Library Workshop
Citing References & Avoiding Plagiarism
What is Plagiarism?
• Plagiarism is “the action or practice of taking someone else's work,
idea, etc., and passing it off as one's own; literary theft.”
– Oxford English Dictionary
• Plagiarism is not only mere copying of text; it also refers to using
another's ideas as one's own, regardless of the specific words or
constructs used to express that idea
• You will commit plagiarism if fail to include quotations or acknowledge
the sources in your paper
• Articles increasingly available as electronic text in Internet, has made
the physical act of copying the work of others much easier, imply
increasing risk of plagiarism
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Examples of Plagiarism
Word-to-word Copy
• Original
• Your Text: Plagiarized!
The concept of identity construction is crucial in second
language learning. English learning at the tertiary level is both a
process of acquiring language skills, and a process of
understanding who the learners are and how they are related to
the learning community, the national sociocultural context and
the imagined global community.
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Examples of Plagiarism
Using other’s words and ideas without acknowledgment
• Original
• Your Text:
Plagiarized!
The concept of identity construction is crucial in second language
learning. Post-secondary level English learning not only represents
a process of acquiring language skills, but also helps the learners
to understand own identities and their relationship with the
learning community.
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More about Plagiarism
• Is it plagiarism if I just copy a few words from other’s work?
Yes. The quantity of words being copied is not the main concern.
The important point is that you have copied other’s work and made
no acknowledgement.
• Is it an act of plagiarism if I copy from an unpublished work?
Yes. It doesn't matter whether the work which is copied has been
published or not. The key point is that it was copied from someone
else without making acknowledgement.
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More about Plagiarism
• What is the result if you found commit plagiarism?
In academic community, plagiarism is considered unethical and
dishonest.
HKIEd General Academic Policies and Regulations:
“Any alleged cases of academic misconduct will be handled by the
Head of the academic department concerned who shall then conduct a
thorough investigation… Any proven acts of academic misconduct may
result in dismissal from the Institute.
http://www.ied.edu.hk/reg/student_handbook/chap_en9.html
• Is plagiarism the same as copyright infringement?
They are closely related but not exactly the same. Plagiarism is an
act of academic dishonesty while copyright infringement is legal
offence.
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Resources
Avoiding Plagiarism
• Academic Integrity, Princeton University
http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/08/intro/
• Purdue Online Writing Lab
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/
Intellectual Property & Copyright
• Intellectual Property in Hong Kong
http://www.ipd.gov.hk/eng/intellectual_property/ip_hk.htm
• Copyright in Hong Kong
http://www.ipd.gov.hk/eng/pub_press/publications/hk.htm
• Legitimate Use of Copyright Works in Education
https://intranet.ied.edu.hk/coursepacks/pdf/Circular%20on%20Legitimate%20Use%2
0of%20Copyright%20Works%20under%20the%20Copyright%20Ordinance.pdf
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How to Avoid Plagiarism?
•
Use Quotations to show clearly the extent of other’s work
1. Direct quotation
When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital resources, Straw
warned that:
Preservation and security concerns will also arise in putting together digital
partnerships. Proper professional handling of archival, original, fragile, unique, and
sometimes rare items during the digitization process should be taken seriously.
(Straw, 2009, p.109)
2. Quoting short part of sentence
When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital resources, Straw
pointed out the critical issues of “preservation and security concerns”. Safe handling of
materials during digitization must be assured among digital partners. (Straw, 2009)
•
Paraphrasing (re-writing in your own words)
•
Cite & list your sources
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Citing References
• Allows you to use other people’s work by giving credit to the original
author without plagiarizing
• Provide documentation for all facts and figures that are not common
knowledge
• Strengthens your work by lending outside support to your arguments
• Provides the source information for others who wants to find out
more about your ideas
• Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a
careful researcher
• Out of order/incomplete citations cause inaccurate citation network
indexing
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What’s the difference between reference list and bibliography?
A reference list consists of all sources cited in the text of a
paper, listed alphabetically by author’s surname.
A bibliography may include resources that were consulted but
not cited in the text as well as an annotated description of
each one.
Bibliographies may be organized chronologically, or by
subject, rather than alphabetically.
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Citation Styles
APA Style
Walser, R. D., & Westrup, D. (2009). The mindful couple: How acceptance and
mindfulness can lead you to the love you want. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger
Publications.
Chicago Style
Walser, Robyn D., and Darrah Westrup. 2009. The mindful couple: How acceptance and
mindfulness can lead you to the love you want. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger
Publications.
MLA Style
Walser, Robyn D., and Darrah Westrup. The Mindful Couple: How Acceptance and
Mindfulness Can Lead You to the Love You Want. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger
Publications, 2009. Print.
