CHAPTER 12:
SATELLITE ATM NETWORKS
I. F. Akyildiz
Broadband & Wireless Networking Laboratory
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Tel: 404-894-5141; Fax: 404-894-7883
Email: ian@ece.gatech.edu
Web: http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn
Why Satellite ATM Networks?










Wide geographical area coverage
From kbps to Gbps communication everywhere
Faster deployment than terrestrial infrastructures
Bypass clogged terrestrial networks and are oblivious to
terrestrial disasters
Supporting both symmetrical and asymmetrical architectures
Seamless integration capability with terrestrial networks
Very flexible bandwidth-on-demand capabilities
Flexible in terms of network configuration and capacity
allocation
Broadcast, Point-to-Point and Multicast capabilities
Scalable
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Orbits
Defining the altitude where the satellite will
operate.
Determining the right orbit depends on
proposed service characteristics such as
coverage, applications, delay.
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Orbits (cont.)
GEO (33786 km)
GEO: Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
Outer Van Allen Belt (13000-20000 km)
MEO: Medium Earth Orbit
LEO: Low Earth Orbit
MEO ( < 13K km)

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LEO ( < 2K km)
Inner Van Allen Belt (1500-5000 km)
4
Types of Satellites
 Geostationary/Geosynchronous Earth
Orbit Satellites (GSOs)
(Propagation Delay: 250-280 ms)
GEO: 33786 km
 Medium Earth Orbit Satellites (MEOs)
(Propagation Delay: 110-130 ms)
 Highly Elliptical Satellites (HEOs)
(Propagation Delay: Variable)
 Low Earth Orbit Satellite (LEOs)
(Propagation Delay: 20-25 ms)
LEO: < 2K km
(Globalstar, Iridium, Teledesic)

