies.
5. Too Few Normative Parks
During the wave of cycle economy, some parks in provinces or cities, except for those
national ones, are also coming into being, but most of them are not normative. As it’s
mentioned above, some are just combinations of several related companies. Once
established, reprogramming and re-planning would need more effort and money, and
this would do more damage to the environment.
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RESEARCH ON ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK PLANNING
IN CHINA
LI Juan LI Hongwei
College of Urban and Rural Constructions Agricultural University of Hebei,
Baoding , P.R.China 071001
lihongwei@hebau.edu.cn
Conduct a Feasibility Analysis
At the beginning of planning the EIP, we must study the region's
geographical location, natural resources and climatic conditions,
consider the local ecological environment capacity, select
entering project carefully for reducing the impact on the
environment as possible as we can. For example, the PCSD of
the United States is in charge of the overall planning of the Port
of Cape Charles Sustainable Technologies Industrial Part. They
make an ecological environmental assessment as the first step of
the developing action.
We should take into account the site’s location situation;
investigate whether location situation can provide convenient and
efficient conditions of transport and traffic protection for
inputting material steam, energy steam, and information steam
into the park rapidly.
Diunduh dari:
www.seiofbluemountain.com/search/detail.php?id=3714………….1/1/2013
RESEARCH ON ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK PLANNING
IN CHINA
LI Juan LI Hongwei
College of Urban and Rural Constructions Agricultural University of Hebei,
Baoding , P.R.China 071001
lihongwei@hebau.edu.cn
Flexible Planning Concept
The construction of the park has great uncertainty, its plan is a
system project, and the various effect factors will have an impact
on its results. The park’s operation and development are
dynamic;
they require us that we should use flexible planning concept to
avoid defects that are due to ultimate planning. We can use lots of
methods from disciplines on the integrated to find the right
answers to solve the problem, for example, we can use the
Scenario Plan to the planning.
Diunduh dari:
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RESEARCH ON ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK PLANNING
IN CHINA
LI Juan LI Hongwei
College of Urban and Rural Constructions Agricultural University of Hebei,
Baoding , P.R.China 071001
lihongwei@hebau.edu.cn
Implement a Preferential Policy; Support the Infrastructure
Development of Industrial Park
The enterprises in the Port of Cape Charles Sustainable
Technologies Industrial Park obtain advanced infrastructural
facilities condition first, including the laying of the late-model
road, industrial parks information and intelligence networks, and
so on. At the same time, Cape Charles has received the support of
low-cost from the Government, and this reduces the development
and operating costs greatly within the park.
China can learn from abroad experience to carry out financial,
taxation and other financial policies to support the industrial park
infrastructure construction.
Diunduh dari:
www.seiofbluemountain.com/search/detail.php?id=3714………….1/1/2013
RESEARCH ON ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK PLANNING
IN CHINA
LI Juan LI Hongwei
College of Urban and Rural Constructions Agricultural University of Hebei,
Baoding , P.R.China 071001
lihongwei@hebau.edu.cn
Orientate Exactly, Develop the Characteristic Industrial Park
Industrial parks around the region should choose their owe ecoindustrial development model, according to the stupid characteristics
advantages, such as resources, the sources of energy supply condition,
history and foundation of industrial development, human resources and
as well as traditional culture, and so on.
Organize Experts to Have the Demonstration.
The planning of EIP must be demonstrated in many ways by various
experts. The planning, which does not meet the norms of EIP, is not
approved and passed. To the existing EIP, which does not according with
standard, we should re-plan and re-design it to regulate operations in
accordance with the law of Industrial Ecology and the requirements of
the EIP of China.
Diunduh dari:
www.seiofbluemountain.com/search/detail.php?id=3714………….1/1/2013
RESEARCH ON ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK PLANNING
IN CHINA
LI Juan LI Hongwei
College of Urban and Rural Constructions Agricultural University of Hebei,
Baoding , P.R.China 071001
lihongwei@hebau.edu.cn
As an effective way to achieve the cycle economics, EIP is a new topic
in China, and there is no mature experience for drawing lessons to it.
The planning of EIP needs to be improved in the exploration, which
requires us conclude the experience and find out problems as early as
possible in the developing of EIP.
Of course, at the same time, we must study the successful experience of
abroad, with China’s specific national conditions and characteristics of
industrial, research the pilots of EIP, and then extend the EIP on this
basic and enable China's industrial park on the road of sustainable
development.
This paper summarized the existing problems in the planning of EIP in
China, furthermore, advance some targeted manners to solve the
problems, such as conducting a feasibility analysis, flexible planning
concept, implementing preferential policies, as well as orientating
exactly and developing the characteristic industrial park and so on,
looking forward to providing a reference for the EIP in China, which is
facing the cycle economics.
Diunduh dari:
www.seiofbluemountain.com/search/detail.php?id=3714………….1/1/2013
THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL
PARKS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and
Technology, P.R.China, 264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
Currently, industrial ecology system is still in the black-box
analysis stage, which means that analysis of the inherent
structures and function of the system remain fairly shallow. The
conceptual model of eco-industrial parks is set up according to
the natural ecosystem.
The model comprises of (1) definition of species in an ecoindustrial park, (2) the structure and function of an eco-industrial
system, (3) the classification of the enterprises as producers,
consumers, decomposers, and (4) the interactions of each
component in an eco-industrial park. Methodology is very
important for researching eco-industrial parks, and some analysis
tools are in brief specialized, i.e. the network analysis, life-cycle
assessment, input-output analysis, emergy analysis, industrial
metabolism, and mass balance and material flow accounting.
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL
PARKS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and
Technology, P.R.China, 264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
The Conceptual Model of an Eco-industrial Park
The conceptual model is set up according to the natural
ecosystem. The comparison of natural ecosystem and industrial
systems as well as the use of the principles of ecosystems in an
eco-industrial park is common for two new rapidly emerging
scientific fields in sustainable development research. In the
model each enterprise cooperates into an eco-industrial park, and
the enterprise is considered as a living organism. Each enterprise
has its own metabolism, so we must pay focus on the principles
of mass and energy flow. But symbiotic relationships in an ecoindustrial system are controlled by each enterprise not natural
power, in this model, there are 3 types of interactions: positive,
neutral and negative are classified, which properly reflect the
relationships existing nature (1).
1. Ewa L.B., Marcin B., Andrzej M., Andrej D.. The conceptual model of an
eco-industrial park based upon ecological relationship. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 2009(17):732~741.
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL
PARKS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and
Technology, P.R.China, 264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
The ecosystem
Natural ecosystem including plant, animal, microbe and environment is
a functional ecological unit. Ecosystem has two main components, i.e.
community and habitat, the former is defined as the total living biotic
components of an ecosystem, whereas the latter refers to a place where
species normally reside and is often described in terms of physical
features.
The members of the industrial community can be described as “living
organisms” because they need food, i.e. substrates, energy of renewable
or non-renewable sources and have simple or complicated industrial
metabolism. The eco-industrial system makes two kinds of products.
The first kind of products is the desired products of market value. The
second group of products is by-products, i.e. waste. Some by-product
can be potentially used as an input material for another enterprise within
the recycling of substance. What is the “habitat” of the eco-industrial
system?
The industrial habitat comprises of a certain area with the infrastructure
and resources. We believe that the habitat of the eco-industrial should
include area, water, energy information and transportation, some of
which don’t exist in the natural habitat.
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL
PARKS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and
Technology, P.R.China, 264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
The eco-industrial system: The theoretical basis of an eco-industrial
system
Actually there are many close relationships between industrial ecosystems and nature. For
example, the original materials of industrial ecosystems come from natural system. The
wastes from industrial ecosystem leak into the natural world. Therefore every industrial
ecosystem has three inherent issues, i.e. exhaustion, stagnancy and the final products. The
main goals of a good ecological industrial are to minimize the ecological exhaustion and
stagnancy and maximize the quantity and optimize the quality of final products (1)
In the resource exploitation, when the output from a system is much higher than the input
into it, which is far away from the minimum cost for restoring its damaged function, an
ecological exhaustion will happen. On the other hand, when the input of a system far exceeds
its output, resulting in an excessive quantity of materials and energy leaking into the
environment, an ecological stagnancy will happen. The exhaustion, stagnation and final
products of an eco-industrial system are affected by the input and output of the industrial
species within the whole system. Traditionally, there are three levels of species in natural
ecosystems according to the function of the species and the structure, i.e., autotrophs,
heterotrophs and decomposers. And the food chains of natural ecosystem transport the food
and energy among different component species. Similar to natural ecosystems, according to
the function and the position in industrial ecosystem the substances in industrial ecosystem
include three parts: raw materials, the medium product or waste, and the final product. We
can categorize the three parts into basal species, intermediate species and top species
respectively. In the paper, the basal species refers to the raw materials, and the intermediate
species refers to the medium product and waste, and the top species refers to the final product
in the industrial ecosystem.
1.
Ewa L.B., Marcin B., Andrzej M., Andrej D.. The conceptual model of an eco-industrial
park based upon ecological relationship. Journal of Cleaner Production,
2009(17):732~741.
