Anda & Proses P&P
Perbincangan Ringkas!
Oleh
Kamaludin Ahmad
MPTI 2006
Anda
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Apakah persepsi Anda terhadap sesuatu
proses P&P?
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Apakah perkara yang Anda lihat dalam
sesuatu proses P&P?
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Apakah yang Anda harapkan hasil dari
sesuatu proses P&P
Anda

Apakah pengangan (prinsip) Anda
supaya anda dapat menjelaskan dan
memberi komen terhadapa sesuatu
proses P&P?
Anda & Proses P&P

Apa pandangan Anda! Bagaimana
sesuatu proses P&P seharusnya
berlaku!

Kenapa Anda berpendapat
sedemikian? Beri alasan yang wajar!
Teori Pembelajaran
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What is a theory?
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A theory provides a general explanation for observations
made over time.
A theory explains and predicts behavior.
A theory can never be established beyond all doubt.
A theory may be modified.
Theories seldom have to be thrown out completely if
thoroughly tested but sometimes a theory may be widely
accepted for a long time and later disproved.

(Dorin, Demmin & Gabel, 1990)
Rekabentuk Pengajaran (ID) – Cuma
Model

What is a model?
– A model is a mental picture that helps
us understand something we cannot
see or experience directly.
(Dorin, Demmin & Gabel, 1990)
Teori Pembelajaran Dalam Rekabentuk
Pengajaran (ID)
Jonassen:
– "...a constructivist design process should be concerned with designing
environments which support the construction of knowledge, which ..."
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Is Based on Internal Negotiation
Is Based on Social Negotiation
Is Facilitated by Exploration of Real World Environments and Intervention
of New Environments
Results in Mental Models and provides Meaningful, Authentic Contexts for
Learning and Using the Constructed Knowledge
Requires an Understanding of its Own Thinking Process and Problem
Solving Methods
Modeled for Learners by Skilled Performers but Not Necessarily Expert
Performers
Requires Collaboration Among Learners and With the Teacher
Provides an Intellectual Toolkit to Facilitate an Internal Negotiation
Necessary for Building Mental Models
The Assumptions of Constructivism
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knowledge is constructed from experience
learning is a personal interpretation of the world
learning is an active process in which meaning is developed on
the basis of experience
conceptual growth comes from the negotiation of meaning, the
sharing of multiple perspectives and the changing of our
internal representations through collaborative learning
learning should be situated in realistic settings; testing should
be integrated with the task and not a separate activity
–
(Merrill, 1991, in Smorgansbord, 1997)
Proses P&P

Seharusnya satu proses yang dialami oleh
murid2 dalam persekitaran yang disediakan
oleh guru, supaya murid2 dapat bertindak
aktif (fizikal dan minda) dan seterusnya
mereka dapat belajar, untuk menghasilkan
makna, terhadap kefahaman, dan membina
konsep apa yang dipelajari
Perkara Utama dalam Proses P&P

Bagaimana murid belajar dan dapat/boleh
belajar

Dapat mencipta makna terhadap
kefahamaan dan membina konsep!

Bagaiman perkara diatas akan dan boleh
berlaku?
Pegangan/Prinsip Anda

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Sebagai seorang guru Teori Pembelajaran
seharusnya menjadi pegangan / panduan
Anda untuk melihat bagaimana sesuatu
perlakuan itu berlaku dalam sesatu
fenomena.
Apa Teori Pembelajaran yang Anda pegang
dan guna pakai untuk membina proses P&P?
Adakah Anda memerlukan Teori
We Need Theories
First, it helps us to envision new worlds. Few of us need
help envisioning new worlds in the midst of the hype and
exuberance of online learning proponents that flood the
popular press, but we do need theory to help us envision
how education can best take advantage of the enhanced
communication, information retrieval, and management
capability provided by the Net. It is all too easy to consider
new innovations in a “horseless carriage” manner, and to
attempt to develop new actions based on old adaptations
to obsolete contexts.
We Need Theories
Second, a good theory helps us to make things. We
need theories of online learning that help us to invest
our time and limited resources most effectively.
There are many opportunities, but always a critical
shortage of resources, a situation which demands
that we maximize the efficiency of our development
and delivery efforts. This book contains a number of
chapters with particular recommendations and
suggestions for online course development and
teaching. It is hoped that this chapter provides a
theoretical “big picture” that will help make sense of
these specific recommendations.
We Need Theories
Third, Wilson argues that a good theory keeps us
honest. Good theory builds upon what is already
known, and helps us to interpret and plan for the
unknown. It also forces us to look beyond day-to-day
contingencies and to ensure that our knowledge and
practice of online learning is robust, considered, and
ever expanding.