MEO: < 13K km (Odyssey, Inmarsat-P)
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Geostationary/Geosynchronous Earth
Orbit Satellites (GSOs)
 33786 km equatorial orbit
 Rotation speed equals Earth rotation speed
(Satellite seems fixed in the horizon)
 Wide coverage area
 Applications (Broadcast/Fixed Satellites,
Direct Broadcast, Mobile Services)
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Advantages of GSOs
 Wide coverage
 High quality and Wideband communications
 Economic Efficiency
 Tracking process is easier because of its
synchronization to Earth
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Disadvantages of GSOs
 Long propagation delays (250-280 ms).
(e.g., Typical Intern. Tel. Call  540 ms round-trip delay.
Echo cancelers needed. Expensive!)
(e.g., Delay may cause errors in data;
Error correction /detection techniques are needed.)
 Large propagation loss. Requirement for high
power level.
(e.g., Future hand-held mobile terminals have limited power
supply.)
Currently: smallest terminal for a GSO is as large as an A4 paper
and as heavy as 2.5 Kg.
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Disadvantages of GSOs (cont.)
 Lack of coverage at Northern and Southern
latitudes.
 High cost of launching a satellite.
 Enough spacing between the satellites to avoid
collisions.
 Existence of hundreds of GSOs belonging to
different countries.
 Available frequency spectrum assigned to GSOs
is limited.
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Medium Earth Orbit Satellites (MEOs)
Positioned in 10-13K km range.
Delay is 110-130 ms.
Will orbit the Earth at less than 1 km/s.
Applications
– Mobile Services/Voice (Intermediate Circular
Orbit (ICO) Project)
– Fixed Multimedia (Expressway)
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Highly Elliptical Orbit Satellites (HEOs)
From a few hundreds of km to 10s of
thousands  allows to maximize the
coverage of specific Earth regions.
Variable field of view and delay.
Examples: MOLNIYA, ARCHIMEDES
(Direct Audio Broadcast), ELLIPSO.
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Low Earth Orbit Satellites (LEOs)
 Usually less than 2000 km (780-1400 km are favored).
 Few ms of delay (20-25 ms).
 They must move quickly to avoid falling into Earth
 LEOs circle Earth in 100 minutes at 24K km/hour.
(5-10 km per second).
 Examples:
– Earth resource management (Landsat, Spot, Radarsat)
– Paging (Orbcomm)
– Mobile (Iridium)
– Fixed broadband (Teledesic, Celestri, Skybridge)
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Low Earth Orbit Satellites (LEOs)
(cont.)
 Little LEOs: 800 MHz range
 Big LEOs: > 2 GHz
 Mega LEOs: 20-30 GHz
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Comparison of Different Satellite
Systems
LEO
MEO
GEO
Satellite Life
3-7
10-15
10-15
Hand-held Terminal
Possible
Possible
Difficult
Propagation Delay
Short
Medium
Long
Propagation Loss
Low
Medium
High
Network Complexity Complex
Medium
Simple
Hand-off
Very
Medium
None
Visibility of a
Satellite
Short
Medium
Mostly
Always
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Comparison of Satellite Systems
According to their Altitudes (cont.)
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Why Hybrids?
 GSO + LEO
– GSO for broadcast and management
information
– LEO for real-time, interactive
 LEO or GSO + Terrestrial Infrastructure
– Take advantage of the ground
infrastructure
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Frequency Bands
NarrowBand Systems
 L-Band  1.535-1.56 GHz DL;
1.635-1.66 GHz UL
 S-Band  2.5-2.54 GHz DL;
2.65-2.69 GHz UL
 C-Band  3.7-4.2 GHz DL;
5.9-6.4 GHz UL
 X-Band  7.25-7.75 GHz DL;
7.9-8.4 GHz UL
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Frequency Bands (cont.)
WideBand/Broadband Systems
 Ku-Band  10-13 GHz DL;
14-17 GHz UL
(36 MHz of channel bandwidth; enough for
typical 50-60 Mbps applications)
 Ka-Band  18-20 GHz DL;
27-31 GHz UL
(500 MHz of channel bandwidth; enough for
Gigabit applications)
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Next Generation Systems:
Mostly Ka-band
 Ka band usage driven by:
– Higher bit rates - 2Mbps to 155 Mbps
– Lack of existing slots in the Ku band
 Features
– Spot beams and smaller terminals
– Switching capabilities on certain systems
– Bandwidth-on-demand
 Drawbacks
– Higher fading
– Manufacturing and availability of Ka band devices
– Little heritage from existing systems (except ACTS and Italsat)
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Frequency Bands (cont.)
New Open Bands (not licensed yet)
GHz of bandwidth
 Q-Band  in the 40 GHz
 V-Band  60 GHz DL;
50 GHz UL
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Space Environment Issues
Harsh  hard on materials and
electronics (faster aging)
Radiation is high (Solar flares and other
solar events; Van Allen Belts)
Reduction of lifes of space systems
(12-15 years maximum).
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Space Environment Issues (cont.)
 Debris (specially for LEO systems)
(At 7 Km/s impact damage can be important.
Debris is going to be regulated).
 Atomic oxygen can be a threat to materials
and electronics at LEO orbits.
 Gravitation pulls the satellite towards earth.
 Limited propulsion to maintain orbit (Limits
the life of satellites; Drags an issue for LEOs).
 Thermal Environment again limits material
and electronics life.
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Basic Architecture
LAN
Ring
Mobile
Network
Internet
Ring
Public
Network
Internet
MAN
Ethernet
Wireless
Terrestrial
Network
Ethernet
SIU-- Satellite
Unit Unit
SIU
Satellite Interface
Interworking
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ATM-Satellite Configuration
SONET/
PDH/PLCP
Satellite
Interface
ASIU
Satellite
Modem
Multi-Service
Workstation
SONET/
PDH/PLCP
Satellite
Interface
ASIU
Modem
Multi-Service
Workstation
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3.2. ATM Satellite Interworking
Unit (ASIU)
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Payload Concepts
Bent Pipe Processing
Onboard Processing
Onboard Switching
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Bent Pipe Processing
 Amplifies (repeats) the received signals
 Does not require demodulation/modulation of signals
 Simple payload (but little flexibility)
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Bent-Pipe Protocol Stack
(IP over ATM)
Satellite
Physical
Applications
Applications
TCP
TCP
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
AAL
AAL
ATM
ATM
Medium Access Control
Medium Access Control
Data Link Control
Data Link Control
Physical
Physical
User Terminal
User Terminal
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3.5 Onboard Processing
(Transparent)