Diunduh dari:
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL
PARKS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and
Technology, P.R.China, 264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
Definition of the industrial species
Industrial species is defined as all the materials participating in chemical
reactions in one industrial ecosystem (the materials only participating in physical
reactions are not included). According to the position and function in the
industrial production wet species can be divided into basal species, intermediate
species and top species. Basal species are the virgin materials for production
from nature, which may supply the basic and important nutrition source for the
industrial system. Intermediate species are those products processed from raw
materials that would be processed into final products.
Top species are those products processed from basal and intermediate species that
cannot be further processed into other products and are sold in society. Mass and
energy flows differ in the industrial ecosystem in comparison to natural system.
This is contributed to the fact that some living organisms, i.e. producers, may
utilize the unlimited energy source (solar energy), transforming it into organic
compounds, which are ultimately the energy source for consumers and
decomposers. The later, by means of mineralization of organic matter, finally
supply inorganic substances for producers. However, most energy, which was
earlier bound by producers, is lost.
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL
PARKS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and
Technology, P.R.China, 264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
. The concept of diversity in an eco-industrial system
Diversity in an eco-industrial system can be seen as crucial for ecosystem
survival (1).
Ecosystems either adapt to their internal scarcity by optimizing the use of the
scarce resource through diversity or are flexible and able to adapt to changing
environmental conditions. Templet defined diversity in economic systems as the
number of sectors using energy and the equitability of the energy flows between
them. Ring used diversity in ecosystems and economic systems to show the
information flows. Diversity can denote, as in this paper, the number of different
actors involved in an industrial ecosystem. It is important to study the actors,
because they mobilize the roundput vs. throughput flows. Diversity can create
possibility for increasing connectedness and cooperation in waste and by-product
utilization within ecosystems and within industrial ecosystems (2).
The IE hypothesis is that diversity could contribute to IE in that when one firm
departs from the recycling system, the system recovers through diversity as some
other actors fulfils its recycling or waste raw material supplying role (3).
1.
2.
3.
Ring,I.. Evolutionary strategies in environmental policy. Ecological Economics,
1997(23): 237 ~250.
Korhonen,J.. Four ecosystem principles for an industrial ecosystem. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 2001(9):253~259.
Ahvenainen, J.. Understanding industrial ecology from a biological systems perspective.
Total Quality Environment Management, 1992:343~354.
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS AND
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology, P.R.China,
264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
The network analysis of eco-industrial parks
The network analysis of an eco-industrial park originated from the economic
analysis of monetary flows. Hannon first applied economic input-output analysis
to investigate the distribution of ecological flows in an ecosystem.
Since Patten and Finn first published their papers on the analysis of flows in
ecological networks (2), there have been many studies of methods for and
applications of ecological network analysis. Ecological network analysis is
currently one of the important methods for exploring the interactions between an
ecosystem’s structure and functions. The method can quantitatively analyze the
direction of ecological flows and the interactions among them in an ecological
network, and thus reveal the integrity and complexity of ecosystem behaviors.
Ecological network analysis has been widely applied to study natural ecosystem
(1).
Network structure establishes the pathways (direct and indirect) over which
conserved material can flow between entities in connected systems (3).
The relationship between pathway numbers and length is a critical component of
this structure because it describes how quickly indirect pathways increase, and
with this also, proportional opportunities for material to move and for positive
“nonzero-sumness” to be realized in a well-connected system, the number of
pathways in a network increases (4).
1.
2.
3.
4.
[5]. Zhang Y., Yang Z., Yu X. Ecological network and emergy analysis of urban metabolic systems:
model development, and a case study of four Chinese cities. Ecological Modeling, 2009, 220: 1431~
1442.
[10]. Finn,J.T.. Measure of ecosystem structure and function derived from analysis flows. Journal of
Theoretical Biology, 1976, 56(2):363~380.
[11]. Fath, B.D., Patten, B. C.. Review of the foundations of network environment analysis. Ecosystem,
1999(2):167~179.
[12]. Fath, B.D., Patten, B. C.. Network synergism: emergence of positive relations in ecological
systems [J]. Ecological Model, 1998(107):127~143.
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology,
P.R.China, 264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
Life-cycle assessment
LCA is an analytical tool for an environmental management for using to quantify
impacts of products, processes and services. An ISO standard has been
developed for LCA that provides a framework, terminology and some
methodological choices. It comprises a life cycle inventory phase (LCI), life
cycle impact assessment and an interpretation stage. The approach is intrinsically
holistic in nature and considers direct and, ideally, related processes and hidden
flows of raw materials and intermediate inputs, and waste and other materials and
energy outputs associated with the entire existence or product chain or system.
The use of LCA has also evolved in the development of different approaches
based on the concept of life cycle thinking that is accounting impacts and effects
in all the phases of the life cycle.
Such approaches include life cycle cost analysis and life cycle design, among
many others. The LCA procedure often involves a comparison of a small number
of substitutable products assumed to provide a similar consumption service.
Initiatives have also been taken to develop best available practice of LCA
application. As an analytical approach, LCA can be used both as a descriptive
tool and a change-orientated.
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology,
P.R.China, 264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
Input-output analysis
The input-output analysis is based on a detailed accounting of the transacting
between different sectors of the economy: the producing sectors (also called
industries), the household sector, the government sector and the rest of the world.
The input-output analysis has been improved by many researchers in different
fields for the sake of the conflicts between economic and environment. Physical
input-output table (PIOT) measures all delivers in physical units, such as million
tons.
PIOT seems to become an important tool in input-output analysis, in fields where
material flows and their links are paramount, such as in environmental, resource
and energy economics. PIOT allows national-level analysis that extends upon
conventional input-output methodology and classifications to incorporate
environment resource and waste output sectors to provide measures of physical
flow of materials and goods within the economic system and between the
economic system and the nature environment.
The PIOT method traces how nature resources enter, are processed, and
subsequently as commodities, are moved around the economy, used, and finally
returned to the natural environment in form of residuals.
PIOT undertakes the detailed investigation of physical flow of environmental
resources inputs and commodity weights and residuals, and given this
intersectoral specification and transactions matrix structure, has the ability to
evaluate the cumulative environmental burden of private consumption and other
final demand for the products of different industries.
Currently, PIOT has been applied to describe the eco-industrial system, especially
to assess the environmental effect of the production and utilization phases of
products.
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology,
P.R.China, 264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
Emergy analysis
Emergy in terms of embodied energy was first presented in 1983 by Odum (1).
Emergy was used by Odum to evaluate the work previously done to make a
product or service, which was described as the available energy (exergy) of one
kind previously required to be used up directly and indirectly to make the product
or service. It represents all the work given by the environment to sustain a certain
system and produce a certain level of output.
Emergy, specially, Solar Emergy, is “the available solar energy used up directly
and indirectly to make a service or product”. Emergy analysis considers all
systems as the networks of energy flow and determines the energy value of the
streams and systems involved. Emergy analysis presents an energetic basis for
quantification or valuation of ecosystems’ good or services. Emergy attempts to
assign the “correct” value to products and services based on a theory of energy
flow in systems ecology. Since the early 1980s, emergy and emergy analysis have
been used widely to analyze systems as diverse as ecological, industrial, and
economic. Unfortunately, like many groundbreaking ideas, emergy has
encountered a lot of resistance and criticism, particularly from economists,
physicists, and engineers. Consequently, it has not been used much outside a
small circle of researchers. This limited use of emergy analysis despite its broad
relevance may be due to inadequate attention to details, poor communication of
its potential importance, and lack of clear links with related concepts in other
disciplines. However, much more work is needed to connect emergy with
concepts in other disciplines and to overcome a preconceived negative notion of
emergy that is prevalent among many researchers outside of systems ecology .
1.
Odum H T. Environmental accounting: emergy and decision making. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, 1996:290~370.
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology,
P.R.China, 264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
Industrial metabolism
The concept of industrial metabolism was presented by Ayres in 1988
(1) .
He considers “metabolism of industry” as “the whole integrated
collection of physical progress that convert raw materials and energy,
plus labor, into finished products and wastes…”. The main goal of
industrial metabolism studies is to gain improved knowledge and to
understand the societal uses of natural resources and their total impacts
on the environment. The basic idea of industrial metabolism is to
analyze the entire flow of materials, identify all possible emission
sources and assess the effects associated with these flows.
1.
Ayres, R.U., Simonis, U.E.. Industrial metabolism: restructuring for sustainable
development. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994:198~245.
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology,
P.R.China, 264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
Mass balance and material flow accounting (MFA)
The MFA approach aims to reveal the fundamental nature of system source of
flows and provides an overview of the structural nature of the material basis of
economies. It is an important tool in all kinds of investigations where it is
important to follow material fluxes. An essential principle of MFA is that of
“materials balance” in order to derive consistent and balanced measures of
material inputs and outputs across the economy-environment system boundary.
The approach has also incorporated the identification and quantification of
physical flows of “bulk” material categories within at least a limited number of
subsystem components of the economic region under study.
MFA includes different methods, which have their different objects in focus.
Three types are mentioned here: Material Intensity per Unit Service (MIPS),
Total Material Requirement (TMR) and Substance Flow Analysis (SFA).
