 Kenya
 Deforestation
 Nigeria
 Nationalism
 South Africa
 Water Conservation
 Sudan
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 British colonial control of Kenya dates from the Berlin
Conference of 1885, when the European powers partitioned
East Africa. The British opened the fertile highlands to white
settlers, who established themselves as large-scale farmers.. The
white settler-dominated government denied the dispossessed
Africans political participation, restricted their cultivation of
cash crops such as coffee, permitted forced labor, and
maintained a “white highlands” policy that restricted the
Kikuyu, one of the largest tribes, to overcrowded reserves.
 Protest by Africans, which began in the 1920s, peaked between
1952 and 1956 with the so-called “Mau-Mau” Emergency, an
armed Kikuyu-led insurrection directed against white settler
domination and British colonial rule. Kenya became
independent on December 12, 1963 and became a republic.
 Until the unrest of 2007, Kenya had maintained
remarkable stability despite changes in its political system
and crises in neighboring countries.
 In December 2002, Kenyans held democratic and open
elections, most of which were judged free and fair by
international observers. The 2002 elections marked an
important turning point in Kenya's democratic evolution in
that power was transferred peacefully from the Kenya
African Union (KANU), which had ruled the country since
independence to the National Rainbow Coalition (Narc), a
coalition of political parties.
Current president Mwai Kibaki
 Kenya was a presidential representative democratic
republic, whereby the President was both the head of
state and head of government, and of a pluriform
multi-party system until 2008 in which the position of
Prime minister was introduced as the head of the
cabinet.
 Interactive Notebook Question:
 What form of government is Kenya today?
 Education in Kenya has been based on an 8-4-4 system
since the late 1980s, with eight years of primary education
followed by four years of secondary school and four years of
college or university. In addition to this there is a large
private school sector, which caters for the middle to upper
classes and generally follow the British school.
 Approximately 85% of children attend primary school, 24%
attend secondary school, and 2% attend higher
institutions.
 Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 75%
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industry and services: 25%
GDP - per capita: $1,700
Unemployment rate: 40%
Oil – consumption: 65,530 bbl/day
The economy is market-based, with some state-owned
infrastructure enterprises
Former British Colony
Parliamentary
Democracy
Market/Mixed
 Unitary- a form of government in which power is held by
one central authority.
 Confederation-voluntary associations of independent
states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to
certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish
some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation.
 Federal-a form of government in which power is divided
between one central and several regional authorities.
 Which one is Kenya today???? Write
your answer in your Notes.
 Autocratic-government in which one person possesses
unlimited power and the citizen has little if any role in the
government.
 Oligarchic-Government by the few, sometimes a
government in which a small group exercises control
especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has
very limited role.
 Democratic-Government in which the supreme power is
vested in the people and exercised by them directly or
indirectly.
 Which one is Kenya today????
 Write your answer in your Notes.
 Parliamentary-system of government having the real
executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members
of the legislature who are individually and collectively
responsible to the legislature. May have a Prime Minister
elected by the legislature.
 Presidential-a system of government in which the
president is constitutionally independent of the legislature.
 Which one does Kenya have today????
 Write your answer in your Notes.
 Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is
a federal republic (presidential), modeled after the U.S.
 The people of Nigeria have an extensive history, and
archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area
dates back to at least 9000 BC. The Benue-Cross River area is
thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who
spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves
between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium AD.
 Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the
eighth most populous country in the world with a
population of over 140 million.
 Nigeria became a British colony in the 1800’s as Africa
was being divided among European countries.
 Ethnocentricism, tribalism, and sectarianism have
played a role in Nigerian politics especially after
independence in 1960. Competition amongst these
three groups, the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo, has fuelled
corruption and graft.
 Nigeria has a mixed economy with some
businesses state-owned and other controlled by
private individuals.
 Years of military rule, corruption, and
mismanagement have hampered economic activity
and output in Nigeria and continue to do so, despite
the restoration of democracy and subsequent
economic reform. 2005. The GDP per head is at $692.
 Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy,
accounting for 40% of the GDP. It is the 12th largest
producer of petroleum in the world and the 8th largest
exporter.
 Mineral resources that are present in Nigeria
but not yet fully exploited are coal and tin.
Other natural resources in the country include
iron ore, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, and
arable land. Despite huge deposits of these
natural resources, the mining industry in
Nigeria is almost non-existent. About 60% of
Nigerians are employed in the agricultural
sector. Agriculture used to be the principal
foreign exchange earner of Nigeria. Perhaps,
one of the most daunting ramifications of the
discovery of oil was the decline of agricultural
sector. So tragic was this neglect that Nigeria,
which in the 1960s grew 98% of his own food
and was a net food exporter, now must import
much of the same cash crops it was formerly
famous for as the biggest exporter. Agricultural
products include groundnuts, palm oil, cocoa,
coconut, citrus fruits, maize, pearl millet,
cassava, yams and sugar cane.
 Nigeria's Delta region, home of the large oil industry,
experiences serious oil spills and other environmental
problems.
 Waste management including sewage treatment,
deforestation and soil degradation, and climate
change or global warming are the major
environmental problems in Nigeria.
 Unitary Confederation Federal-
 Which one is Nigeria today????
Write your answer in your Notes.
 Autocratic Oligarchic Democratic-
 Which one is Nigeria today????
 Write your answer in your Notes.
 Parliamentary Presidential-
 Which one does Nigeria have today????
 Write your answer in your Notes.