Regenerates the received frequencies (3 dB gain)
Requires demodulation/modulation of signals
Digital payload (can be multibeam)
Used mostly for mobile systems
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Onboard Processing
Protocol Stack (IP over ATM)
Medium Access Control
Satellite
Applications
TCP
Data Link Control
Physical
UDP
Applications
TCP
UDP
IP
IP
AAL
AAL
ATM
ATM
Medium Access Control
Medium Access Control
Data Link Control
Data Link Control
Physical
Physical
User Terminal
User Terminal
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Onboard Switching
 Regenerates the received frequencies (3 dB gain)
 Digital baseband switching multibeam payload
 Baseline for most future satellite systems
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Onboard Switching Protocol
Stack (IP over ATM)
Network
Satellite
Applications
TCP
Medium Access Control
Data Link Control
Physical
UDP
Applications
TCP
UDP
IP
IP
AAL
AAL
ATM
ATM
Medium Access Control
Medium Access Control
Data Link Control
Data Link Control
Physical
Physical
User Terminal
User Terminal
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LAN/MAN Interconnection
ATM
Network
AIU
ACDU
Token
Ring
TIU
ACMU
FDDI
FIU
Ethernet
EIU
IEEE 802.6
MAN
MIU
ATM
Network
AIU
ACDU
Token
Ring
TIU
ACMU
FDDI
FIU
Ethernet
EIU
IEEE 802.6
MIU
MAN
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ASIU
Existing
ASIU
Functions
SIU
LMAPC
Satellite Modem
ASIU
Existing
ASIU
Functions
Communication
Satellite
SIU
LMAPC
Satellite Modem
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LAN/MAN Internetworking
Protocol Architecture
USER
USER
4
3
2b
Applications &
Higher
Layers
TCP/UDP
Applications
& Higher
Layers
Communication Satellite
TCP/ UDP
IP
LLC
IP
LLC
LMAPC
MAC.
2a (IEEE
802 3,5,6
MAC
(IEEE
802.3,5,6
1
Physical
Physical
LLC
LMAPC
AAL
AAL
ATM
ATM
Satellite
Modem I/F
ASIU
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LLC
Physical
Physical
Satellite
Modem
Satellite
Modem
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LLC
LLC
MAC
(IEEE
802.3,5,6
MAC
(IEEE
802.3,5,6
Satellite
Physical
Modem I/F
Physical
ASIU
34
A NEW PROTOCOL SUITE FOR
SATELLITE NETWORKS
Applications
Time-Critical
Quality-Critical
RCS
TCP-PEACH
RTCP/UDP
IPv4/IPv6
AAL5
AAL2x
ATM
AFEC
MAC (WISPER-2)
Physical
IP-ATM-Satellite Configuration
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TCP Problems in Satellite
Networks
 Long Propagation Delays
- Long duration of the Slow Start phase -> TCP
sender does not use the available bandwidth
- cwnd < rwnd.
 The transmission rate of the sender is bounded.
The higher RTT the lower is the bound on the
transmission rate for the sender.
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TCP Problems in Satellite
Networks
 High link error rates
- The TCP protocol was initially designed to
work in networks with low link error rates,
i.e., all segment losses were mostly due to
network congestion. As a result the TCP
sender decreases its transmission rate
-> causes unnecessary throughput
degradation if segment losses occur due to
link errors
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TCP Problems in Satellite
Networks
 Asymmetric Bandwidth:
- ACK packets may congest the reverse channel,
and be delayed or lost -> Traffic burstiness
increases and Throughput decreases
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Duration of the Slow Start for LEO,
MEO and GEO Satellites
Satellite
Type
RTT
msec
TSlowStart
(B=1Mb/sec)
TSlowStart
(B=10Mb/sec)
TSlowStart
(B=155Mb/sec)
LEO
50
0.18 sec
0.35 sec
0.55 sec
MEO
250
1.49 sec
2.32 sec
3.31 sec
GEO
550
3.91 sec
5.73 sec
7.91 sec
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TCP Peach: A New Congestion
Scheme for Satellite Networks
Sudden Start (*)
Congestion Avoidance
Fast Retransmit
Rapid Recovery (*)
* I. F. Akyildiz, G. Morabito, S. Palazzo,”TCP Peach: A New
Flow Control Scheme for Satellite Networks”. IEEE/ACM
Transactions on Networking, June 2001.
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TCP-Peach Scheme
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Comparison Between the Sudden Start
and the Slow Start
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What is Handover?
 Leo Satellites
circulate the Earth at
a constant speed.
 Coverage area of a
LEO satellite
changes
continuously.
 Handover is
necessary between
end-satellites.
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Types of Handover
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Footprint and Orbit Periods
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Handover Management Through
Re-routing
Uzunalioglu, H., Akyildiz, I.F., Yesha, Y., and Yen W., "Footprint Handover
Rerouting Protocol for LEO Satellite Networks," ACM-Baltzer Journal of
Wireless Networks (WINET), Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 327-337, November 1999.
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Footprint Re-routing (FR)
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Routing Algorithms for
Satellite Networks