MFA has been widely used by researchers, for example, Ayres applied this
approach to study on heavy metals in river basins; Frosch and Gallopoulos on
PVC plastic, iron, and platinum in the U.S. economy; Ayres et al. on global
carbon and nitrogen; and Thomas and Spiro on global lead and cadmium.
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THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS AND
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LI Zhongcai
The College of Management and Science, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology, P.R.China,
264005
Lzc2004620@sohu.com
This paper formulates the concept of an eco-industrial park mimicking
the natural ecosystem in order to find a new path of sustainable
development in the industrial practice.
The conceptual model is set up according to the natural ecosystem. The
model comprises of :
1. Definition of species in an eco-industrial park,
2. The structure and function of an eco-industrial system,
3. The classification of the enterprises as producers, consumers,
decomposers,
4. The interactions of each component in an eco-industrial park.
At the same tine, this paper analyzes the methodology of researching
eco-industrial parks, including :
1. The network analysis,
2. Life-cycle assessment,
3. Input-output analysis,
4. Emergy analysis,
5. Industrial metabolism
6. Mass balance and material flow accounting (MFA).
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POSITIVE ANALYSIS ON THE MODES OF THE ECOINDUSTRIAL CHAINS IN CHINA’S ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
Zheng Ji-liang, Yang Lin
Faculty of Management & Economics,
Kunming University of Science & Technology, P.R.China, 650093
Eco-industrial chains are the key and basis to build Eco-industrial Parks.
Eco-industrial chain is the ecological agglomeration of industries with
the aims to promote the exchange of by-products and waste, and the step
usage of energy and wastewater.
It is not a long time for China to build Eco-industrial Parks, but some
modes of building Eco-industrial chains have been shaped.
Through the positive analysis on the modes of the Eco-industrial chain
in China’s Eco-industrial Parks, it is expected to sum up some
experiences and patterns in order to provide theoretical reference for the
construction of Eco-industrial Parks.
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POSITIVE ANALYSIS ON THE MODES OF THE ECOINDUSTRIAL CHAINS IN CHINA’S ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
Zheng Ji-liang, Yang Lin
Faculty of Management & Economics,
Kunming University of Science & Technology, P.R.China, 650093
Eco-industrial Parks and Eco-industrial chains
Based on the principle of ecology, industrial ecology, and Eco-economics, Eco-industry is a
complex mode of industrial development with multi-layer, multi-structure, and multifunction, which applies modern science and technology to transfer industrial waste as usable
materials, and realizes the recycled production and intensive management.
The Eco-industrial Park is a man-made compound Eco-industrial system where Ecoindustries are constructed in a limited area to realize the Eco-agglomeration of industries. In
an Eco-industrial Park, the relationship of industrial symbiosis and metabolism is built, and a
kind of industrial symbiosis organization is shaped to link enterprises for sharing resources
and exchanging by-products. In the industrial symbiosis organization, according to the
different roles played by each enterprise, the enterprises are divided into three types, which
are producer, consumer, and decomposer or reductor.
The enterprises of producer produce the direct consumer goods or the primary products for
other enterprises to use as raw materials. The enterprises of consumer use the products from
the enterprises of producer to produce the final products or mid products for society.
The enterprises of decomposer decompose the by-products or waste from the process of
production and the end-of-life products, extract or reduce useful materials, and provide them
for other enterprises as regenerated materials. The enterprises in a scope of area, imitating the
producer, consumer and decomposer in a natural Eco-system, will form an Eco-industrial
chain, which acts as the enterprises’ alliance based on the resources link (including material,
by-product, information, capital and talented person) to promote cycle flow of resources in
the area [1].
Through the exchange of by-products and waste, the step usage of energy and wastewater
and the sharing of infrastructure among the members, the enterprises on the Eco-industrial
chains may progress coordinately both in the economical benefit and environmental benefit..
1.
Wang Zhaohua, Yin Jianhua, Wu Chunyou, Research on the structure model of the Ecoindustrial chain in the Eco-industrial parks (in Chinese), China Soft Science, no.10,
p149-152, 2003.
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POSITIVE ANALYSIS ON THE MODES OF THE ECOINDUSTRIAL CHAINS IN CHINA’S ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
Zheng Ji-liang, Yang Lin
Faculty of Management & Economics,
Kunming University of Science & Technology, P.R.China, 650093
The principles to promote Eco-industrial Parks in China (1):
1. Balanced distribution, from point to area. The main thinking in the promotion
of Eco-industrial Parks in China is to choice firstly some places where there
is a superiority in resources, industrial development and Eco-industrial basis
for the construction of the different types of exemplary Eco-industrial Parks.
The exemplary Eco-industrial Parks are distributed separately in the eastern,
central and western part of China with overall consideration, and attach
importance to the exemplary instruction on the similar industry or area.
2. Selecting the appropriate mode of Eco-industrial Parks. China has a vast
territory. There is a big difference in the industrial development between
areas. The construction of Eco-industrial Parks should be carried out
according to the advantage and basis of the industry and area, in order to
make full use of the local resources or district superiority. It is an appropriate
way to work out the specific promoting strategy and build an Eco-industrial
Park with its own characteristics.
1.
Luo Hong, Meng Wei, Ran Shenghong, Theory and practice about Eco-industrial Parks
(in Chinese), Chemical Industry Press, p136-139, 2004.
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POSITIVE ANALYSIS ON THE MODES OF THE ECOINDUSTRIAL CHAINS IN CHINA’S ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
Zheng Ji-liang, Yang Lin
Faculty of Management & Economics,
Kunming University of Science & Technology, P.R.China, 650093
The industrial selection in the development of Eco-industrial Parks
in China
In light of pollution intensity, the industries are divided into three kinds in China,
that is the industry with heavy pollution, with mid-intensive pollution, and with
light pollution.
Since the industries with heavy pollution and mid-intensive pollution take up a
great part of proportion, these industries are in the great necessity for pollution
prevention and ecological development.
The industries with heavy pollution include papermaking, sugar refining,
chemical industry, mining, ore dressing, metal smelting, electric power, building
materials etc.
The industrial selection of Eco-industrial Parks in China focus firstly on the
industry with heavy pollution to launch the testing projects, such as Guigang
sugar refining Eco-industrial Park, Shihezi papermaking Eco-industrial Park,
Baotou aluminium industry Eco-industrial Park, Baotou steel industry Ecoindustrial Park, Lubei chemical industry Eco-industrial Park, Fushun mining
industry Eco-industrial Park, and etc.
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POSITIVE ANALYSIS ON THE MODES OF THE ECOINDUSTRIAL CHAINS IN CHINA’S ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
Zheng Ji-liang, Yang Lin
Faculty of Management & Economics,
Kunming University of Science & Technology, P.R.China, 650093
Analysis on the structure and industrial symbiosis network of
Eco-industrial Parks
The structural theory of industrial park
Markusen (1996) gave four kinds of typical industry district from the angle of the
structure (1).
1. Marshallian district: the agglomerating district of small and medium
enterprises.
2. Hub-and-spoke district: a core enterprise is taken as the center.
3. Satellite platform district: the agglomerating district of enterprises’
subdivision whose headquarter is outside there.
4. Complex district: including the above three types of industry districts.
1.
Wang Jizi. Innovative spaces: enterprise clusters and regional development (in Chinese).
Beijing University Press, p156-157, 2001.
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POSITIVE ANALYSIS ON THE MODES OF THE ECOINDUSTRIAL CHAINS IN CHINA’S ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
Zheng Ji-liang, Yang Lin
Faculty of Management & Economics,
Kunming University of Science & Technology, P.R.China, 650093
The industrial symbiosis network of Eco-industrial Parks (1)
The industrial symbiosis network is the main organizational form for the
cooperating companies in an Eco-industrial Park. Wang Zhaohua (2005)
proposed four types of representative operating patterns of industrial symbiosis
network with the reference to the trend of Eco-industrial Parks across the world.
1. Relying on oriented industrial symbiosis network. It is an industrial
symbiosis network formed relying on the core enterprises, which may be
subdivided into two types according to the number of the core enterprises.
The first is called as the relying on oriented industrial symbiosis network
with single-center; the second the relying on oriented industrial symbiosis
network with multi-center.
2. Equaling oriented industrial symbiosis network. There is no relying
relationship in the network.
3. Nesting oriented industrial symbiosis network. It is a complex network,
which absorbs the advantages of the above two networks. It is composed of
several large companies which draw many other small or medium enterprises
through business relationship to form the nesting network.
4. Virtual oriented industrial symbiosis network. It is the pattern of cooperating
companies beyond the constraint of district.
1.
Wang Zhaohua, Yin Jianhua. Research on operation pattern of industrial symbiosis
network in Eco-industrial parks (in Chinese). China Soft Science, no.2, p80-85, 2005.
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POSITIVE ANALYSIS ON THE MODES OF THE ECOINDUSTRIAL CHAINS IN CHINA’S ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
Zheng Ji-liang, Yang Lin
Faculty of Management & Economics,
Kunming University of Science & Technology, P.R.China, 650093
Analysis on the structure and industrial symbiosis network of Ecoindustrial Parks in China
The Eco-industrial Park is a special kind of industrial park. Considering the factors of
industry, comprehensiveness, remaking and new building, Eco-industrial Parks in China may
be divided into three representative types.
