Summarizing
and
Citations
Part I:
Directions: Summarize the article, below, in the shaded area.
Prehistoric man ate flatbread 30,000 years ago: study
October 19, 2010
Starch grains found on grinding stones suggest that prehistoric man may have
consumed a type of bread at least 30,000 years ago in Europe, US researchers
said.
The study, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, suggested that processing starch grains, possibly grinding them into
flour, was a widespread practice across Europe, contrary to popular belief that
the Paleolithic man was primarily a meat eater.
Grains recovered from grindstones and pestle grinders at three sites in Italy,
Russia and the Czech Republic appeared to come mostly from starchy cattails
and ferns, which researchers said would provide a significant source of
carbohydrates and energy.
"The wide size range and the different morphologies of the starch grains
recovered (at two of the sites) suggest that they were used for grinding more
than one plant species and possibly for other purposes," they added.
In order to be properly digested and realize its full nutrient value, the flour
would have to be cooked after undergoing multi-step processing, including root
peeling, drying and grinding into a flour likely usable for making flatbread or
cakes.
For their study, researchers analyzed traces of wear and residue on grindstones
and other tools by microscope, and conducted experimental reconstruction of
how the tools functioned.
Italy's Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria funded the project, which also
received support from the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana.
(c) 2010 AFP
Source: "Prehistoric Man Ate Flatbread 30,000 Years Ago: Study." myfoxdc. Fox
Television Stations, 19 October 2010. Web. 20 Oct 2010.
Part II
Directions: Using the Works Cited provided, write correct in-text citations in
MLA format in the shaded box. Direct quotes, summaries and paraphrases are
noted in brackets [ ].
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text
citation. This means that the author's last name and
the page number(s) from which the quotation or
paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a
complete reference should appear on your Works Cited
page. The author's name may appear either in the
sentence itself or in parentheses following the
quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s)
should always appear in the parentheses, not in the
text of your sentence. For example:
 Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked
by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"
(263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous
overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
 Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in
the creative process (263).
Both citations in the examples above,
(263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers
that the information in the sentence can
be located on page 263 of a work by an
author named Wordsworth. If readers
want more information about this source,
they can turn to the Works Cited page,
where, under the name of Wordsworth,
they would find the following information:
 Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads.
London: Oxford U.P., 1967. Print.

For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly
journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal
word or phrase (usually the author’s last name)
and a page number. If you provide the signal
word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to
include it in the parenthetical citation.
 Human beings have been described by Kenneth
Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3). Human
beings have been described as "symbol-using
animals" (Burke 3).
 These examples must correspond to an entry that
begins with Burke, which will be the first thing
that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry
in the Works Cited:
 Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action:
Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley:
U of California P, 1966. Print.