Satellites organized in planes
User Data Links (UDL)
Inter-Satellite Links (ISL)
Short roundtrip delays
Very dynamic yet predictable
network topology
– Satellite positions
– Link availability
 Changing visibility from the
Earth
http://www.teledesic.com/tech/mGall.htm
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LEO’s at Polar Orbits
 Seam
– Border between
counter-rotating
satellite planes
 Polar Regions
– Regions where the
inter-plane ISLs are
turned off

E. Ekici, I. F. Akyildiz, M. Bender, “The Datagram Routing Algorithm for Satellite IP Networks” ,
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 2001.

E. Ekici, I. F. Akyildiz, M. Bender, “A New Multicast Routing Algorithm for Satellite IP Networks”,
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 2002.
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IP-Based Routing in LEO
Satellite Networks
 Datagram Routing
– Darting
Algorithm
– GeographicBased
 Multicast Routing
– No scheme
available
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Routing in Multi-Layered
Satellite Networks
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Multi-Layered Satellite Routing
I.F. Akyildiz, E. Ekici and M.D. Bender, “MLSR: A Novel Routing Algorithm for MultiLayered Satellite IP Networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, June 2002.
 Satellite Architecture
– Consists of multiple
layers (here 3)
– UDL/ISL/IOL
– Terrestrial gateways
connected to at least
one satellite
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Iridium Network
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Iridium Network (cont.)
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Iridium Network (cont.)









6 orbits
11 satellites/orbit
48 spotbeams/satellite
Spotbeam diameter = 700 km
Footprint diameter = 4021km
59 beams to cover United States
Satellite speed = 26,000 km/h = 7 km/s
Satellite visibility = 9 - 10 min
Spotbeam visibility < 1 minute
 System period = 100 minutes
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Iridium Network (cont.)