1. The Eco-industrial Parks of industry type, such as sugar refining Eco-industrial Park and
etc.
2. The remaking comprehensive Eco-industrial Parks, which is remade or upgraded from
the existed industrial parks.
3. The new building comprehensive Eco-industrial Parks, such as Huangxing (Hi-tech)
Eco-industrial Park, Nanhai (environment protection) Eco-industrial Park.
The Eco-industrial Parks of industry type have a core company generally. It belongs to the
hub-and-spoke district, where the relying on oriented industrial symbiosis network with
single-center is formed around one Core Company. For example, the Core Company of
Guigang Eco-industrial Park is Guigang Sugar Group.
The new-building comprehensive Eco-industrial Parks have the characteristics of
Marshallian district, owing to the agglomeration of small and medium enterprises according
to its multi-industry development planning, where the equaling oriented industrial symbiosis
network and the virtual oriented industrial symbiosis network are formed.
In the remaking comprehensive Eco-industrial Parks, there exist lots of enterprises, the
industrial communities with multi-core enterprises are shaped, and many transnational
corporations are attracted there to set up their satellite enterprise.
Therefore, they appear to be the complex district, where the relying on oriented industrial
symbiosis network with multi-center or the nesting oriented industrial symbiosis network
may be formed gradually depending on the Eco-industrial chain relationship inside and
outside the industrial communities.
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POSITIVE ANALYSIS ON THE MODES OF THE ECOINDUSTRIAL CHAINS IN CHINA’S ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
Zheng Ji-liang, Yang Lin
Faculty of Management & Economics,
Kunming University of Science & Technology, P.R.China, 650093
Analysis on the modes of Eco-industrial chains in Eco-industrial
Parks in China
The modes of building Eco-industrial chains are relevant to the type, structure
and industrial symbiosis network of Eco-industrial Parks.
THE ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS OF INDUSTRY TYPE
The Eco-industrial chains in the Eco-industrial Parks of industry type are built on
the basis of local resources and around the key business of the core enterprise.
Here we take Guigang Eco-industrial Park as an example, which are
representative of this kind of Eco-industrial Parks, to discuss the mode of
building Eco-industrial chains.
Guigang City, Guangxi province, is an important base of sugarcane, which are
the distinctive resources and the basis for the local economical development.
Guigang Eco-industrial Park covers almost the whole Guigang City, based on
Guigang Sugar Group including five sugar refineries. It takes the opportunity of
building Eco-industrial chains to regulate the sugar industrial structure and
decrease the environmental pollution. And it aims to collect nearly all the waste
from all sugar refineries in Guangxi province, which are located within 300
kilometer around Guigang City, into the park for treatment and reuse. This may
produce great social benefit.
Two basic Eco-industrial chains are formed in the park based on sugar refineries.
1. Sugarcane→sugar refining→papermaking with bagasse
2. Sugar refining→ethyl alcohol refining from sugar honey→compound
fertilizer production with the waste ethyl alcohol
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POSITIVE ANALYSIS ON THE MODES OF THE ECOINDUSTRIAL CHAINS IN CHINA’S ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
Zheng Ji-liang, Yang Lin
Faculty of Management & Economics,
Kunming University of Science & Technology, P.R.China, 650093
The remaking comprehensive Eco-industrial Parks
Here is the example of Eco-industrial chain building in Tianjin Eco-industrial Park in Tianjin
ETDA. Utill the end of 2002, there were 3,518 foreign enterprises, and over 10 thousand
national enterprises in Tianjin ETDA.
The agglomeration of lots of enterprises comes to form 4 kinds of industries: electronic
communication, mechanical manufacturing, medical and chemical industry, and food and
drink industry.:
1. The Eco-industrial chains in the electronic and informational industrial community
Around Motorola Corp. and Samsung Electronic Corp., there are over 300 auxiliary
enterprises in the Park or in the neighbour district which produce about 400 kinds of
necessary products, such as components and parts, LED, battery, mould plastics parts
etc. Owing to the short distance, high speed transportation and communication system,
the energy consumption, waste and cost are all decreased.
2. The Eco-industrial chains in the food industrial community
Dingxin Group, around its famous product “Kangshifu” snack noodle, sets up a
complete system of material flow, energy flow, and information flow. Each enterprise of
the Group takes the idea of ecological design, cleaner production and environmental
management into its purchasing, production, products and services. With the principle of
co-existence and mutual benefit among enterprises in the Group, a flexible structure of
Eco-industrial chain is brought into being.
3. The Eco-industrial chains in the automobile manufacturing industrial community
There are two automobile factories in the Park. The product metabolism chain around
automobile comes into a shape. The coordinate development between the automobile
manufacturing industry and the electronic and informational industry appears. Based on
such, the Eco-industrial net may come to form.
4. Vein industry
As to waste metabolism, the vein industries, such as medium water for recycling and
new soil sources, is maturing. The integrated water sources system promotes the recycle
of water, optimizes the water structure in the park, and improves the water quality. The
new soil source engineering not only solves the problems of environmental pollution of
solid waste, but also improves the local soil structure, and increases the bearing capacity
of the soil sources. The industrialization of these two projects have gained both
environmental and economical benefit for the park.
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POSITIVE ANALYSIS ON THE MODES OF THE ECOINDUSTRIAL CHAINS IN CHINA’S ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
Zheng Ji-liang, Yang Lin
Faculty of Management & Economics,
Kunming University of Science & Technology, P.R.China, 650093
The new building comprehensive Eco-industrial Parks
Huangxing Eco-industrial Park is a new building one, based on Changsha area,
Hunan province. It aims to develop Hi-tech industries, including electric industry,
new material and environmental protection industry. The Park plans to introduce
three types of enterprises, that is the producer, the consumer, and the decomposer.
34 enterprises and over 10 virtual enterprises are chosen as the members of the
initial Eco-industrial system. In the 34 enterprises, 15 enterprises act as producer,
11 enterprises act as consumer, and 8 enterprises act as decomposer. Ecoindustrial chains in 3 industrial communities are planned to form, and the zero
waste unit of Yuanda air conditioner group is planned also.
1.
2.
3.
The chain between the electric industry and the environmental protection industry
Yuanda air conditioner factory in the electric industry creates a large amount of metal
waste in the process of production, which are retrieved by a hardware factory in the
environmental protection industry. Of them, good waste materials are used to produce
small parts, waste iron chippings and shavings are used to produce water treatment agent
for the wastewater treatment plant in the Park, or to produce other chemical products.
The chain between the new material industry and the electric industry
The incendiary-prevent agent factory in the new material industry produces incendiaryprevent agent, which is provided as the additive for the plastic factory. The product of
incendiary-prevent plastics is sold to the factories of electrical home appliance or
integrated circuit to produce incendiary-prevent plastic shell. The foam nickel produced
in the new material industry becomes the material for the battery factory in the electric
industry to produce the new type of nickel-hydrogen battery.
The chain between the new material industry and the environmental protection industry
The plastics retrieving department in the new material industry will send waste plastics
to the green adhesive factory in the environmental protection industry to produce
adhesive.
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PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
Scarcity of resources and environmental quality degradation stimulated
government policy toward a new concept of Eco-Industial Park in
managing and developing industrial estate in Indonesia.
For applying the concept of EIP need conducted measurement of recent
industrial estate status to EIP.
This Article aim to develop a measurement instrument and to measure
some selected industrial estates. Measurement using developed
instrument indicate that most industrial estastes have low status.
The low status is generally influenced by the lowering of value at
enviromental management and product exchange indicators..
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PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
Konsep Eco Industrial Park
Eco Industrial Park (Sering disingkat dengan EIP atau diterjemahkan kedalam
bahasan Indonesia dengan Kawasan Industri Berwawasan Lingkungan) sebagai
sekumpulan pabrik atau bisnis jasa (a community of manufacturing and service
businesses) yang berlokasi di suatu kawasan, dimana masing-masing pengelola
pabrik/bisnis jasa berkerjasama dalam pengelolaan lingkungan dan sumberdaya
untuk memperoleh performa lingkungan, ekonomi dan sosial yang prima
(enhanced environmental, economic, and social performance)(1).
Definisi yang lebih sederhana EIP adalah sistem industri yang direncanakan
terjadi pertukaran material dan energi untuk meminimalkan pemakaian bahan
baku dan energi, limbah dan membangun ekonomi yang berkelanjutan, menjaga
ekologi dan membangun hubungan sosial(2).
Pengembangan EIP didasarkan pada kebutuhan untuk meminimalisasi limbah
yang dihasilkan oleh kegiatan industri sedini mungkin sekaligus meningkatkan
kinerja perekonomian perusahaan/industri dan tanggap terhadap lingkungan
(sosial) sekitarnya.
1.
2.
Lowe, Ernest A. 2001. Eco-industrial Park Handbook for Asian Developing Countries,
Report to Asian Development Bank, October 3, China Chemical Industry Press, p. 1~12.