Former British
Colony
Federal Republic/
Presidential Democracy
Mixed
 Like so many other African
nations, South Africa
became a British colony
in the 1800’s. The lure of
gold and diamonds made
South Africa very
attractive to the European
powers.
 Natural resources: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron
ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem
diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas
 Natural hazards: prolonged droughts
 Environment - current issues: lack of rivers or lakes
requires extensive water conservation and control
measures; growth in water usage outpacing supply;
pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban
discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil erosion;
desertification
 Population: 48,782,756
Life expectancy at birth: 48
 HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 21.5%
 HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 5.3 million
 HIV/AIDS - deaths: 370,000
 Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate
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food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever and malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2008)
Ethnic groups: black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%, Indian/Asian
2.5% (2001 census)
Religions: Zion Christian 11.1%, Pentecostal/Charismatic 8.2%, Catholic 7.1%,
Methodist 6.8%, Dutch Reformed 6.7%, Anglican 3.8%, Muslim 1.5%
Languages: IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%,
English 8.2%
Literacy: 86.4%
 Country name: Republic of South Africa
Government type: Federal republic (Parliamentary
Democracy)
 Capital: Pretoria
 Suffrage: 18; universal
 Who elects the leader of South Africa?
 GDP: $9,700
 Labor force : agriculture: 9%, industry: 26%,
services: 65%
 Unemployment rate: 24.3%
Former British
Colony
Parliamentary
Democracy,
Federal Republic
Mixed
 Throughout history the area of
present day Sudan has been
transferred from Arab Empires
to various European nations.
The last European nation to
control Sudan was Great
Britain. Following Sudan’s
independence in 1953 the
country has been ravaged by
famine, corruption, crime,
and military rule (Coup
d'état).
 Natural resources: petroleum; small reserves of iron
ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver,
gold, hydropower
 Natural hazards: dust storms and periodic persistent
droughts
 Environment - current issues: inadequate supplies of
potable water; wildlife populations threatened by
excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification;
periodic drought
 Population: 40,218,456
 Life expectancy at birth: 50
 Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal
diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, African
trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been
identified in this country.
 Ethnic groups: black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%,
foreigners 2%, other 1%
 Religions: Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), Christian 5%
(mostly in south and Khartoum), indigenous beliefs
25%
 Languages: Arabic, English, Nubian, Ta Bedawie,
diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic
languages .
 Literacy: 61%
 Country name: Republic of the Sudan
 Capital: Khartoum
 Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal
 Executive branch: chief of state: President Umar
Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
 Command/Mixed economy
 GDP - per capita (PPP): $1,900
 Labor force : agriculture: 80%, industry: 7%,
services: 13%
 Unemployment rate: 18.7%
 Oil – consumption: 79,760 bbl/day
 Education is free and compulsory for children 6 to 13 years. Primary education
consists of eight years, followed by three years of secondary education. Arabic
is the main language taught in Sudanese schools. Schools are concentrated in
urban areas; many in the South and West have been damaged or destroyed by
conflict. In 2001 the estimated enrollment was 46% for primary (elementary)
and 21% of secondary students (high school). Enrollment varies widely, falling
below 20 percent in some provinces. Education at the secondary and university
levels has been seriously hampered by the requirement that most males
perform military service before completing their education.
Former British
Colony
Presidential Democracy
(Dictatorship)
Command/Mixed
 officially the Republic of South Sudan
 its current capital is Juba, which is also its largest city
 South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July
2011
 The constitution establishes a mixed presidential system of
government headed by a president who is head of state,
head of government, and commander-in-chief of the
armed forces
 Salva Kiir Mayardit, the first elected
President of South Sudan
 Since the recent independence of South Sudan,
economically little is known or has been established.
 Unitary- a form of government in which power is held by
one central authority.
 Confederation-voluntary associations of independent
states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to
certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish
some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation.
 Federal-a form of government in which power is divided
between one central and several regional authorities.
 Which one is Sudan today???? Write
your answer in your Notes.
 Autocratic-government in which one person possesses
unlimited power and the citizen has little if any role in the
government.
 Oligarchic-Government by the few, sometimes a
government in which a small group exercises control
especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has
very limited role.
 Democratic-Government in which the supreme power is
vested in the people and exercised by them directly or
indirectly.
 Which one is Sudan today???? South Sudan?
 Write your answer in your Notes.
 Parliamentary-system of government having the real
executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members
of the legislature who are individually and collectively
responsible to the legislature. May have a Prime Minister
elected by the legislature.
 Presidential-a system of government in which the
president is constitutionally independent of the legislature.
 Which one does Sudan have today???? South
Sudan?
 Write your answer in your Notes.
 A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or
regulation that restricts international trade. The barriers can take many forms,
including:
 Quotas
 Tariffs
 Embargo
 Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of
cost on trade that raises the price of the traded products. If two or more
nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a trade war
results.
 Economists generally agree that trade barriers are detrimental and decrease
overall economic efficiency, this can be explained by the theory of
comparative advantage.
A tax on goods when they cross a national border.
B. A type of protectionist trade restriction that sets a
physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be
imported into a country in a given period of time.
C. The prohibition of trade with a certain country, in order
to isolate it and to put its government into a difficult
internal situation.
A.
Embargo
Tariff
Quota
 United States Department of State
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5479.htm August 22, 2008.
 Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html
August 22, 2008.
 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf January 8, 2009.
 Faces of Sudan.
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/06/faces_of_sudan.html. January 8,
2009.