4.8 kbps voice, 2.4 Kbps data
TDMA
80 channels /beam
3168 beams globally (2150 active beams)
Dual mode user handset
User-Satellite Link = L-Band
Gateway-Satellite Link = Ka-Band
Inter-Satellite Link = Ka-Band
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Operational Systems
Reference
Type
Orbit
Investors
Prime
Services
Frequencies
Antennas (cm)
U/L Rates (Mbps)
Number of Satellites
Primary Access
Multibeam
ISLs
Transport Protocol
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EUTELSAT
INTELSAT
Bent Pipe
GSO
Eutelsat
Various
Multimedia
Ku
120+
0.016-2
1
FDMA/TDMA
No
No
IP/ATM
Bent Pipe
GSO
Intelsat
Various
Voice, Data, Video Conf.
Ku
120+
0.016-2
26
FDMA/TDMA
No
No
IP
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Operational Systems (cont.)
Little LEOs
Reference
ORBCOMM
VITASAT
STARNET
Type
Bent Pipe
Bent Pipe
Bent Pipe
Altitude (km)
775
1000
1000
Coverage
Below 1 GHz
Below 1 GHz
Below 1 GHz
Number of
Satellites
Mass of
Satellites (kg)
36
24
24
40
150
150
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Proposed and Operational
Systems
1.
ICO Global Communications (New ICO)






Number of Satellites:
Planes:
Satellites/Plane:
Altitude:
Orbital Inclination:
Remarks:
10
2
5
10,350 km
45°
Service: Voice @ 4.8 kbps, data @ 2.4 kbps and higher
Operation anticipated in 2003
System taken over by private investors due to financial difficulties
Estimated cost: $4,000,000,000
163 spot beams/satellite, 950,000 km2 coverage area/beam,
28 channels/beam

Service link:
1.98-2.01 GHz (downlink), 2.17-2.2 GHz (uplink); (TDMA)

Feeder link:
3.6 GHz band (downlink), 6.5 GHz band (uplink)
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

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Proposed and Operational
Systems (cont.)
2. Globalstar






Number of Satellites:
Planes:
Satellites/Plane:
Altitude:
Orbital Inclination:
Remarks:
48
8
6
1,414 km
52°
Service: Voice @ 4.8 kbps, data @ 7.2 kbps
Operation started in 1999
Early financial difficulties
Estimated cost: $2,600,000,000
16 spot beams/satellite, 2,900,000 km2 coverage area/beam,
175 channels/beam

Service link:
1.61-1.63 GHz (downlink), 2.48-2.5 GHz (uplink); (CDMA)

Feeder link:
6.7-7.08 GHz (downlink), 5.09-5.25 GHz (uplink)
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


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Proposed and Operational
Systems (cont.)
3. ORBCOM






Number of Satellites:
Planes:
Satellites/Plane:
Altitude:
Orbital Inclination:
Remarks:





36
4
2
775 km
45°
2
2
775 km
70°
Near real-time service
Operation started in 1998 (first in market)
Cost: $350,000,000
Service link:
137-138 MHz (downlink), 148-149 MHz (uplink)
Spacecraft mass: 40 kg
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Proposed and Operational
Systems (cont.)
4. Starsys






Number of Satellites:
Planes:
Satellites/Plane:
Altitude:
Orbital Inclination:
Remarks:




24
6
4
1,000 km
53°
Service: Messaging and positioning
Global coverage
Service link: 137-138 MHz (downlink), 148-149 MHz (uplink)
Spacecraft mass: 150 kg
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Proposed and Operational
Systems (cont.)
5. Teledesic (original proposal)






Number of Satellites:
Planes:
Satellites/Plane:
Altitude:
Orbital Inclination:
Remarks:






840 (original)
21
40
700 km
98.2°
Service: FSS, provision for mobile service
(16 kbps – 2.048 Mbps, including video) for 2,000,000 users
Sun-synchronous orbit, earth-fixed cells
System cost: $9,000,000,000 ($2000 for terminals)
Service link:
18.8-19.3 GHz (downlink), 28.6-29.1 GHz (uplink) (Ka band)
ISL: 60 GHz
Spacecraft mass: 795 kg
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Proposed and Operational
Systems (cont.)
6. Teledesic (final proposal)