Anonim. 2006. Studi Pengembangan Eco Industrial Park Di Indonesia, Pusat
Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lingkungan Hidup dan Energi, Balitbang
Departemen Perindustrian, Jakarta, hal.26
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PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
Beberapa kelebihan pengembangan EIP antara lain adalah :
1. Meningkatkan keunggulan kompetitif industri karena peningkatan efisiensi,
sehingga mampu menghasilkan produk yang kompetitif.
2. EIP akan mampu mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan. Hal ini karena EIP
memungkinkan dikuranginya sumber-sumber pencemaran karena adanya
efisiensi dan kerjasama dalam pemanfaatan sumberdaya.
3. Peningkatan performa ekonomi industri yang berpotensi untuk meningkatkan
kinerja perekonomian masyarakat. Hal ini disebabkan dengan membaik
kondisi perusahaan maka perusahaan memungkinkan untuk lebih dapat
menyerap tenaga kerja dan pembukaan sub-sub kontrak yang baru untuk
perusahaan kecil di sekitarnya..
Pengembangan EIP membutuhkan perencanaan dan pengambilan keputusan yang
kompleks dan terpadu antar bidang yang terkait dengan pengembangannya.
Kesuksesan pengem-bangan EIP sangat tergantung pada keberhasilan kerjasama
antar pemerintah (public agencies), perencana profesional, kontraktor dan
perusahaan yang berada di kawasan tersebut. Ketidakmampuan untuk mengatasi
fragmentasi antar stakeholder EIP merupakan sumber kegagalan utama bagi
pengembangan EIP (1).
1.
Lowe, Ernest A. 2001. Eco-industrial Park Handbook for Asian Developing Countries,
Report to Asian Development Bank, October 3, China Chemical Industry Press, p. 1~12.
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PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
Proyek pengembangan EIP dibagi ke dalam 3 kelompok dasar. Pembagian
kedalam tiga kategori tersebut berguna dalam pengelolaan EIP, walaupun dalam
kasus-kasus tertentu ketiga kategori tersebut dapat saling bertampalan
(overlapping). Ketiga kelompok dasar tersebut adalah (1):
1. Eco-Industrial Park or estate (EIP) adalah kawasan industri yang
dikembangkan dan dikelola untuk memperoleh sebuah kawasan bisnis yang
excellence karena diperoleh keuntungan-keuntungan di bidang ekonomi,
lingkungan dan sosial.
2. By-product Exchange (BPX) adalah sekumpulan perusahaan yang bekerja
sama untuk saling menggunakan kembali produk atau material yang berupa
(energi, air dan bahan lain) daripada membuangnya sebagai limbah.
3. Eco-industrial Network (EIN) adalah sekumpulan perusahaan yang
bekerjasama untuk memperbaiki performa lingkungan, ekonomi dan sosial
pada suatu kawasan.
1.
Lowe, Ernest A. 2001. Eco-industrial Park Handbook for Asian Developing Countries,
Report to Asian Development Bank, October 3, China Chemical Industry Press, p. 1~12.
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PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
Penyusunan Instrumen Pengukuran Status Kawasan
Industri Terhadap EIP
Instrumen pengukuran dikembangkan dengan penerapan metode AHP
untuk mengukur status kawasan industri terhadap EIP.
Langkah-langkah pengukuran tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :
(1). Penyusunan struktur variabel status kawasan industri
terhadap EIP
Struktur ini meliputi penetapan indikator-indikator dan perumusan variabel
variabel untuk pengukuran serta hirarki masing-masing variabel tersebut.
Struktur variabel kinerja pelayanan publik tersebut akan disusun dalam 3 hirarki.
Ketiga hirarki tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Hirarki Pertama; berupa tujuan dari analisis ini yaitu pengukuran status
kawasan industri terhadap EIP. Hirarki pertama ini mempunyai nilai 1.
2. Hirarki Ke dua; berisi tiga indikator (kelompok variabel) utama untuk
pengukuran status kawasan industri terhadap EIP. Ketiga indikator tersebut
adalah (1) Pengelolaan Lingkungan Kawasan Industri (PG-LINK) (bobot
0,088), (2) Pengembangan Jejaring Antar Industri (IND-NET) (bobot 0,243)
dan (3) Pertukaran Produk Antar Industri (PROD–EX) (bobot 0,699).
3. Hirarki Ke tiga; berisi rumusan variabelvariabel yang akan digunakan pada
masing-masing indikator pengukuran. Jumlah variabel yang digunakan
dalam pengukuran ini berjumlah 15 variabel. Pereincian variabel-variabel
tersebut adalah 6 variabel pada indikator pengelolaan lingkungan, 5 variabel
pada pengembangan jejaring antar industri, dan 4 variabel pada pertukaran
produk antar industri.
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PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
Kelimabelas variabel tersebut adalah :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Persentase ruang terbuka hijau (RTH),
Lebar rata-rata Buffer Zone (LBZ),
Penerapan Konsep Produksi Limbah Nol (CZW),
Monitoring sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan (MSDAL),
Audit Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (ASDAL),
Konservasi Ekologi di Kawasan Industri (KEKI),
Penerapan Konsep Kluster Industri (CCI),
Kerjasama Prasarana Lingkungan di Kawasan Industri (KPLKI),
Kerjasama Produksi Antar Industri di Kawasan Industri (KPIKI),
Kerjasama Antar industri dengan UKM/Masyarakat Sekitar (KIUMSKI),
Keterkaitan Industri di Kawasan Industri (KIKI),
Pertukaran Bahan Antar Kawasan Industri (PBMKI),
Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Energi Industri dengan kerjasama di Kawasan Industri
(EPEIKI),
14. Penghematan Air di Kawasan Industri dengan kerjasama pemanfaatan di
Kawasan Industri (PAAIKI),
15. Pemanfaatan sumberdaya sisa oleh Masyarakat sekitar Kawasan Industri
(PSDSM).
Diunduh dari: ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/.../425 ………….1/1/2013
PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
Penentuan bobot masing-masing variabel
Pada setiap hirarki, masing-masing kriteria/variabel tersebut akan dibandingkan
tingkat kepentingannya. Perbandingan ini untuk mendapatkan bobot relatif
masing-masing kriteria tersebut. Penilian tingkat kepentingan kriteria tersebut
diwujudkan dalam pemberian skor 1 sampai 9.
Berdasarkan penilaian tingkat kepentingan tersebut, selanjutnya akan dihitung
bobot masing-masing kriteria dengan menggunakan rumus yang dikembangkan
oleh Eigen yang berupa nilai Eigen (Eigen value).
Perhitungan nilai Eigen ini akan dihitung dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak
Expert Choiche versi 9 (EC versi 9).
Perangkat. Lunak EC versi 9, ini sekaligus akan dapat menghitung tingkat
konsistensi dari penilaian tingkat kepentingan masingmasing kriteria. Tingkat
konsistensi ini diwujudkan dalam nilai rasio inkonsistensi (Inconsistency Ratio).
Apabila nilai rasio inkonsistensi lebih kecil dari 0,1 maka penilaian tingkat
kepentingan tersebut dapat diterima.
Perhitungan Bobot masing-masing variabel pada masing-masing hirarki dihitung
dengan menggunakan EC versi 9. Perhitungan bobot juga secara otomatis akan
menghitung Rasio Inkonsistensi (RI). Hasil perhitungan bobot tersebut akan
dapat diterima bila nilai RI < 0,1. Hasil perhitungan bobot tersebut Tabel berikut
ini.
Diunduh dari: ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/.../425 ………….1/1/2013
PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
Bobot Masing-Masing Variabel Pengukuran Status Kawasan
Industri Terhadap EIP (Hasil Analisis 2006)
NAMA VARIABEL
Persentase ruang terbuka hijau
Lebar rata-rata Buffer Zone
Penerapan Konsep Produksi Limbah Nol
Monitoring sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan
Audit Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan
Konservasi Ekologi di Kawasan Industri
Penerapan Konsep Kluster Industri
Kerjasama Prasarana Lingkungan di Kawasan Industri
Kerjasama Produksi Antar Industri di Kawasan Industri
Kerjasama Antar industri dengan UKM/Masyarakat Sekitar
Keterkaitan Industri di Kawasan Industri
Pertukaran Bahan Antar Kawasan Industri
Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Energi Industri dengan kerjasama
di Kawasan Industri
Penghematan Air di Kawasan Industri dengan kerjasama
pemanfaatan di Kawasan Industri
Pemanfaatan sumberdaya sisa oleh Masyarakat sekitar
Kawasan Industri
Rasio Inkonsistensi
NOTASI
RTH
LBZ
CZW
MSDAL
ASDAL
KEKI
CCI
KPLKI
KPIKI
KIUMSKI
KIKI
PBMKI
BOBOT
0,00591
0,00803
0,03443
0,01634
0,01634
0,00690
0,08950
0,01367
0,04085
0,04085
0,05776
0,25103
EPEIKI
0,08368
PAAIKI
0,08368
PSDSM
0,25103
0,00000
Diunduh dari: ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/.../425 ………….1/1/2013
PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
. Penentuan nilai
skor masingmasing variabel
Langkah berikutnya dalam penilaian kinerja pelayanan publik adalah penentuan
nilai skor masing-masing kriteria pada hirarki ketiga. Nilai skor ini akan disusun
dengan nilai 1, 2 dan 3. Urutan skor tersebut menunjukkan nilai yang berturutan,
dimana nilai 1 menunjukkan yang terendah, sementara nilai 3 menunjukkan nilai
skor yang paling tinggi.