Harvard Style
Walser, RD & Westrup, D 2009, The mindful couple: how acceptance and mindfulness
can lead you to the love you want, Oakland, CA, New Harbinger Publications.
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APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org
• Developed by the American Psychological Association
• Widely used in Psychology & Social Sciences journals
• Latest edition (6th ed.) released in July 2009
• Manuscripts submitted to APA journals must conform to the 6th
edition
• Students and staff of HKIEd are required to use APA style for their
reference list or bibliography, unless otherwise stated
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Resources of APA Style (6th ed.)
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
APA Style Home Page http://www.apastyle.org/
•
Online Tutorials
•
Supplemental Materials
•
Sample Papers
Update on APA Style
•
APA Style Blog http://blog.apastyle.org/
•
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/APAStyle
•
Twitter http://twitter.com/APA_Style
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APA Style: Citing References in Text
• References are cited in text with author-date system and listed
alphabetically in the reference list
•
Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list
•
Each entry in the reference list must be cited in text
•
Two kinds of material are cited only in text
1. Classical works: Bible, Qu’ran, Dao De Jing, etc.
e.g. (2 Cor. 5:17 New International Version)
(Qur’an 5:3-4)
2. Personal communications (non-recoverable data)
e.g. B. H. Philips (personal communication, May 11, 2001)
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Citing Works by Multiple Authors
• 2 Authors
Cite both authors every time
Smith and Johnson (1998) found that the system …
The findings confirmed with previous study (Smith & Johnson, 1998)
• 3-5 Authors
First citation:
Cheung, Li, Searle, Chan, and Frazer (1996) reviewed the theory of …
Subsequent citations:
Cheung et al. (1996) further developed a measuring system …
• 6 or more Authors
Use et al. (not italicized) for the first and subsequent citations
Kohn et al. (2007) suggested the possible causes …
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Writing Style
 DO NOT use periods with web addresses in text or in the reference list
 In text: include URL in parentheses, avoid ending a sentence with a URL
Example:
The APA (http://www.apa.org) has updated the rules of publication style
in July 2009, with expanded discussions on ethics …
Horton, M. (2009, September 9). H1N1 prevention tips by Dr. Mark Horton [Video
file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UT2BGE_XyIY
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Reference List
• Arrange by authors in Alphanumerical Order
• Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list
• Each entry in the reference list must be cited in text
Entire Book
Damrosch, D. (2003). What is world literature? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press.
Edited Book
Ercikan, K., & Roth, W-M. (Eds.). (2009). Generalizing from educational research: Beyond
qualitative and quantitative polarization. New York, NY: Routledge.
Book Chapter
Tian, C. (2009). Development of dialectical materialism in China. In B. Mou (Ed.), History of
Chinese philosophy (pp.512-538). London, England: Routledge.
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Publication Place
• Include the state abbreviation (e.g., New York, NY) for all cities of
United States
• Include the Country for all locations outside United States
Coles-Ritchie , M. (2009). Inciting change in secondary English language programs : The
case of Cherry High School . New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Haughey , J. C. (2009). Where is knowing going? : The horizons of the knowing subject.
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Hardman, A. E., & Stensel, D. J. (2009). Physical activity and health : the evidence explained .
(2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge.
Aw, T. (2009). Map of the invisible world. Toronto, Canada: McClelland & Stewart.
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Non-English Publications
• Give original title, and translate title into English with
brackets
Sack, F. (2006). Das offene Haus: für eine neue Architektur [Open house:
towards a new]. Berlin, Germany: Jovis.
Ye, Q., Li, B., & Cheng, J. (2006). 20世纪西方人生哲学 [The western
philosophy of life of 20th century]. Beijing, China: Remin Chubanshe.
or
Ye, Q., Li, B., & Cheng, J. (2006). 20 shiji xifang rensheng zhexue [The
western philosophy of life of 20th century]. Beijing, China: Remin
Chubanshe.
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Journal Articles
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of
article. Title of journal, vol (issue), pp-pp.
• Retain the hyphen if the author’s first name is hyphenated
Hue, M.-T. (2009). Promotion of spiritual development: exploration of the
self and spiritualism through the practice of Chinese calligraphy.
Pastoral Care in Education, 27, 63-76.
• Include the issue no. if the journal is paginated by issue
Bill, M., & Emmy, M. (2008). Writing tutors in the economics classroom: A
case study. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 38(3), 21-36.
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Publications by Multiple Authors
•
Up to 7 Authors: List all authors
Tiihonen, J., Lönnqvist, J., Wahlbeck, K., Klaukka, T., Niskanen, L., Tanskanen,
A., & Haukka, J. (2009). 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with
schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet,
374, 620-627.