Number of Satellites:
Planes:
Satellites/Plane:
Altitude:
Remarks:






288 (scaled down)
12
24
700 km
Service: FSS, provision for mobile service
(16 kbps – 2.048 Mbps, including video) for 2,000,000 users
Sun-synchronous orbit, earth-fixed cells
System cost: $9,000,000,000 ($2000 for terminals)
Service link:
18.8-19.3 GHz (downlink), 28.6-29.1 GHz (uplink) (Ka band)
ISL: 60 GHz
Spacecraft mass: 795 kg
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HALOTM Network : A Wireless Broadband
Metropolitan Area Network
To Satellites
HALOTM
15 - 150 Gbps Throughput Capacity
(5,000 to 50,000 T1 Equivalents)
1 to 15
Gateway Beams
100 to 1000
Subscriber
Beams
Frequency Options - 28 or 38
GHz
Service Availability
Coverage
Cells
Urban Area
Suburban & Rural
Areas
50 - 75
miles
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HALOTM Network (cont.)
HALO™
Network
Hub
Communication Payload
(Payload & Switching
Node)
BPE
Network
Operations
Center
Consumer
Premise
Equipment
HALO
Gateway
CPE
Internet
Service Provider
(ISP), Content
Producer
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Premise
Equipment
Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
(PSTN)
ECE6609
To Remote
Metropolitan
Centers
66
HALOTM Network (cont.):
Mobility Model
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A Stratospheric
Communications Layer
GEO Satellites
22,300 miles
LEO
Satellites
400 miles
HALO Aircraft
10 miles
High Altitude Long
Operation
Terrestrial
< 200 ft
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Interconnection of HALOTM
Networks
100 Sites
Serve 72% of
Population
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References Published in BWN Lab
(http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/)
1. Survey Paper
•
Akyildiz, I.F. and Jeong, S., "Satellite ATM Networks: A
Survey," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 35, No. 7,
pp.30-44, July 1997.
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(http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/)
2. Transport Layer
•
•
•
•
Akyildiz, I.F., Morabito, G., and Palazzo, S., "TCP Peach for Satellite
Networks: Analytical Model and Performance Evaluation,''
International Journal of Satellite Communications, Vol. 19, pp. 429442, October 2001.
Akyildiz, I.F., Morabito, G., Palazzo, S., "TCP Peach: A New
Congestion Control Scheme for Satellite IP Networks,'' IEEE/ACM
Transactions on Networking, Vol. 9, No. 3, June 2001.
Akyildiz, I.F., Morabito, G., Palazzo, S., “Research Issues for Transport
Protocols in Satellite IP Networks,'' IEEE PCS (Personal
Communications Systems) Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 44-48, June
2001.
Morabito, G., Tang, J., Akyildiz, I.F., and Johnson, M., “A New Rate
Control Scheme for Real-Time Traffic in Satellite IP Networks,'' IEEE
Infocom'01, April 2001, Alaska.
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References Published in BWN Lab
(http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/)
2. Transport Layer (cont.)
•
•
Morabito, G., Akyildiz, I.F., Palazzo S., "Design and Modeling of a New
Flow Control Scheme (TCP Peach) for Satellite Networks" IFIP-TC6/
European Union: Networking 2000 Conference: Broadband Satellite
Workshop, Paris, France, May 2000.
Morabito G., Akyildiz, I.F., Palazzo, S., "ABR Traffic Control for
Satellite ATM Networks," IEEE Globecom'99 Conference, Rio De
Janeiro, December 1999.
3. Handover Management
•
•
Cho, S., Akyildiz I. F., Bender M. D., and Uzunalioglu H., "A New Connection
Admission Control for Spotbeam Handover in LEO Satellite Networks," to
appear in ACM-Kluwer Wireless Networks Journal, 2002.
Cho, S.R., Akyildiz, I.F., Bender, M.D., and Uzunalioglu, H., “A New Spotbeam
Handover Management Technique for LEO Satellite Networks,'' Proc. of IEEE
GLOBECOM 2000, San Francisco, CA, November 2000.
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References Published in BWN Lab
(http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/)