Pemberian nilai skor ini memperhatikan halhal sebagai berikut :
1. Hubungan/korelasi antara variabel dengan tingkat kinerja pelayanan publik.
Korelasi tersebut dapat positif dan negatif. Hubungan positif berarti bahwa
semakin besar nilai variabel, maka semakin besar pula kinerja pelayanan
publik. Sebaliknya hubungan negatif menunjukkan semakin besar nilai suatu
variabel maka kinerja pelayanan publik semakin rendah.
2. Nilai skor masing-masing variabel ditetapkan berdasarkan pada standar
perencanaan kawasan industri. Apabila nilai variabel tersebut kurang dari
yang ditetapkan di standar perencanaan, maka diberi nilai 1, apabila sama
dengan standar Diberi nilai 2, dan apabila lebih besar dari standar
perencanaan diberi nilai 3.
3. Apabila variabel kinerja pelayanan minimum tersebut belum memiliki
standar pelayanan minimum, maka digunakan nilai rata-rata nasional atau
nilai rata-rata dari variasi data yang dikumpulkan.
Nilai skor masing-masing variabel disajikan dalam Tabel-2 berikut ini.
Diunduh dari: ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/.../425 ………….1/1/2013
PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
Nilai Skor Masing-Masing Variabel Pengukuran Status Kawasan
Industri Terhadap EIP (hasil analisis 2006).
Diunduh dari: ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/.../425 ………….1/1/2013
PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
. Perhitungan total skor
Berdasarkan bobot, skor masingmasing kriteria selanjutnya dilakukan
perhitungan total skor. Selanjutnya total skor tersebut ditentukan klasifikasi
tingkat kinerja. Klasifikasi tingkat kinerja ini akan ditetapkan ke dalam tiga
klasifikasi, yaitu rendah, sedang dan tinggi
Penghitungan total skor dilakukan pada kabupaten/kota sampel. Perhitungan total
skor dilakukan dengan penjumlahan perkalian antara bobot dan nilai skor
masing-masing kriteria. Formula pengitungan total skor tersebut adalah :
SkorTot = Σ Bobot Ki . Skor Kix x 10
Dimana: SkorTot = Skor Total Kinerja Pelayanan; Bobot Kix = Bobot Kriteria i
pada daerah x; Skor Kix = Skor Kriteria i pada daerah x.
Diunduh dari: ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/.../425 ………….1/1/2013
PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
. Klasifikasi Status Pengukuran Kawasan Industri terhadap
EIP
Berdasarkan total skor yang diperoleh maka kemudian ditentukan status kawasan
industri terhadap EIP Ideal. Status kawasan industri tersebut diklasifikasikan ke
dalam 3 tingkatan, yaitu rendah, sedang dan tinggi. Klasifikasi tersebut diperoleh
dengan menghitung interval dari total skor. Perhitungan interval tersebut
menggunakan rumus :
SkorTot Maks– SkorTot Min
Interval (Int) = ————————————
3
Berdasarkan nilai interval tersebut maka ditetapkan tingkat status kawasan
industri terhadap EIP ideal. Berdasarkan perkalian skor dan total tersebut maka
akan didapat total skor berkisar pada nilai 10 dan 30. Berdasarkan skor total
tersebut maka disusun status kawasan industri terhadap EIP. Klasifikasi status
tersebut adalah :
1. Rendah, apabila total skor < 16
2. Sedang, apabila total skor17 – 23
3. Tinggi, apabila total skor > 24.
Diunduh dari: ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/.../425 ………….1/1/2013
PENGUKURAN STATUS KAWASAN INDUSTRI
TERHADAP KONSEP ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK
Hermawan Prasetya
Pusat Pengkajian Peningkatan Daya Saing Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
J.Tek.Ling. 2007. 8 (1) : 6-14
Status Kawasan Industri Terhadap EIP di Indonesia
Kawasan industri terpilih yang dijadikan sampel pengukuran status EIP, rata-rata
sudah beroperasi selama 15 tahun. Kawasan industri yang paling lama beroperasi
adalah SIER dengan lama operasi 32 tahun, sementara kawasan industai KABIL
merupakan kawasan industri yang paling baru, dengan lama operasi 3 tahun.
Pengukuran status kawasan industri terhadap EIP dilakukan dengan mengalikan
bobot dan nilai skor masing-masing variabel sehingga di dapat nilai total skor.
Berdasarkan total skor tersebut, maka ditetapkan statusnya sebagaimana rentang
nilai total skor. Dari nilai total skor ini dapat diketahui bahwa dari semua
kawasan industri terpilih tersebut, tidak terdapat kawasan industri yang
mempunyai status tinggi. Sebagian besar kawasan industri terpilih hanya
mempunyai tingkat rendah (61,5 %). Sisanya (sebasar 38,5 %), kawasan industri
yang terpilih berstatus sedang.
Selanjutnya apabila dilihat status kawasan industri per indikator, maka dapat
dilihat bahwa untuk indikator Pengelolaan Lingkungan (PG-LINGK) dan
Pertukaran Produk (PROD-EX) rata-rata mempunyai nilai yang kurang dari 50 %
dari nilai maksimal. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ratarata kawasan industri yang
terpilih mempunyai kelemahan dalam pertukaran produk dan pengelolaan
lingkungan.
Diunduh dari: ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/.../425 ………….1/1/2013
Research on industrial symbiosis patterns in Eco-industrial Park
based on Industrial Ecology theory
Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM), 2010
International Conference on Date of Conference: 22-24 Oct. 2010
Wang Zhaohua
Sch. of Manage. & Econ., Beijing Inst. of Technol., Beijing, China
Volume: 7 Page(s): V7-669 - V7-672
. Applying the theory of Industrial Ecology, the paper conducts a
comparable research on the industrial symbiosis in the process of
establishment of Eco-industrial Park (EIP). Through the analysis
of the two examples: Kalundborg Eco-park in Denmark and
Guitang Eco-park in China, we put forward two industrial
symbiosis operational patterns: Individual Entity Symbiosis and
Comprehensive Entity Symbiosis. On the basis of the above
analysis, the paper draws several operating rules about the two
symbiosis patterns, and gives some countermeasures to the
establishment of the EIP in China.
Diunduh dari:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp;jsessionid=2yH1QvJCGj11YYtqXnyTNGGxb2ZhjV0fWXm
8wZgGpnSkBQhmMsLD!10518043?arnumber=5619429&contentType=Conference+Publications………….1/1/2013
Multiobjective Optimization Model for Industrial Ecosystem Based
on Input-Output Analysis: A Case Study of Combined Heat and
Power Plant Eco-industrial Park
Du Jing (Dalian Univ. of Technol., Dalian)
Management Science and Engineering, 2007. ICMSE 2007.
International Conference on Date of Conference: 20-22 Aug. 2007
Page(s): 1316 - 1321
The operation of Industrial Ecosystem (IES) should benefit both
profitable and environmental objectives. There should be some
quantitative relationships between the two objectives among
different sectors of IES. For specifying these relationships,
Leontief Input-Output(I-O) analysis is an effective economic
method. The framework of IES's 1-0 analysis is developed in this
paper that denotes both the value of production and the
consumption of environmental resources. Based on the analysis,
a multiobjective optimization model is proposed which gives
attention to the economy and environment at the same time and
the feasible solution procedure is provided. The case study of a
Combined Heat and Power(CHP) eco-industrial park further
confirms that the model will play an important role in the
decision-making and evaluating of IES.
Diunduh dari:
………….1/1/2013
Eco industrial parks: a tool towards the reduction, reuse and
recycling (3R’s) of by-products and wastes: case study in Paracambi
EIP, Rio de Janeiro State
L. B. Elabras Veiga, A. Magrini & A. S. Szklo
.
This paper presents the Eco Industrial Park (EIP) concept, an environmental
management tool that is being spread in many nations as an industrial model that
can reconcile the three “Es” of sustainability – environment, social equity and
economic efficiency – as it reorganizes industrial practices and activities in order
to meet sustainable development goals.
This mutual benefit results in more sustainable communities and environment, in
the reduction of pollution, by products and waste discarded in the environment,
increasing companies’ competitiveness and access to new markets.
Although this is an emerging concept, there are many EIP projects being
implemented, and many of them already operating in North America, Europe,
Asia, Central and South America, including in Rio de Janeiro State (RJS), Brazil.
This paper highlights the problem of waste generation increase from the
industrial sector.
All over the world, economic growth has increased resource consumption and
environmental degradation.
Industrialization brought wealth and development; however it has also brought
many externalities.
One of these externalities is the high level of by products and waste discarded by
societies, being disposed in the environment without proper treatment and
management. The objective of this paper is to present how EIPs can contribute to
the reduction, reuse and recycling (3R’s) of by products and waste from the
industrial sector.
As a case study, this paper presents the Paracambi EIP, located in RJS, in which
the methodology of the software Facility Synergy Tool (FaST), developed by the
US-EPA, was a major tool used in order to develop by products and waste
synergies among the different industrial typologies suggested for this EIP.