•
More than 7 Authors
1. List the first six authors
2. Omit all subsequent authors except the last & replaced with …
3. List the last author
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An article with 21 authors
List the first 6 and the last author
Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J.,
Brugha, T. S., . . . Kessler, R. C. (2009). Cross-National Associations
between gender and mental disorders in the World Health Organization
World Mental Health Surveys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 785-795.
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References of Electronic Resources
• Use Digital Object Identifiers (DOI), when available, to replace as
persistent and reliable links to locate sources (for both print &
electronic sources)
• If DOI unavailable, use home page URL of the journal
• If the item cannot be easily retrieved from the source, use the full
document URL (e.g. blog)
• Retrieval dates no longer required unless the source material may
change over time (e.g. Wikis)
• Database information not required unless the item is only available
in the database
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Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
•
•
•
•
•
Unique identification of electronic publication
An alphanumeric string assigned by registration agency
Persistent link to its location on the Internet
Format: 10.xxxx/xxxx (e.g. 10.1080/02607470903220398)
Links to the document by DOI resolver provided by the
registration agency, e.g. CrossRef.org
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DOI
25
DOI Resolver
Locate the electronic publication with DOI resolver
1.
Crossref.org
http://www.crossref.org
2.
Append the doi string to http://dx.doi.org/
e.g. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02607470903220497
3.
中文DOI
http://www.chinadoi.cn/
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Try it out
Find the article with DOI: 10.1007/s11516-010-0007-0
Steps
1. Go to the Crossref web site http://www.crossref.org
2.
Enter the DOI in the DOI Resolver Search Box
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Electronic Journal Articles
• Journal article with DOI
Bore, A., & Wright, N. (2009). The wicked and complex in education: developing a
transdisciplinary perspective for policy formulation, implementation and
professional practice. Journal of Education for Teaching, 35, 241-256.
doi:10.1080/02607470903091286
• Journal article without DOI
Dresser, R. (2007). The effects of teacher inquiry in the bilingual language arts
classroom. Teacher Education Quarterly, 34(3), 53-66. Retrieved from
http://www.teqjournal.org/
• Advance online publication with DOI
Guerra, S. (2009). Colonizing bodies: Corporate power and biotechnology in young
adult science fiction. Journal Children‘s Literature in Education . Advanced
online publication. doi:10.1007/s10583-009-9086-z
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Electronic Journal Articles
• Journal article with DOI
Bore, A., & Wright, N. (2009). The wicked and complex in education: developing a
transdisciplinary perspective for policy formulation, implementation and
professional practice. Journal of Education for Teaching, 35, 241-256.
doi:10.1080/02607470903091286
• Journal article without DOI
Dresser, R. (2007). The effects of teacher inquiry in the bilingual language arts
classroom. Teacher Education Quarterly, 34(3), 53-66. Retrieved from
http://www.teqjournal.org/
• Advance online publication with DOI
Guerra, S. (2009). Colonizing bodies: Corporate power and biotechnology in young
adult science fiction. Journal Children‘s Literature in Education . Advanced
online publication. doi:10.1007/s10583-009-9086-z
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http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/a-doi-and-url-flowchart.html
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Dissertation or Theses
From a Commercial Database
•
Include Name of Database, and Accession or Order No.
Ko, B. (2008). An examination of teaching practices of elementary physical
educators. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and
Theses database. (Pub No. AAT 3332216)
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Dissertation or Theses, from an Institutional database
• Include URL of the database source
Huang, J. (2009). Interactive integration: English language learning strategies,
styles and tasks in a school in Fujian. (Doctoral thesis, Hong Kong University,
Hong Kong, China). Retrieved from http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/
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Dissertation or Theses, from the web
• Include URL of the source
Xu, Z. (2008). Party controls in National Central University and Nanjing University
before and after 1949. (Master thesis, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China).
Retrieved from http://www.library.ln.edu.hk/ethesis/full/xu_081015.pdf
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Unpublished Dissertation or Theses
Li, X. (2009). POMDP compression and decomposition via belief state analysis.
(Unpublished doctoral thesis). Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong,
China.
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Meetings & Symposia
• Paper presentation or poster session
Sin, K. F. (2008, March). Education reform and teacher education for inclusion in
the Asian-Pacific region. Paper presented at the 1st East-Asian Symposium on
Teacher Education Research, Tokyo, Japan.
• Conference paper abstract retrieved online
Beauchamp, C., & Thomas, L. (2006, November). Becoming a professional:
Developing teacher identity within programmes of teacher education. Paper
presented at the International Conference on Teacher Education, Calgary,
Canada. Abstract retrieved from http://ucalgarymcgilledconf.mcgill.ca/
abstracts/beauchamp_thomas.html
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Newspaper Articles
Newspaper article
Cheng, A. (2009, September 23). Education system fails those most in need.
South China Morning Post, p. EDT12.