3. Handover Management (cont.)
•
•
•
•
Cho, S., “Adaptive Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme for Spotbeam
Handover in LEO Satellite Networks,'' to appear in the IEEE Vehicular
Technology Conference (IEEE VTC) 2000, Boston, MA, September,
2000.
McNair, J., “Location Registration in Mobile Satellite Systems'', Proc. of
the 5th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC
2000), July 2000.
Akyildiz, I.F., Uzunalioglu, H., and Bender, M.D., "Handover
Management in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Networks," ACMBaltzer Journal of Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), Vol. 4,
No. 4, pp. 301-310, December 1999.
Uzunalioglu, H., Akyildiz, I.F., Yesha, Y., and Yen W., "Footprint
Handover Rerouting Protocol for LEO Satellite Networks," ACMBaltzer Journal of Wireless Networks (WINET), Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 327337, November 1999.
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References Published in BWN Lab
(http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/)
3. Handover Management (cont.)
•
•
•
Uzunalioglu, H., Evans, J.W., and Gowens, J., ”A Connection
Admission Control Algorithm for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite
Networks,'' Proc. of IEEE ICC'99, pp. 1074 - 1078, Vancouver,
Canada, June 1999.
Uzunalioglu, H., and Yen W., “Managing Connection Handover
in Satellite Networks,'' Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM '97, pp. 16061610, Phoenix, Arizona, Dec. 1997.
Uzunalioglu, H., Yen W., and Akyildiz, I.F., "Handover
Management in LEO Satellite ATM Networks," Proc. of the
ACM/IEEE MobiCom'97, pp. 204-214, October 1997.
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References Published in BWN Lab
(http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/)
4. Routing
•
•
•
•
•
Akyildiz, I.F., Ekici, E., and Bender, M.D., "MLSR: A Novel Routing Algorithm
for Multi-Layered Satellite IP Networks", April 2001; Revised in September
2001.
Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., and Bender, M., “A Multicast Routing Algorithm for
LEO Satellite IP Networks,'' to appear in IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Networking, April 2002.
Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., Bender, M., "A Distributed Routing Algorithm for
Datagram Traffic in LEO Satellite Networks," IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Networking, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 137-148, April 2001.
Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., and Bender, M.D., "Network Layer Integration of
Terrestrial and Satellite IP Networks over BGP-S" Proceedings of GLOBECOM
2001, San Antonio, TX, Nov. 25-29, 2001.
Uzunalioglu, H., Akyildiz, I.F., and Bender, M.D., “A Routing Algorithm for
LEO Satellite Networks with Dynamic Connectivity,'' ACM-Baltzer Journal of
Wireless Networks (WINET), Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 181-190, June 2000.
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References Published in BWN Lab
(http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/)
4. Routing (cont.)
•
•
Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., Bender, M.D., "Datagram Routing Algorithm
for LEO Satellite Networks'' IEEE INFOCOM'2000, Israel, March 2000.
Uzunalioglu, H., “Probabilistic Routing Protocol for Low Earth Orbit
Satellite Networks,'' Proc. of the IEEE ICC'98, Atlanta, pp. 89-93, June
1998.
5. HALO Network
•
•
Colella, N.J., Martin, J., and Akyildiz, I.F., "The HALO Network,'' IEEE
Communications Magazine, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 142-148, June 2000.
Akyildiz, I.F., Wang, X., and Colella, N., "HALO (High Altitude Long
Operation): A Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Network,'' IEEE
MoMuC'99 (Mobile Multimedia Communication Conference), San
Diego, November 1999.
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