Diunduh dari:
Industrial Ecology and Eco-Industrial Parks: Principles and
Practice
Ramona Florina D. Popescu
University of Pitesti - Faculty of Economics
June 5, 2008
The International Scientific Session "Challenges of the Knowledge Society",
organised by "Nicolae Titulescu" University and University of Bucarest,
Bucarest, Romania .
Industrial ecology and eco-industrial parks are two concepts with
a relatively recent history that have been gaining more and more
interest among specialists and authorities in their search for
sustainable development. The paper presents the two concepts
and explains the relation between them, with an emphasis on the
theoretical nature of the first and the practical nature of the latter.
The author indicates the goals of industrial ecology and shows
how such goals may be put into practice through projects such as
eco-industrial parks. The article reviews a part of the recent
literature and studies regarding eco-industrial parks, and points
out the limits concerning the applicability of industrial ecology's
principles. As a final part, the author pleads for the study of
industrial ecology in universities, especially in the developing
countries.
Diunduh dari:
BONOLI, A. and ANDTONDELLI , S. (2007)
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ECO-INDUSTRIAL
PARKS.
In: Eleventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 1-5
October 2007, S.Margherita di Pula - Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.
The research investigates waste management criteria for setting
new eco-industrial parks, by developing a requirement system for
selecting and assessing the industries to be localised in an ecoindustrial park by a pilot application in a new industrial area
called Raibano, in the Rimini province. Starting from the site
analysis and its economic characterisation, the waste
management system in the province and the municipalities
involved by the development are considered, in order to identify
the possible options for the reuse of second raw materials. The
developed methodology can be reproduced in other sites and it
represents a support for municipal and provincial planning,
because it supplies objective criteria for the configuration of ecoindustrial parks, which could be useful for the negotiation with
private sectors operators..
Diunduh dari:
http://warrr.org/226/………….1/1/2013
A Theoretical Framework for the Management of Industrial Ecosystems
Leonardo de Q. B. Cavalcante 1, Raymond P. Côté 2,
José C. L. da Silva Filho 3, Monica C. S. de Abreu 4
1, 3, 4 Faculdade de Economia e Administração (FEAAC), Universidade Federal do Ceará
2 School for Resource and Environmental Studies (SRES), Dalhousie University
Faculdade de Economia e Administração (FEAAC), Universidade Federal do Ceará,
Avenida da Universidade 2486, Fortaleza CE, 60020-180, Brasil, Phone: +55 (85) 3366 7790
School for Resource and Environmental Studies (SRES), Dalhousie University,
6100 University Avenue, Suite 5010, Halifax NS, B3H 4R2, Canada, Phone: +1 (902) 494 3632
raymond.cote@dal.ca, lazaro@ufc.br, mabreu@ufc.br, leonardodequeiroz@gmail.com
An alternative to organizations to drive industrial systems to a more sustainable path is to
stimulate the process of eco-industrial development (EID). By that means, there will be the
creation of win-win relationships between business organizations and local communities and
the improvement of economic, social and environmental performances. Although EID is a
strategic initiative for translating the theories and approaches of industrial ecology (IE) into
practice, the researchers of this field have been working without a good theoretical
connection with the fields of organization studies and contemporaries management theories,
particularly one that copes with corporate governance of eco-industrial parks (EIP). Three
factors work together to the lack of organizational and management issues in the field of
industrial ecology (IE): (1) the mechanistic viewpoint of industrial ecosystem, (2) the technoenvironmental approach to industrial ecosystem and (3) the lack of social science
contribution to industrial ecology. Due to such factors, IE has deficiencies concerning
strategic management which restrict the incorporation of the approaches of industrial
symbiosis and eco-industrial development (EID) into managerial practices. Whenever EID
has been tangential to the corporate level strategy, industrial symbioses are not supported by
prerequisite investments, such as management, measurement, and accountability systems as
well as skilled staff for overall synergism. As a result, the implementation of industrial
symbioses is isolated, fragmented, and uncoordinated. Moreover, it is deficient in
quantitative standards for the evaluation of the sustainability performance. All those features
generate various problems during the establishment of an eco-industrial network, such as:
technological, economic, informational, cultural, organizational and regulatory. Therefore,
most eco-industrial parks (EIP) are far from reaching all of their objectives respecting
sustainability. For avoiding such problems, it is necessary to accomplish the incorporation of
the concepts of eco-industrial development into corporate level strategy of business
organizations pertaining to an industrial ecosystem. This process requires a special kind of
management system which could translate the EID concepts into action. Without governance
at industrial ecosystem level, the alignment between EID concepts and companies will not be
effective. Consequently, the opportunity to create value through eco-industrial development
can be missed..
Diunduh dari: www.cern.org.cn/abstract/006.pdf ………….1/1/2013
A Theoretical Framework for the Management of Industrial Ecosystems
Leonardo de Q. B. Cavalcante 1, Raymond P. Côté 2,
José C. L. da Silva Filho 3, Monica C. S. de Abreu 4
1, 3, 4 Faculdade de Economia e Administração (FEAAC), Universidade Federal do Ceará
2 School for Resource and Environmental Studies (SRES), Dalhousie University
Faculdade de Economia e Administração (FEAAC), Universidade Federal do Ceará,
Avenida da Universidade 2486, Fortaleza CE, 60020-180, Brasil, Phone: +55 (85) 3366 7790
School for Resource and Environmental Studies (SRES), Dalhousie University,
6100 University Avenue, Suite 5010, Halifax NS, B3H 4R2, Canada, Phone: +1 (902) 494 3632
raymond.cote@dal.ca, lazaro@ufc.br, mabreu@ufc.br, leonardodequeiroz@gmail.com
In order to develop a theoretical framework for the management of industrial ecosystem, it
was applied a process of building theory from case study research according to Eisenhardt
(1989; 2007). A priori constructs were selected for providing better grounding of construct
measures. In this way, 44 variables are distributed along five macro variables: (1)
development of industrial ecosystem strategy; (2) alignment management; (3) industrial
symbiosis management; (4) accountability management; and (5) system adaption
management.
Theories and hypotheses were not taken in consideration for preserving theoretical flexibility.
Based on a theoretical sampling, focusing efforts on a theoretically useful case, it was
selected an industrial ecosystem developed by Natura Cosméticos S.A., a cosmetic firm
based on socio-biodiversity products that figured as the number two on 2012 Global 100 List.
This industrial ecosystem has special characteristics due to its location, nearby natural
essences suppliers, at the Amazon Rainforest, in the North Region of Brazil.
For strengthening grounding of theory by triangulation of evidence, multiple data collection
methods were employed: (1) semi-structured interview with managers of Natura and its
suppliers; (2) documental research; (3) direct observation without participation.
The preliminary theory generation was done through an iterative tabulation of evidence for
each construct, sharpening construct definition, validity, and measurability. The internal
validity was built by searching evidence for reasons behind relationships between constructs.
Afterwards, the preliminary theory was compared with both conflicting and similar literature.
Such process builds internal validity, raises theoretical level, and sharpens construct
definitions and generalizability.
Diunduh dari: www.cern.org.cn/abstract/006.pdf ………….1/1/2013
A Theoretical Framework for the Management of Industrial Ecosystems
Leonardo de Q. B. Cavalcante 1, Raymond P. Côté 2,
José C. L. da Silva Filho 3, Monica C. S. de Abreu 4
1, 3, 4 Faculdade de Economia e Administração (FEAAC), Universidade Federal do Ceará
2 School for Resource and Environmental Studies (SRES), Dalhousie University
Faculdade de Economia e Administração (FEAAC), Universidade Federal do Ceará,
Avenida da Universidade 2486, Fortaleza CE, 60020-180, Brasil, Phone: +55 (85) 3366 7790
School for Resource and Environmental Studies (SRES), Dalhousie University,
6100 University Avenue, Suite 5010, Halifax NS, B3H 4R2, Canada, Phone: +1 (902) 494 3632
raymond.cote@dal.ca, lazaro@ufc.br, mabreu@ufc.br, leonardodequeiroz@gmail.com
QUITE BRIEF INSIGHT ABOUT THE RESULTS
It is a challenge to translate the concept of eco-industrial development into practice. For
doing so, EID projects should be bottom-up, voluntary, long-term and triple bottom line
oriented. Also, they should be based on more communication than technology in order to
shorten distances between companies pertaining to industrial ecosystem. In general, EID
projects should follow two stages: (1) building awareness of industrial symbiosis; (2)
creation of IS solutions by companies themselves.
Their effectiveness requires the employment of corporate governance based on a
management system made up of five subsystems:
1. Development of industrial ecosystem strategy,
2. Alignment management,
3. Industrial symbiosis management,
4. Accountability management, and
5. System adaption management.
These five management subsystems are applied recursively to create increasingly
community, cooperation, interaction, efficiency, resources and system.
CONCLUSIONS OF THE WORK:
The proposed theoretical framework for the management of industrial ecosystem is not
exhaustive. This remains open to new discoveries and must be systematically checked with
new data. As new managers involved in EID projects are heard and new data on other
industrial ecosystems are collected, the proposed theoretical framework could be refined and
not simply rejected, if discrepancies are found. Furthermore, it could evolve into a
management framework for eco-industrial parks (EIP).