When a source has no known author, use a
shortened title of the work instead of an
author name. Place the title in quotation
marks if it's a short work (e.g. articles) or
italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays,
books, television shows, entire websites) and
provide a page number.
We see so many global warming hotspots in
North America likely because this region has
“more readily accessible climatic data and
more comprehensive programs to monitor and
study environmental change . . . ” (“Impact of
Global Warming” 6).
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/7
47/2/
Enlightenment thinking had an important influence on the writers of The
Declaration of Rights, but so, too, did the English traditions of legal and
constitutional guarantees, which includes the promise of individual liberty.
Englishman John Locke had been impacted by events of his nation during the
17th century, particularly the Glorious Revolution, and later thinkers, such as
Voltaire, held up the British system as the example to be followed despite
misunderstanding some aspects of it. A comparison between the English Bill of
Rights of 1689 and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen is
warranted.
The English Bill of Rights confirms the illegal practices of King James II: it was
“intended to remedy specific grievances of the English and provide for the
future of the monarchy, not to theorize about the nature of
humankind.” [Quote from Wilcox] Conversely, The Declaration of Rights of
Man and Citizen is a summary of Enlightenment ideals and declares men have
“natural, unalienable and sacred rights” which cannot be legally separated using
“social distinctions”; human rights, it specifies, are liberty (i.e. the right to do
whatever doesn’t harm others), property, security, and resistance to oppression
for all citizens because they are citizens. It insists these rights can only be limited
by laws applicable to citizens who created the laws via their representatives
and, therefore, the general will of the people, ideas generated from Rousseau.
Finally, The Declaration of Rights says all citizens, in their social equality, may
pursue their chosen vocation based not on class but ability, the Enlightenment
doctrine of individualism. In other words, it was a political
philosophy. [summarized from Wilcox]
An important aspect of The Declaration of Rights is that these Enlightenment
ideals were specified in a legal document. Imbued as it is with Enlightenment
thought, Rousseau’s influence is apparent. Article 3 states, “The Principle of all
Sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body not individual may
exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the
nation.” [direct quote from The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen]
Rousseau makes the point in The Social Contract that “[e]ach of us puts his
person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general
will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible
part of the whole.”
[Rousseau, The Social Contract] Rights are neither Godgiven nor do they come with birth: we have them because the rest of society
agrees we have them. In a carefully constructed balancing act, Rousseau
attempts to maximize individual liberty while maintaining order, obedience, and
societal accord. [paraphrased from Hooker]
Works Cited
“Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.” Constitution Society. N.p., n.d.
Web. 16 Sept 2008. <http://www.constitution.org/fr/fr_drm.htm>.
Hooker, Richard. “Jean-Jacques Rousseau.” The European Enlightenment.
University of Washington, 6 June 1999. Web, 16 Sept 2008.
<http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/ROUSSEAU.HTM>
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. “The Social Contract.” Liberty Library of Constitutional
Classics. N.o., n.d. Web. 16 Sept 2008.
<http://www.constitution.ord/jjr/socon_01.htm#006>.
Wilcox, William B. and Walter L. Arnstein. A History of England Vol. III : The Age of
Aristocracy 1688 to 1830. Lexington: D.C. Heath Canada, Limited, 1983.
211. Print.
Part III
Directions: Using the information provided, create a correct Works Cited page
including each of the following entries.
Sample works cited page
Works Cited
"Children And TV Violence." American Academy of Child & Adolescent
Psychiatry. Web. 07 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/children_and_tv_violence
>.
--List your citations in alphabetical order and not numbered
--Indent the second line of each citation
Magazine Article
Author(s) name as listed in title (last, first)
Title of article
Title of Publication
Date Published
Page Numbers
Medium (e.g. Print)
Stephen Fried
The Birth of a Modern Marvel
Parade Magazine
October 17, 2010
4-6
print
In Print
The magazine is very similar to the newspaper. Cite the author of the article, the
name of the article, name of the magazine, the date published, and the pages
referred to.
Format:
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical Day Month Year: pages. Medium of
publication.
Example:
Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-71. Print.
Book
Author(s) name as listed in title (last, first)
Michael Hiltzik
Title of Work
Colossus: Hoover Dam and the Making of the American Century
Edition of book
1st
Publishing City
New York
Publishing Company
Free Press
Year published
2010
Page number (s)
217-250
Medium (print, eBook)
print
In Print
The basic information of a book includes author(s), the title of the book, and the
publication information.
Format:
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of
Publication. Medium of Publication.
Example:
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print.
Web Document
Author(s) name as listed in title (last, first)
Anonymous
Title of web page (name of the specific web page or document) Dog on a Catwalk
Title of web site (name of the entire web site) Reclamation Lower Colorado Region
Date published or last revised (dd mmm yyyy) 9/10/2004
Publishing organization (name of publishing organization or owner of the site)
U.S. Department of the Interior
Date retrieved
October 16, 2010
Medium (e.g. web)
web
URL (used only when the reader probably can’t locate the source without it. Include
http://)
http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/articles/dog.html
Format:
To cite a general website:
Name of website. Editor(s) of website. Date of electronic publication.
Associated institution. Date of access <URL>.
To cite a specific article from a website:
Author(s) of internet article. "Name of internet article." Name of website.
Editor(s) of website. Date of electronic publication. Associated institution. Date
of access <URL>.

Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA
MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA
citations. Because Web addresses are not static
(i.e., they change often) and because documents
sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web
(e.g., on multiple databases), MLA explains that
most readers can find electronic sources via title
or author searches in Internet Search Engines.
For instructors or editors who still wish to require
the use of URLs, MLA suggests that the URL
appear in angle brackets after the date of access.
Break URLs only after slashes.
Aristotle. Poetics. Trans. S. H. Butcher. The Internet
Classics Archive. Web Atomic and Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 13 Sept. 2007. Web. 4
Nov. 2008. ‹http://classics.mit.edu/›.

Citing an Entire Web Site
It is necessary to list your date of access because web
postings are often updated, and information available
on one date may no longer be available later. Be sure
to include the complete address for the site.

Remember to use n.p. if no publisher name is available
and n.d. if no publishing date is given.
Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of
Site. Version number. Name of institution/organization
affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of
resource creation (if available). Medium of publication.
Date of access.
The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and
OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008. Web. 23 Apr.
2008.
Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory.
Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003. Web. 10 May 2006.
A page on a web site
For an individual page on a Web site, list
the author or alias if known, followed by
the information covered above for entire
Web sites. Remember to use n.p. if no
publisher name is available and n.d. if no
publishing date is given.
"How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com.
eHow, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2009.
An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or
Photograph)
Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date
of creation, the institution and city where the work is
housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the
Website in italics, the medium of publication, and the date
of access.
Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo
Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo National del Prado. Web.
22 May 2006.
Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art,
New York. The Artchive. Web. 22 May 2006.
--If the work is cited on the web only, then provide the name
of the artist, the title of the work, the medium of the work,
and then follow the citation format for a website. If the
work is posted via a username, use that username for the
author.
brandychloe. "Great Horned Owl Family." Photograph.
Webshots. American Greetings, 22 May 2006. Web. 5 Nov.
2009.
Podcast
Author, Compiler, Director, Editor, Narrator, Performer, or Translator
Dennis
Lambert
Title of Podcast Episode
Hoover Dam’s Bridging America
Publisher or Sponsor of Podcast
KJZZ 91.5 FM
Date published
10/15/2010
Medium (e.g. web)
web
Date retrieved
October 16, 2010
URL
http://kjzz.org/news/arizona/archives/201010/ME_HooverDamDedication
Example
Allington, Adam. "Invasive Reeds Help Treat Wastewater." The Environment
Report. 20 Nov. 2006. Great Lakes Radio Consortium. 27 Nov. 2006
<http://www.glrc.org/mp3/2006/11/20/allington_112006.mp3 >.
Parts of citation
Name of author, host or producer. "Title of podcast." Title of program. Release date.
Name of organization that sponsors the website. Date of access <Podcast URL>.
Work from a Subscription Service (accessed through a library; work from a database)
Author(s) name if available
David Wagman
Title of Article
Dam, It’s Big
Title of Publication
Power Engineering
Volume & Issue number(s)
Volume 112 Issue 8
Year Published
2008
Page Number(s)
6-6 (1 page)
Medium of publication consulted (e.g. web, CD, Database)
web
Date retrieved
October 16, 2010
Title of Database
Academic Search Premier
URL
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=17&sid=66857d26-9f17-49a9-a3a2e783c5c8d847%40sessionmgr12&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&
AN=33832778
Format:
Author. "Name of Article." Name of Original Publication Date Published: page
number. Name of the Database. Name of the service. Name of the Library or
Library System, Location. Date Accessed <URL>.
Example:
Ruparelia, Vishal. "Going to Medical School." Business Week 5 Mar. 2003: 21-34.
Proquest. Northwestern University Library, Evanston, IL. 10 May 2005
<http://www.northwestern.edu>.