• Endocrine glands are glands of internal secretion: hormones
• Glands: pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
thymus, pancreas, adrenals, and gonads
Review Sheet CH51 #2
HORMONES & THEIR FUNCTIONS
• Transported by blood & lymph
• Body secretes when needed
• Negative feedback system
• Hypo or hyper secretions can cause
harm
Review Sheet CH51 #1, 3
Review Sheet CH51 #11
• Stages of adolescence
• Early: 10-13
• Middle: 14-17
• Late: 18-21
• Pubertal changes
• Rapid changes size, shape, composition
• Begins 9-17yrs
• Females usually hit puberty before males
• Pituitary gland controls growth hormone
release “master gland”
• Ovaries produce: estrogen
• Testes produce: androgens
• Growth spurt
• Female: 11-14
• Males: 12-16
• Overeating & under-exercise can lead to
obesity
• Imperative teens get 3 health basics: fuel,
activity, rest
Review Sheet CH51 #14
• Changes
• Independence from parents
• Importance of body image
• Peer codes and lifestyles
• Establishment of identity
• DH need to understand these changes
Review Sheet CH51 #12
Review Sheet CH51 #13-15
• Highest time for nutritional requirements: male teens &
pregnancy
• Under-nutrition
• Boys: over-activity, poor food selections
• Girls: self-induced, want to be trim
• Eating disorders
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Common in teen females after menstruation
• Supplements, diet
A common nutritional deficiency that accompanies the onset of
menstruation is:
A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) iron
D) magnesium
E) folate
A common nutritional deficiency that accompanies the onset of
menstruation is:
A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) iron
D) magnesium
E) folate
Review Sheet CH51 #12, 20
• Learning to adapt to body changes, sexual impulses,
secondary sex characteristics, & independence
• Anxiety: violence, substance abuse, sexual issues, peer
pressures, divorce, school performance, concern about
their future
• Increased self-interest: need attention
• Growing independence: we can influence their future
oral habits & concern
• Concern over physical characteristics
• Acne, obesity, social problems, self-esteem
Review Sheet CH51 #16-17, 19
• Dental caries
• Higher incidence, esp in non-fluoridated communities
• Eating habits influence
• Biofilm-induced gingivitis during puberty
• Gingivitis associated with hormone changes
• Perio risk factors: diabetes, ortho, poor oral hygiene,
tobacco
Review Sheet CH51 #16-17
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Oral manifestations of STDs
Tobacco use & oral health
Cocaine and other illicit drugs
Oral contraceptives and pregnancy
Eating disorders
Oral piercings
Teenage pregnancy
Review Sheet CH51 #21
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Causes & prevention of caries/perio
Effects of biofilms accumulation
Purposes of professional cleanings
Daily oral hygiene care
Fluoride benefits
Diet and its influence to oral health/changes
Review Sheet CH51 #6
• Menstrual cycle
• Cyclic changes in the uterus
• Preparation of the endometrium for pregnancy
• When conception does NOT occur – fluid discharged
during menstruation (mucus, blood, endometrial
membrane fragments)
• Length: 3-6 days then cycle starts over
• Characteristics
• Occurrence from puberty-menopause
• Cycles completed every 28 days(22-35 days)
• Onset: 9-19yrs
Review Sheet CH51 #5
Review
Sheet
CH51 #5
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
• Symptoms: 7-10 days prior to menstruation
• Medical management: see Wilkins p.793
• Dysmenorrhea: painful periods
• Primary: Abnormal anatomy of uterus
• Secondary: Pelvic inflammatory disease,
endometriosis (PID)
• Psychological factors
Review Sheet CH51 #7, 8
Types
1. Combination preparations
• Synthetic estrogen & progesterone
• Inhibit the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone,
without which the ovum cannot be released from the ovary
2. Single preparations: minipills
3. Injectable: Depo-Provera
4. Subdermal implant: 5YRS, slow release of hormone
• Side effects
• Vision problems
• Depression
• Cardiovascular (↑ BP)
• Weight gain
• Drugs that can decrease effectiveness
1) Antibiotics
2) Anticonvulsants
3) Rifampin (treats TB)
Review Sheet CH51 #9
• Complete and permanent cessation of menstrual flow
• 47-55yrs of age
• End of fertility due to decreased production of
estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries
• No menstrual period for 12 consecutive months
Review Sheet CH51 #22
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Weight gain: esp body fat around waist
Depression, mood swings
Changes in sexual response & activity
Vaginal changes
• Dryness, irritation, thinning may occur
• ↑ vaginal infections
• Vasomotor reactions
• Hot flashes, drenching sweats
• Heart palpitations and dizziness
• Night sweats and sleeping problems may lead to feeling
tired, stressed, or tense
Review Sheet CH51 #22-23
• Postmenopausal effects
• Bone density problems
• Skin & mucous membranes decrease in thickness and
keratinization = fragile and easily injured
• Predisposition to artherosclerosis, diabetes,
hypothyroidism
• Gingiva: exaggerated response to biofilm, gingivitis
• Mucous membranes & tongue: shiny, vary in color, dry,
burning sensations, burning mouth syndrome
• Epithelium: thin and atrophic w/decreased
keratinization
• Alveolar bone loss w/ systemic osteoporosis
• Prosthesis may not fit as well
Review Sheet CH51 #23
Review Sheet CH51 #23
• Appointment suggestions: be aware of the emotional
changes of menopause
• Fluoride therapies
• Emphasize oral hygiene care
• Regular and freq dental visits
• Saliva substitute
• Good diet
• Calcium importance