Diunduh dari: www.cern.org.cn/abstract/006.pdf ………….1/1/2013
A Generalized Framework and Methodology for Product Planning
in Eco-Industrial Parks
Shi Lei1,*, Zheng Donghui2, Shen Jingzhu2, Li Yourun2, Qian Yi1,
(1 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, 100084, China
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China)
A product planning framework and methodology for Ecoindustrial Parks (EIPs) was studied. Following the discussion of
guiding principles, a generalized framework was firstly proposed
on how to obtain a sustainable product system. Then, an
integrated product planning methodology was set up for a given
EIP. Finally, the methodology was applied illustratively to a real
EIP project.
The conception of EIP is still evolving, and the standardized one
has not yet gained. According to the United States President’s
Council on Sustainable Development (1996), an EIP can be
considered to be an industrial system of planned materials and
energy exchanges that seeks to minimize energy and raw
materials use, minimize waste, and build sustainable economic,
ecological and social relations.
Diunduh dari: http://www.chinacp.org.cn/newcn/chinacp/iccppaper-22.htm
A Generalized Framework and Methodology for Product Planning
in Eco-Industrial Parks
Shi Lei1,*, Zheng Donghui2, Shen Jingzhu2, Li Yourun2, Qian Yi1,
(1 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, 100084, China
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China)
.. Guiding principles of product planning
According to Stanley (1999), industrial ecology is an approach
based upon systems engineering and ecological principles that
integrate the production and consumption aspects of the design,
production, use and termination (decommissioning) of products
and services in a manner that minimizes environmental impact
while optimizing utilization of resource, energy, and capital.
Following the ideas behind industrial ecology, Hanssen (1999)
has developed a systematic structure for Environmentally Sound
Product Development by integrating environmental performance,
customer quality and life cycle economy in decision-making.
Four main strategies for product system improvements were
mentioned:
1. Reformulating user requirements, to find new innovative
solutions beyond the scope of today’s product systems;
2. Improvement in the performance of the product system, in
relation to user requirements;
3. Substitution of the whole product system, or
substitution/elimination of parts of the system;
4. Optimization of the processes and operation of each system
unit or in the interaction between system units.
Hardin Tibbs (1992) provided a more detailed framework with
Diunduh dari: http://www.chinacp.org.cn/newcn/chinacp/iccppaper-22.htm
seven elements
for industrial ecology:
A Generalized Framework and Methodology for Product Planning
in Eco-Industrial Parks
Shi Lei1,*, Zheng Donghui2, Shen Jingzhu2, Li Yourun2, Qian Yi1,
(1 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, 100084, China
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China)
Product planning framework
Analysis of the flow of materials used in an economic
system, the way they are used and the impact of their use on the
environment could form the corner stone for product planning,
and then generate criteria on the basis of which one could plan
products development work in an EIP. Fig. 1a shows the material
flow model made up of three subsystems: processes (production
system), products, and society (consumption system). Here, the
product system is highlighted because of its roles in bridging the
production and consumption systems. The production system
takes in new materials from the natural donor, and generates both
products and wastes. Some wastes are reused by the production
system itself, and the remaining are discarded into the natural
acceptor. The products enter the consumption system, and are
then discharged with three different terminals: some are reused
without any modifications; some are recycled into the production
system; and the remaining has to be thrown into the natural
acceptor.
Diunduh dari: http://www.chinacp.org.cn/newcn/chinacp/iccppaper-22.htm
A Generalized Framework and Methodology for Product Planning
in Eco-Industrial Parks
Shi Lei1,*, Zheng Donghui2, Shen Jingzhu2, Li Yourun2, Qian Yi1,
(1 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, 100084, China
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China)
From the Fig. 1a, the economic, environmental and social
performances of the product system depend on the feedstocks
from the Nature, the way of production, the way of consumption,
the ratio of waste reuse/recycling, and the product in itself. In
Fig. 1b, we present a possible framework within which the five
influencing factors above are discussed. A sustainable product
system can be achieved by taking the following 5 paths:
①
the dematerialization of products (replacing resources
by services and techniques, such as information techniques,
nano-techniques, molecular manufacturing, and so on);
②
the greening of products (alternatives of forbidden
products, bio-degradatable products, recyclable products, and
other environmental benign products);
③
the greening of processes (energy integration, mass
integration, the green catalysis system, the non-solvent reaction
system, the mild reaction system, and so on);
④
the greening of feedstocks (alternating or reducing
toxics use, replacing minerals by biomass); and,
⑤
the resourcelization of wastes (waste reclamation
techniques).
By applying the product life cycle ideas in DFE and considering
all aspects of product improvements in Green Chemistry,
therefore, the framework with 5 product improvement paths
Diunduh dari: http://www.chinacp.org.cn/newcn/chinacp/iccppaper-22.htm
provides
a holistic and systematic way of product planning.
A Generalized Framework and Methodology for Product Planning
in Eco-Industrial Parks
Shi Lei1,*, Zheng Donghui2, Shen Jingzhu2, Li Yourun2, Qian Yi1,
(1 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, 100084, China
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China)
Fig.1a The material flow in economic
system
Fig.1b Product planning framework
Diunduh dari: http://www.chinacp.org.cn/newcn/chinacp/iccppaper-22.htm
A Generalized Framework and Methodology for Product Planning
in Eco-Industrial Parks
Shi Lei1,*, Zheng Donghui2, Shen Jingzhu2, Li Yourun2, Qian Yi1,
(1 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, 100084, China
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China)
.. Product planning methodology for EIPs: an application
procedure
In the above Section, a conceptual framework for product
planning is outlined. Now we give an application procedure to
illustrate how to apply the framework systematically to real
product planning in an EIP.
Take the Shenjia EIP project being carried out as an example. An
application procedure of the product planning methodology
includes the following steps:
Step 1: construct the remaining products set by excluding the
forbidden products (mainly due to international, governmental,
and regional regulations) from the existing products set;
Step 2: construct extended products set by adding the regionplanned products to the remaining products set;
Step 3: based on the extended products set, construct the product
superstructure following the 5 paths included in the framework
above;
Step 4: decrease the products superstructure through the
convergency analysis of resources and technology;
Step 5: decrease further the products superstructure through the
marketing prediction analysis;
Step 6: decrease finally the products superstructure through the
compatibility analysis with the existing process system in the
EIP. Diunduh dari: http://www.chinacp.org.cn/newcn/chinacp/iccppaper-22.htm
A Generalized Framework and Methodology for Product Planning
in Eco-Industrial Parks
Shi Lei1,*, Zheng Donghui2, Shen Jingzhu2, Li Yourun2, Qian Yi1,
(1 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, 100084, China
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China)
.. The main idea behind this procedure lies in: a products
superstructure is firstly constructed following the guiding
principles of product planning (Step 1- Step 3), then a dominant
product system is identified under constraints in consideration,
such as resource scarcity, technical feasibility, market prediction,
compatibility with existing system, and so on (Step 4- Step 6).
Therefore, the dominant product system provides a strong base
for guiding how to attract enterprises, as well as the site planning
and mass integration in the EIP. It needs to pay attention that we
should construct the product superstructure on a larger level (at
least on the same level) than the EIP in consideration. In this
case, the product superstructure is based on the Quzhou region
level because the Shenjia EIP is still in the cradle and its existing
product system is interlinked so strongly with other parks.
In Step 3, how to apply the 5 improvement paths to constructing
the product superstructure is the most critical. Generally
speaking, the existing steady-going product system is basically
balanced with its surrounding resources, markets, and social
environment except for some man-made disastrous interruption,
which makes us to focus on its backbone product series. In the
case, 7 product series have been identified in Quzhou region:
agricultural fertilizers, inorganic salts, nitrogenous organic
compounds, halogenide products (mainly chlorochemicals and
Diunduh dari: http://www.chinacp.org.cn/newcn/chinacp/iccppaper-22.htm
fluorochemicals),
benzene derivatives, silicochemicals, and
The application of industrial ecology principles and planning
guidelines for the development of eco-industrial parks: an
Australian case study
Brian H Roberts
Centre for Developing Cities, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT
2601, Australia
Journal of Cleaner Production DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.037
Eco-industrial parks (EIPs) provide a basis for applying the
concept of industrial ecology. In Australia, eco-industrial parks
are new and are being considered by state governments as a way
of achieving more sustainable industrial development. However,
for many firms, local government and communities, industrial
ecology is a concept that is misunderstood and treated with
suspicion. This paper uses research undertaken to investigate the
application of industrial ecology to ensure more sustainable
industry development in the State of Queensland, Australia, to
develop a set of principles and planning guidelines for use by
governments to facilitate the development of eco-industrial parks.
Synergy Park, 22 km west of Brisbane, is Australia’s first
planned eco-industrial park to be built. The planning and
development of this eco-industrial park was a significant
challenge to the developer and public agencies concerned with
this project. The case study presented in this document provides
useful lessons and advice for planners and developers involved
with the planning and development of eco-industrial parks.
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