Online newspaper article
• To avoid nonworking URLS, give the home page URL
Andrew, E. L. (2009, April 19). U.S. May Convert Banks’ Bailouts to Equity Share.
The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
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Artwork
Chen, S. (1936). Banana tree [Painting]. Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong Museum
of Art.
Wen, Z. (1527). Zhulin shenchu tu [In the deep shade of a bamboo grove;
painting]. Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong Museum of Art. Retrieved from
http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Arts/images/collections/24/2_4_5a.jpg
Rodin, A. (1902). The thinker [Bronze sculpture]. Washington, DC: National
Gallery of Art.
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Audiovisual Media
• Video
Milchan A., & Reuther, S. (Producer). (1998). The client. [DVD]. Burbank, CA:
Warner Home Video.
Law A. K. Y. (Producer), & Cheung, M. Y. T. (Director). (2010). Suiyue shentou.
[Echoes of the Rainbow; motion picture]. Hong Kong, China: Mei Ah
Entertainment Group .
• Music Recordings
Ma, Y. Y. (2007). New impossibilities [CD]. New York, NY: Sony Classical.
• Podcast
Passmore, S. (2009, September 8). Naked Cantonese [Audio podcast]. Retrieved
from http://podcast.rthk.org.hk/podcast/item.php?pid=45
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Web pages
Author. (Year). Title of web page. Retrieved from URL
• Examples
Education Bureau. (2008). Qualifications framework. Retrieved from
http://www.hkqf.gov.hk/guie/home.asp
International Association of Universities. (2008). IAU: For a worldwide higher education
community. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/iau/association/index.html
Hong Kong Institute of Education. (n. d.). Vision & mission. Retrieved from
http://www.ied.edu.hk/about_hkied/vision-mission.html
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Blogs,
Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. [Description of form]. Retrieved
from URL
• Blog post
McAdoo, T. (2009, September 10). Use of first person in APA style [Web log post]. Retrieved
from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/use-of-first-person-in-apa-style.html
Dennis. (2009, September 12). Re: Use of first person in APA style [Web log comment].
Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/use-of-first-person-in-apastyle.html
• Video post
thenobleprize. (2010, October 8). 2010 Nobel Peace Prize Announcement.mp4 [Video file].
Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciWOvSMht80
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Newsgroups, Online Forums
Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. [Description of form]. Retrieved from
URL
• Newsgroup post
Faruk. (2009, October 2). Brain development [Newsgroup message]. Retrieved from
http://groups.google.com/group/de.test/browse_thread/thread/8fff31276ed86b36/
9d962272cb18d615?q=childhood+development
• Online forum
Jenn. (2009, February 14). Re: Dyslexic Student and Memorizing his Multiplication
Facts [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from
http://ldonline.org/xarbb/topic/15298#89028
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Facebook,
Twitter
• To cite a Facebook or Twitter feed as a whole or to discuss
it in general, it is sufficient to give the site URL in text,
inside parentheses
• There is no need for a reference list entry
• Example
Obama has strategically used social network media such as
Twitter (http://www.twitter.com/barackobama) and Facebook
(http://www.facebook.com/barackobama) for publicity in the
Internet world.
42
Facebook,
Twitter
• Citing particular posts, which require both reference list entries
and in-text citations
• Citations
President Obama announced the launch of the American Graduation
Initiative (BarackObama, 2009a). He also stated that he was “humbled”
to have received the Nobel Peace Prize (Barack Obama, 2009b).
• References
BarackObama. (2009a, July 15). Launched American Graduation Initiative to help
additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020: http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Twitter
post]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366
Barack Obama. (2009b, October 9). Humbled.
http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/obamaforamerica/gGM45m
[Facebook update]. Retrieved from http://www.facebook.com/posted.php?
id=6815841748&share_id=154954250775&comments=1#s154954250775
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Cannot find the information needed in the APA Manual?
• Refer to the APA Blog for new update
• Some posting on citing references:
•
How Do You Cite an E-Book (e.g., Kindle Book)?
•
Can You Cite Personal Life Experience?
•
How to Cite Wikipedia in APA Style
•
How to Cite Something You Found on a Website in APA Style
•
How to Cite Facebook: Fan Pages, Group Pages, and Profile
Information
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APA 6th edition is supported in major Bibliographic
Management Tools
RefWorks
Create Bibliography > Output Style
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Bibliographic Management Tools
EndNote
Download & Install the APA 6th Style Update Package
http://www.endnote.com/support/enapa6instruct.asp
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Bibliographic Management Tools
EndNote Web
Format > Bibliography > Customize this list
> Select APA 6th > Copy to Favorites
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Thank You
Ask your Librarian @
Information Counter
Tel: 2948 6653
Email: libinfo@ied.edu.hk
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